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Not much is known of Irene's early life before she became Basil's mistress; "the Byzantine historian called [her] a courtesan, but the Trapezuntine chronicler a lady of Trebizond," writes [[William Miller (historian)|William Miller]].<ref>Miller, ''Trebizond: The last Greek Empire of the Byzantine Era: 1204-1461'', 1926 (Chicago: Argonaut, 1969), p. 45</ref> She had two sons with him before he married her in 1339. This marriage engendered much protest from the [[Patriarch]] of [[Constantinople]], [[John XIV Kalekas]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kavvadas |first=Nestor |date=2014 |title=Eine Exkommunikationsandrohung des Johannes Kalekas an den Metropoliten von Trapezunt und ihre Hintergründe |journal=[[Byzantinische Zeitschrift]] |volume=107 |pages=691–710 |via = [[De Gruyter]]}}</ref> Their marriage only lasted about nine months before he died after a short illness; Miller writes again, "It was whispered that the discarded Empress had murdered him privily, and her conduct lent some colour to the suspicion, for she was evidently prepared to profit by his demise."<ref>Miller, ''Trebizond'', p. 46</ref> [[Irene Palaiologina of Trebizond|Irene Palaiologina]], the so-called "discarded Empress", and her supporters seized power immediately and sent Irene of Trebizond with her two young sons, Alexios and John, off to Constantinople to the safe-keeping of Palaiologina's father, [[Andronikos III Palaiologos]].
Not much is known of Irene's early life before she became Basil's mistress; "the Byzantine historian called [her] a courtesan, but the Trapezuntine chronicler a lady of Trebizond," writes [[William Miller (historian)|William Miller]].<ref>Miller, ''Trebizond: The last Greek Empire of the Byzantine Era: 1204-1461'', 1926 (Chicago: Argonaut, 1969), p. 45</ref> She had two sons with him before he married her in 1339. This marriage engendered much protest from the [[Patriarch]] of [[Constantinople]], [[John XIV Kalekas]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kavvadas |first=Nestor |date=2014 |title=Eine Exkommunikationsandrohung des Johannes Kalekas an den Metropoliten von Trapezunt und ihre Hintergründe |journal=[[Byzantinische Zeitschrift]] |volume=107 |pages=691–710 |via = [[De Gruyter]]}}</ref> Their marriage only lasted about nine months before he died after a short illness; Miller writes again, "It was whispered that the discarded Empress had murdered him privily, and her conduct lent some colour to the suspicion, for she was evidently prepared to profit by his demise."<ref>Miller, ''Trebizond'', p. 46</ref> [[Irene Palaiologina of Trebizond|Irene Palaiologina]], the so-called "discarded Empress", and her supporters seized power immediately and sent Irene of Trebizond with her two young sons, Alexios and John, off to Constantinople to the safe-keeping of Palaiologina's father, [[Andronikos III Palaiologos]].


While Irene and children were in exile Trebizond witnessed palace revolutions, both in Trebizonde ([[Trapezuntine Civil War]]) and in Constantinople ([[Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347|Byzantine civil war]]). The Byzantine regency government of [[John V Palaiologos]] supported her late husband's uncle [[Michael of Trebizond]] and also Basil's cousin [[John III of Trebizond]] in their power bids for power in Trebizond, but when [[John VI Kantakouzenos]] won the Byzantine civil war, he lent his support to a power bid on the behalf of Irene's son John.<ref>Lazaropoulos, ''Synopsis'', ll. 1664-1717; translated in Jan Olof Rosenqvist, ''The Hagiographic Dossier of St. Eugenios of Trebizond in Codex Athous Dionysiou 154'' (Uppsala: Acta Universitatis, 1996), pp. 339-341</ref> Her other son Alexios is not mentioned after his departure from Trebizond and may have died soon after arriving in Constantinople. This bid for the throne was supported by [[Niketas Scholares]], the leader of the powerful Scholares clan whom Michael had alienated. The bid was successful and overturned the weak and violent government of Michael and brought Irene's son to the throne, who took the name Alexios.<ref>Miller, ''Trebizond'', pp. 52-53, 55-56</ref>
While Irene and children were in exile Trebizond witnessed palace revolutions, both in Trebizonde ([[Byzantine–Georgian wars#Trapezuntine Civil Wars|Trapezuntine Civil War]]) and in Constantinople ([[Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347|Byzantine civil war]]). The Byzantine regency government of [[John V Palaiologos]] supported her late husband's uncle [[Michael of Trebizond]] and also Basil's cousin [[John III of Trebizond]] in their power bids for power in Trebizond, but when [[John VI Kantakouzenos]] won the Byzantine civil war, he lent his support to a power bid on the behalf of Irene's son John.<ref>Lazaropoulos, ''Synopsis'', ll. 1664-1717; translated in Jan Olof Rosenqvist, ''The Hagiographic Dossier of St. Eugenios of Trebizond in Codex Athous Dionysiou 154'' (Uppsala: Acta Universitatis, 1996), pp. 339-341</ref> Her other son Alexios is not mentioned after his departure from Trebizond and may have died soon after arriving in Constantinople. This bid for the throne was supported by [[Niketas Scholares]], the leader of the powerful Scholares clan whom Michael had alienated. The bid was successful and overturned the weak and violent government of Michael and brought Irene's son to the throne, who took the name Alexios.<ref>Miller, ''Trebizond'', pp. 52-53, 55-56</ref>


Alexios' accession at the age of 13 also marked the beginning of Irene's own power in the government of Trebizond. She presumably struggled for power with the nobles and especially with the Doranites family, who led an unsuccessful revolt in the capital when Alexios had not been on the throne six months. Although that rebellion was quashed, her son Alexios retired to the castle fortress of [[Tripolis (Pontus)|Tripolis]] for security.<ref>Miller, ''Trebizond'', pp. 56f</ref> In 1341 she accompanied an expedition to [[Limnia (Pontus)|Limnia]] with [[Michael Panaretos]] and seized the city from the rebel [[Constantine Doranites]]. She accompanied a second campaign led by her son in January 1352 against the cup-bearer [[Tzanichites|John Tzanichites]], who had seized by force his ancestral castle of Tzanicha.<ref>Miller, ''Trebizond'', p. 57</ref>
Alexios' accession at the age of 13 also marked the beginning of Irene's own power in the government of Trebizond. She presumably struggled for power with the nobles and especially with the Doranites family, who led an unsuccessful revolt in the capital when Alexios had not been on the throne six months. Although that rebellion was quashed, her son Alexios retired to the castle fortress of [[Tripolis (Pontus)|Tripolis]] for security.<ref>Miller, ''Trebizond'', pp. 56f</ref> In 1341 she accompanied an expedition to [[Limnia (Pontus)|Limnia]] with [[Michael Panaretos]] and seized the city from the rebel [[Constantine Doranites]]. She accompanied a second campaign led by her son in January 1352 against the cup-bearer [[Tzanichites|John Tzanichites]], who had seized by force his ancestral castle of Tzanicha.<ref>Miller, ''Trebizond'', p. 57</ref>

Revision as of 07:28, 17 September 2021

Modern fantasy drawing of Irene of Trebizond

Irene of Trebizond (died around 1382) was an Empress consort of Trebizond as the bigamous wife of Basil of Trebizond. She had an important position in the regency of her son Alexios III of Trebizond in 1341-1352.

Life

Not much is known of Irene's early life before she became Basil's mistress; "the Byzantine historian called [her] a courtesan, but the Trapezuntine chronicler a lady of Trebizond," writes William Miller.[1] She had two sons with him before he married her in 1339. This marriage engendered much protest from the Patriarch of Constantinople, John XIV Kalekas.[2] Their marriage only lasted about nine months before he died after a short illness; Miller writes again, "It was whispered that the discarded Empress had murdered him privily, and her conduct lent some colour to the suspicion, for she was evidently prepared to profit by his demise."[3] Irene Palaiologina, the so-called "discarded Empress", and her supporters seized power immediately and sent Irene of Trebizond with her two young sons, Alexios and John, off to Constantinople to the safe-keeping of Palaiologina's father, Andronikos III Palaiologos.

While Irene and children were in exile Trebizond witnessed palace revolutions, both in Trebizonde (Trapezuntine Civil War) and in Constantinople (Byzantine civil war). The Byzantine regency government of John V Palaiologos supported her late husband's uncle Michael of Trebizond and also Basil's cousin John III of Trebizond in their power bids for power in Trebizond, but when John VI Kantakouzenos won the Byzantine civil war, he lent his support to a power bid on the behalf of Irene's son John.[4] Her other son Alexios is not mentioned after his departure from Trebizond and may have died soon after arriving in Constantinople. This bid for the throne was supported by Niketas Scholares, the leader of the powerful Scholares clan whom Michael had alienated. The bid was successful and overturned the weak and violent government of Michael and brought Irene's son to the throne, who took the name Alexios.[5]

Alexios' accession at the age of 13 also marked the beginning of Irene's own power in the government of Trebizond. She presumably struggled for power with the nobles and especially with the Doranites family, who led an unsuccessful revolt in the capital when Alexios had not been on the throne six months. Although that rebellion was quashed, her son Alexios retired to the castle fortress of Tripolis for security.[6] In 1341 she accompanied an expedition to Limnia with Michael Panaretos and seized the city from the rebel Constantine Doranites. She accompanied a second campaign led by her son in January 1352 against the cup-bearer John Tzanichites, who had seized by force his ancestral castle of Tzanicha.[7]

After this point, Irene's presence in the historical record becomes more intermittent. In 1367 she accompanied her son Alexios when her granddaughter Anna was married to the king of Georgia.[8] She also was present at the baptism of her great-grandson Basil, renamed later Alexios IV of Trebizond in 1382, which is the last time she is mentioned in recorded history.[9] What happened to her afterwards is unknown.

Issue

References

  1. ^ Miller, Trebizond: The last Greek Empire of the Byzantine Era: 1204-1461, 1926 (Chicago: Argonaut, 1969), p. 45
  2. ^ Kavvadas, Nestor (2014). "Eine Exkommunikationsandrohung des Johannes Kalekas an den Metropoliten von Trapezunt und ihre Hintergründe". Byzantinische Zeitschrift. 107: 691–710 – via De Gruyter.
  3. ^ Miller, Trebizond, p. 46
  4. ^ Lazaropoulos, Synopsis, ll. 1664-1717; translated in Jan Olof Rosenqvist, The Hagiographic Dossier of St. Eugenios of Trebizond in Codex Athous Dionysiou 154 (Uppsala: Acta Universitatis, 1996), pp. 339-341
  5. ^ Miller, Trebizond, pp. 52-53, 55-56
  6. ^ Miller, Trebizond, pp. 56f
  7. ^ Miller, Trebizond, p. 57
  8. ^ Michael Panaretos, Chronicle, ch. 87. Greek text and English translation in Scott Kennedy, Two Works on Trebizond, Dumbarton Oaks Medieval Library 52 (Cambridge: Harvard University, 2019), p. 43
  9. ^ Panaretos, Chronicle, ch. 102. Greek text and English translation in Kennedy, Two Works on Trebizond, p. 53
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Preceded by Empress consort of Trebizond
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