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Kolomoyskyi is the co-founder of the [[PrivatBank]] (and its informal Privat Group, respectively) and was appointed chairman of its board of directors in 1997.<ref name=Rencs/><ref name=Gaurd/> Other fields of activity include: [[ferroalloy]]s, finance, oil products, mass media,<ref name=Kpost>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/29135/ Ihor Kolomoysky], [[Kyiv Post]] (18 June 2008)</ref> metal and petroleum industries (also in Russia and [[Romania]]).<ref name=natcio>{{cite web |url=http://www.nacional.hr/en/clanak/38281/100-richest-eastern-europeans |title=100 richest Eastern Europeans |publisher=[[Nacional (weekly)|Nacional]] |date=25 September 2007 |access-date=25 July 2012 |archive-date=5 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090405150900/http://www.nacional.hr/en/clanak/38281/100-richest-eastern-europeans |author=Mislav Šimatović}}</ref>
Kolomoyskyi is the co-founder of the [[PrivatBank]] (and its informal Privat Group, respectively) and was appointed chairman of its board of directors in 1997.<ref name=Rencs/><ref name=Gaurd/> Other fields of activity include: [[ferroalloy]]s, finance, oil products, mass media,<ref name=Kpost>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/29135/ Ihor Kolomoysky], [[Kyiv Post]] (18 June 2008)</ref> metal and petroleum industries (also in Russia and [[Romania]]).<ref name=natcio>{{cite web |url=http://www.nacional.hr/en/clanak/38281/100-richest-eastern-europeans |title=100 richest Eastern Europeans |publisher=[[Nacional (weekly)|Nacional]] |date=25 September 2007 |access-date=25 July 2012 |archive-date=5 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090405150900/http://www.nacional.hr/en/clanak/38281/100-richest-eastern-europeans |author=Mislav Šimatović}}</ref>


Kolomoysky has a triple Ukraine-Israel-[[Cyprus]] citizenship, despite the law penalizing [[dual citizenship]] [[Ukrainian citizenship#Dual citizenship|in Ukraine]].<ref>{{in lang|uk}} [http://www.pravda.com.ua/articles/4b1aa47e76eef/ З життя українських олігархів – вілла Коломойського на Женевському озері], [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (10 March 2009)</ref> By way of explanation, Kolomoyskyi stated that: "The constitution prohibits double citizenship but triple citizenship is not forbidden."<ref>[http://en.itar-tass.com/world/752691 "Ukraine's tycoon and governor Kolomoisky confesses to holding 3 passports"] ITAR-TASS (3 October 2014 20:31). Retrieved 3 October 2014.</ref>
Kolomoysky has a triple Ukraine-Israel-[[Cyprus]] citizenship. Ukrainian law does not penalize dual citizenship. <ref>https://www.legislationline.org/documents/id/7179</ref>


===Name===
===Name===

Revision as of 14:14, 5 November 2021

In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming customs, the patronymic is Valeriyovych and the family name is Kolomoyskyi.
Ihor Kolomoyskyi
Ігор Коломойський
Born (1963-02-13) 13 February 1963 (age 61)
Dnepropetrovsk, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union
(now Dnipro, Ukraine)[1]
Other namesIgor Kolomoisky
CitizenshipUkraine[2]
Israel
Cyprus[3]
Alma materDnepropetrovsk Metallurgical Academy[4]
Occupation(s)Businessman, politician
Known forCo-owner of PrivatBank
Owner of FC Dnipro
SpouseIrina Kolomoyskyi
Children2
Governor of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast
In office
2 March 2014[4] – 24 March 2015
Preceded byDmytro Kolesnikov[5][6]
Succeeded byValentyn Reznichenko (acting)[7]

Ihor Valeriyovych Kolomoyskyi (Template:Lang-uk; Template:Lang-ru, Igor Valerevich Kolomoisky; Template:Lang-he; born 13 February 1963) is a billionaire businessman and the former Governor of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast.[9]

Kolomoyskyi is rated as the second or third richest person in Ukraine (after Rinat Akhmetov and/or Viktor Pinchuk) since 2006.[10][11] and 1941st richest person in the world according to the Forbes magazine list of billionaires (as of 2019).[8] In March 2015 The Economist listed his net worth as $1.36 billion.[12] Kolomoyskyi is the leading partner of the Privat Group and a de facto chairman of the FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk.[13]

In 2019, Kolomoyskyi was included in the list of the 100 most influential Ukrainians by Focus magazine, taking the 3rd place.[14]

Early life

Kolomoyskyi was born in Dnepropetrovsk, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union, to a family of engineers. He graduated from the Dnipropetrovsk Metallurgical Institute in 1985.[1] He is married with two children.[4][15]

Kolomoyskyi is the co-founder of the PrivatBank (and its informal Privat Group, respectively) and was appointed chairman of its board of directors in 1997.[1][13] Other fields of activity include: ferroalloys, finance, oil products, mass media,[15] metal and petroleum industries (also in Russia and Romania).[16]

Kolomoysky has a triple Ukraine-Israel-Cyprus citizenship, despite the law penalizing dual citizenship in Ukraine.[17] By way of explanation, Kolomoyskyi stated that: "The constitution prohibits double citizenship but triple citizenship is not forbidden."[18]

Name

The transliteration of Ihor Kolomoyskyi's name into English has numerous variants including Igor, or Ihor for his first name, and Kolomoyskyi, Kolomoysky, Kolomoisky, Kolomoiskiy, or Kolomoyskiy for his surname.

Kolomoyskyi uses the nickname Benya (Беня)[19] (an invocation of the infamous Ukrainian (and Jewish) criminal reprobate Benya Krik, popularly fictionalized in Isaac Babel's The Odessa Tales (1948)). Occasionally, Kolomoyskyi is called Bonifatsiy (the eponymous star of the popular Soviet cartoon "Каникулы Бонифация" (Bonifacy's holidays by Soyuzmultfilm (1965)).

Assets

Through PrivatBank he controlled Aerosvit Airlines, Dniproavia and Donbassaero.[20] Through the asset management company Mansvell Enterprises Limited, he controlled Skyways Express, City Airline, and Cimber Sterling aviation companies.[21] He also has media interests in the 1+1 Media Group, which operates eight Ukrainian TV channels.[12]

Kolomoyskyi is a billionaire listed in 2007 by Forbes as the 799th-richest man in the world (with 3.8 billion dollars,[22] in 2010 Kyiv Post estimated his wealth at $6.243 billion.[23]) In March 2012 Forbes placed him 377th with $3 billion.[10] In 2010 Kyiv Post listed Kolomoyskyi as the second richest person in Ukraine;[23] in 2012 Forbes rated him the third richest person in Ukraine.[10] In these lists Kolomoyskyi has only been surpassed in wealth by Rinat Akhmetov or/and Viktor Pinchuk.[10][11] In March 2015, after the sharp decline in the value of the Ukrainian hryvnia, The Economist listed his net worth as $1.36 billion.[12]

In early September 2007, Ronald Lauder announced that Kolomoyskyi holds a 3% stake and is on the board of directors of Central European Media Enterprises.[24]

Since 2010 rumors were circulating that Kolomoiskyi's assets were coming under pressure from the authorities.[23] Kolomoiskyi controls his business empire from Switzerland.[citation needed]

In September 2013, Kolomoyskyi was criticized by Mr Justice Mann in a court case in London involving an attempted hostile takeover of Alexander Zhukov's JKX Oil and Gas Company,[a][b] with the judge stating that he had "a reputation of having sought to take control of a company at gunpoint in Ukraine" and that a finance director considered she had "strong grounds for doubting the honesty of Mr Kolomoyskyi".[29] JKX Oil and Gas are associated with Dmitro Firtash.

Following the 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea the Crimean assets of Kolomoyskyi have been nationalized; according to Crimean leader Sergey Aksyonov this was "totally justified due to the fact that he is one of the initiators and financiers of the special anti-terrorist operation in the Eastern Ukraine where Russian citizens are being killed".[30][31] In response Kolomoyskyi has filed a complaint against Russia at the Permanent Court of Arbitration; according to Russia, the court has no jurisdiction over the matter and that it will not participate in proceedings.[32]

Prior to 15 December 2016, Kolomoyski was a business partner of both Igor Mazepa and Andгeas Sofocleous because Mazepa through his Concorde Bermuda owns a 9.23% stake and Sofocleous owns a large private stake in the Latvian bank AS PrivatBank which was not nationalized but gained the government of Ukraine as the largest shareholder of AS PrivatBank (Latvia) on 15 December 2016 after JSC CB PrivatBank (Ukraine) was nationalized due to Kolomoyski and his close friends having almost 80% of the loan portfolio of JSC CB PrivatBank (Ukraine), the largest bank in Ukraine with a 20% share of the market.[33][34][35]

Kolomoyski is a major investor in Mazepa's Concorde Capital.[33]

Kolomoyskyi and Ukrainian politics

Analysts have listed Kolomoyskyi as an ally of Ukrainian politician Yulia Tymoshenko and her Bloc Yulia Tymoshenko.[1] Although according to RIA Novosti (in January 2010), Kolomoysky relations with Tymoshenko "were soured some time ago, probably due to his refusal to finance Tymoshenko's election campaign" in 2010.[36] Croatian newspaper Nacional claimed in September 2007 that Kolomoyskyi had become an ally of (then) Ukrainian President Victor Yushchenko and had financed Yushchenko's Our Ukraine–People's Self-Defense Bloc.[16]

In the 2012 Ukrainian parliamentary election Kolomoyskyi was perceived as being one of UDAR's main sponsors.[37] This has been denied by UDAR.[38]

Kolomoyski owns 70% of the 1+1 Media Group whose TV channel 1+1 aired "Servant of the People", the comedy series in which Volodymyr Zelensky played the role of president of Ukraine. On 31 March 2019 Zelensky won the most votes in the first round of Ukraine's real presidential elections,[39] resulting in Yulia Tymoshenko being eliminated from the next round.[40] On 21 April 2019 Zelensky went on to win the presidential election.

Governor of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast

On 2 March 2014, amidst the 2014 pro-Russian conflict in Ukraine, acting President Oleksandr Turchynov appointed Kolomoyskyi Governor of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast.[41] Two days later, Russian President Vladimir Putin described Kolomoyskyi as a "unique crook," and said that the citizens of Dnipropetrovsk were not happy with his appointment as Governor of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast.[9] According to Putin, Roman Abramovich has been cheated by Igor Kolomoyskyi. Putin claimed that Kolomoyskyi had reneged on a contract with Abramovich, saying "He [Kolomoyskyi] even managed to cheat our Roman Abramovich two or three years ago. Scammed him, as our intellectuals like to say. They signed some deal, Abramovich transferred several billion dollars, while this guy never delivered and pocketed the money. When I asked him [Abramovich]: "Why did you do it?" he said: "I never thought this was possible."[42] In contrast, The Daily Beast, a US publication, wrote in mid-June 2014 that Kolomoyskyi enjoyed the local population's strong support. "I don't care if he's like Hitler, as long as he prevents war coming here," says a local restaurateur.[43]

In April 2014 Kolomoyskyi offered a bounty for the capture of Russian-backed militants and incentives for the turning in of weapons.[44] He also is believed to have spent $10 million to create the Dnipro Battalion,[43][45] and also funded the Aidar, Azov, Dnepr 1, Dnepr 2, and Donbas volunteer battalions.[46]

Russia is asking for Kolomoyskyi to be put on Interpol's wanted list.[47] On 2 July 2014 a Russian District Court authorized his arrest in absentia for "organizing the killing of civilians".[48]

In March 2015, after the dismissal of Oleksandr Lazorko, who was a protege of Kolomoyskyi, as a chief executive of UkrTransNafta, Ukraine's state-owned oil pipeline operator, men reported to be Kolomoyskyi's personal militia raided the UkrTransNafta's headquarters to expel the new government-appointed chief from the office. While Lazorko was in charge the state-owned pipelines had been delivering oil to an Kolomoisky-owned refinery in preference to competitors.[12][49] According to Kolomoyskyi the raids were done with the aim to protect the companies from raiders and he related to it as a "PR-stunt to improve the ratings of smaller parties".[50]

On 25 March 2015, Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko signed a decree dismissing Kolomoyskyi from the post of Dnipropetrovsk RSA Head, saying "Dnipropetrovsk region must remain a bastion of Ukraine in the East and protect peace". Kolomoyskyi was replaced by Valentyn Reznichenko.[12][51][52]

Jewish politics

Kolomoyski is a prominent supporter of Ukraine's Jewish community[53] and the president of the United Jewish Community of Ukraine.[54] In 2010, he was appointed as the president of the European Council of Jewish Communities (ECJC)[55] after promising the outgoing president he would donate $14 million,[56] with his appointment being described as a "putsch"[54][55] and a "Soviet-style takeover"[57] by other ECJC board members. After several ECJC board members resigned in protest, Kolomyski quit the ECJC and, together with fellow Ukrainian oligarch Vadim Rabinovich, founded the European Jewish Union.[56]

Fighting against separatism

Main article: 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine

On 22 February 2014, he said that separatism would not take place in Dnipropetrovsk. He named Kharkiv Mayor Hennadiy Kernes's calling of the "Ukrainian Front" congress a farce and urged politicians to soberly look at the situation and form their position "in the light of the Constitution of Ukraine".[58][59]

On 17 April, deputy head of the DODA Filatov stated that Kolomoisky would pay $10,000 for each transferred Russian saboteur. On 22 April, deputy head of the National Defense Staff of the Dnipropetrovsk region Mikhail Lysenko informed that Kolomoisky paid 10 thousand US dollars for the arrest of 8 Russian saboteurs.[60]

On 3 June, a $500,000 reward was announced for the delivery of Oleg Tsaryov, a leader of the separatists, to the law enforcement agencies of Ukraine.[61]

Sports

Ihor Kolomoyskyi was Football Club Dnipro's owner and prsident (1998–2019) as the club was owned by the Privat Group (that also owns BC Dnipro and Budivelnyk Kyiv).[62]

Recent years

After leaving the Governor of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast post, Kolomoyskyi obtained a U.S. Visa. He moved to mainly reside in Switzerland, also spending time in the United States.[63]

In 2015 Victor Pinchuk brought a $2 billion civil action against Kolomoyskyi and Gennadiy Bogolyubov in the High Court of Justice in London over the 2004 purchase of a Ukrainian mining company. Allegations made include murder and bribery.[64][65] In January 2016 an undisclosed out of court settlement was reached just before the trial was due to start.[66]

In January 2016 Kolomoyskyi brought a complaint in the Permanent Court of Arbitration against Russia, alleging he was deprived of his right to operate a passenger airport in Crimea after the 2014 annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation.[67][68] A criminal case against Kolomoisky was also started in Russia in January 2016, where he is accused of organizing murders and the use of prohibited methods of warfare.[69]

During its November 2016 party congress Kolomoyskyi was elected into the party leadership of the political party UKROP.[70]

In November 2019, the New York Times reported that Kolomoisky was behind plans to build a controversial ski resort in Svydovets, Ukraine. In the article, a professor at a local university is quoted describing Kolomoisky as "a leech who sucks our blood here and puts it in Switzerland."[71]

PrivatBank

In 2016 Ihor Kolomoisky and his business partner Gennadiy Bogolyubov were accused of defrauding Ukraine's largest bank PrivatBank of billions of dollars. The Ukrainian government nationalized the bank in 2016 after paying off a $5.6 billion bailout. The lawsuit against Kolomoisky was brought by PrivatBank to the High Court in London and initially resulted in freezing $2.6 billion of the oligarch's assets. However, in 2018 the High Court in London ruled that it had no jurisdiction for further proceedings and found that "PrivatBank "fabricated" the case in an attempt to bring a claim in London"[72]

Prior to the nationalization of Privatbank in Ukraine on 15 December 2016, the founders of PrivatBank, Kolomoysky and Bogolyubov held a 49.154% stake and a 49.027% stake, respectively, and PrivatBank was the largest bank in Ukraine holding 20% of the market.[73][74]

In April 2019, a Ukrainian court ruled that the nationalisation of PrivatBank was illegal.[75][76] Ukraine's central bank said it would not be possible to reverse the nationalisation and that it would appeal the decision.[77] Kolomoisky states that he has no interest in taking over control of the bank and seeks $2bn in compensation for losses he insists were incurred during the nationalisation.[78]

Criminal investigation

In April 2019 it was reported that the FBI is investigating Ukrainian oligarch Kolomoisky over alleged financial crimes involving Bogolyubov, the Krivyi Rih businessman Vadim Shulman and Mordechai "Motti" Korf of Florida along with Kolomoyski's steel holdings in West Virginia and northern Ohio in the United States and his mining interests in Ghana and Australia.[79][80][81] Legal filings from American prosecutors last year detailed how Kolomoisky allegedly used his control of Ukraine’s largest retail bank, PrivatBank, to loot staggering sums from Ukrainian depositors, and then used a series of shell companies and offshore accounts to whisk the money out of the country and into the U.S. https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/justice-department-seeks-forfeiture-two-commercial-properties-purchased-funds-misappropriated https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2021/10/17/ukrainian-oligarch-midwestern-factory-town-dirty-money-american-heartland-michel-kleptocracy-515948

Awards

Personal life

He is married to Irina, and they have two children, daughter Angelika Kolomoiska, and son, Israel Zvi Kolomoisky.[84] They live in Kyiv.[8]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Zhukov has been dominate in JKX Oil and Gas since the 1980s when it held a monopoly on oil exports from the port of Odessa. In 2006, Zhukov owned a 25.88% stake in JKX Oil and Gas.[25][26]
  2. ^ In 2008, Alexander Zhukov's daughter Daria Zhukova (Template:Lang-ru) was Roman Abramovich's girlfriend.[27][28]

References

  1. ^ a b c d "Igor Kolomoysky". rencap.com. Renaissance Capital. Archived from the original on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 8 February 2018.
  2. ^ "Lawmakers want Kolomoisky fired after outburst involving his attempts to hold on to oil firm – Mar. 20, 2015". kyivpost.com. 20 March 2015. Retrieved 8 February 2018.
  3. ^ Rossier, Roland (30 May 2014). "L'oligarque " genevois " qui défie Poutine". Tribune de Genève (in French). Retrieved 8 July 2014.
  4. ^ a b c (in Russian) Short bio, LIGA
  5. ^ Ukrainian president reshuffles Azarov's government, Interfax-Ukraine (24 December 2012)
  6. ^ (in Ukrainian) Колєсніков Дмитро Валерійович, DA-TA
  7. ^ Ukraine governor Kolomoisky sacked after oil firm row, BBC News (25 March 2015)
  8. ^ a b c "Forbes profile: Ihor Kolomoyskyy". Forbes. Retrieved 14 May 2019.
  9. ^ a b Putin Gets Personal in Ukraine, Bloomberg View (4 March 2014)
  10. ^ a b c d Eight Ukrainians make Forbes magazine's list of world billionaires, Kyiv Post (8 March 2012)
  11. ^ a b Rich Man In A Poor Country, Kyiv Post (17 December 2010)
  12. ^ a b c d e "President v oligarch". The Economist. 28 March 2015. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
  13. ^ a b Three's a crowd for Dynamo and Shakhtar, guardian.co.uk (28 August 2007)
  14. ^ "100 самых влиятельных украинцев". Focus. 23 December 2019.
  15. ^ a b Ihor Kolomoysky, Kyiv Post (18 June 2008)
  16. ^ a b Mislav Šimatović (25 September 2007). "100 richest Eastern Europeans". Nacional. Archived from the original on 5 April 2009. Retrieved 25 July 2012.
  17. ^ (in Ukrainian) З життя українських олігархів – вілла Коломойського на Женевському озері, Ukrayinska Pravda (10 March 2009)
  18. ^ "Ukraine's tycoon and governor Kolomoisky confesses to holding 3 passports" ITAR-TASS (3 October 2014 20:31). Retrieved 3 October 2014.
  19. ^ Anti-Privat Group rally under way near Naftogaz of Ukraine HQ in Kyiv, Interfax-Ukraine (6 August 2015)
  20. ^ Zaitsev, Tom (12 February 2010). "Three Ukrainian carriers seek tie-up approval". Flightglobal. Reed Elsevier. Retrieved 22 July 2011.[permanent dead link‍]
  21. ^ Fraende, Metet (7 July 2011). "Cimber Sterling gets 165 mln DKK lifeline". Reuters. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
  22. ^ 50 richest Ukrainians Archived 11 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, ForUm (29 May 2007)
  23. ^ a b c #2 Richest: Ihor Kolomoisky, 47, Kyiv Post (17 December 2010)
  24. ^ "Ігор Коломойський розвиватиме Central European Media Enterprises в Центральній і Східній Європі" [Igor Kolomoisky will develop Central European Media Enterprises in Central and Eastern Europe]. newsru.ua (in Ukrainian). 3 September 2007. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
  25. ^ Шлейнов, Роман (Shleinov, Roman) (21 August 2006). "Самых богатых готовят на газе: Что общего между офшорным фондом на Виргинских островах, "Росукрэнерго", "Газпромом" и российским правительством" [The richest are cooked on gas: What do the offshore fund in the Virgin Islands, Rosukrenergo, Gazprom and the Russian government have in common?]. Novaya Gazeta (in Russian). Archived from the original on 22 February 2007. Retrieved 22 January 2021. Archived at compromat.ru. {{cite news}}: External link in |quote= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  26. ^ Шлейнов, Роман (Shleinov, Roman) (15 May 2008). "Кадры-2008. Мелькают все. Нефтетрейдеры протоптали тропинку в президентскую администрацию?" [Personnel-2008. Everybody flashes. Oil traders trod a path to the presidential administration?]. Novaya Gazeta (in Russian). Archived from the original on 19 May 2008. Retrieved 22 January 2021. Archived at compromat.ru as Кадры-2008: Портреты нового руководителя АП. Нарышкина появились в некоторых кремлевских кабинетах еще в прошлом году. 33-летний сын главы ФСБ Бортникова Денис с ноября 2007–го – зампред правления "ВТБ Северо-Запад (Personnel-2008: Portraits of the new head of the Presidential Administration. Naryshkin appeared in some Kremlin offices last year. The 33-year-old son of the head of the FSB Bortnikov Denis since November 2007 – Deputy Chairman of the Board of VTB North-West). {{cite news}}: External link in |quote= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  27. ^ Быков, Дмитрий (Bykov, Dmitry) (1 February 2008). "ХУДАША" [Skinny]. «Карье́ра» ("Career") (in Russian). Archived from the original on 11 February 2008. Retrieved 22 January 2021.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  28. ^ Быков, Дмитрий (Bykov, Dmitry) (1 February 2008). "Карьера "девушки Абрамовича" Даша Жукова: "Многие думают, что я все получила на блюдечке, и только я знаю, какого труда мне все это стоило"" [The career of "Abramovich's girlfriend" Dasha Zhukova: "Many people think that I got everything on a silver platter, and only I know how much work it cost me"]. «Карье́ра» ("Career") (in Russian). Archived from the original on 11 February 2008. Retrieved 22 January 2021.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Alt URL
  29. ^ Raiders from the east: The oligarchs who won their case but took a battering – The Independent, 11 September 2013
  30. ^ Kolomoyskyi’s assets to be nationalized in Crimea – Sergey Aksyonov Archived 8 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, CEE INSIGHT (5 September 2014)
  31. ^ Ukrainian tycoon’s estate in Crimea sold for $18 mln, Russian News Agency TASS (3 February 2016)
  32. ^ UPDATE 1-Ukrainian businessman sues over annexed Crimea airport, Reuters (6 January 2016)
  33. ^ a b "ПРИВАТная пирамида Игоря Мазепы" [PRIVAT pyramid of Igor Mazepa]. Капітал (Capital) (in Russian). 20 December 2017. Archived from the original on 22 December 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
  34. ^ "Bank of Italy to close AS PrivatBank branch over money-laundering breaches". Reuters. 9 August 2016. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
  35. ^ "Ukrainas valdība nacionalizējusi "PrivatBank"" [Ukrainian government has nationalized «PrivatBank»]. LSM.LV (in Latvian). Reuters. 19 December 2016. Archived from the original on 23 December 2017. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
  36. ^ Yanukovych versus Tymoshenko, RIA Novosti (20 January 2010)
  37. ^ After the parliamentary elections in Ukraine: a tough victory for the Party of Regions, Centre for Eastern Studies (7 November 2012)
  38. ^ Klitschko: UDAR's election campaign to cost Hr 90 million, Kyiv Post (15 September 2012)
  39. ^ "Ukraine comic leads presidential poll first round". BBC News. 1 April 2019. Retrieved 14 May 2019 – via bbc.co.uk.
  40. ^ "Comedian Zelensky leads after first round of Ukrainian election, exit poll shows". The Independent. 31 March 2019. Retrieved 14 May 2019.
  41. ^ Ukraine Turns to Its Oligarchs for Political Help, nytimes.com (2 March 2014)
  42. ^ "Vladimir Putin – Press conference on the situation in Ukraine". Genius. Retrieved 8 February 2018.
  43. ^ a b The Town Determined to Stop Putin, The Daily Beast (12 June 2014)
  44. ^ Ukrainian oligarch offers bounty for capture of Russian 'saboteurs' – The Guardian, 18 April 2014
  45. ^ Ukraine's Secret Weapon: Feisty Oligarch Ihor Kolomoisky, The Wall Street Journal (27 June 2014)
  46. ^ Damien Sharkov (10 September 2014). "Ukrainian Nationalist Volunteers Committing 'ISIS-Style' War Crimes". Newsweek. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
  47. ^ "Russia puts Ukraine's interior minister, Dnepropetrovsk governor on int'l wanted list". Voice of Russia. 21 June 2014.
  48. ^ "Moscow Court Sanctions Arrest of Ukraine Tycoon Governor Kolomoisky". themoscowtimes.com. Retrieved 8 February 2018.
  49. ^ Bershidsky, Leonid (20 March 2015). "Ukraine's Oligarchs Are at War (Again)". Bloomberg News.
  50. ^ Kolomoisky speaks of his inner tug-of-war and patriots from the Opposition Bloc, Kyiv Post (29 March 2015)
  51. ^ "President signed a Decree on dismissal of Ihor Kolomoyskyi from the post of Dnipropetrovsk RSA Head". Press office of President of Ukraine. Archived from the original on 27 March 2015. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
  52. ^ Ukraine arrests two top officials at cabinet meeting, BBC News (25 March 2015)
  53. ^ Akhmetov joins Ukraine oligarchs in pledging to protect homeland – Financial Times, 2 March 2014
  54. ^ a b A necessary putsch? – Jerusalem Post, 29 October 2010
  55. ^ a b #2 Richest: Ihor Kolomoisky – Kyiv Post, 17 December 2010
  56. ^ a b European Jewish Parliament off to a semi-comedic start – JWeekly, 3 November 2011
  57. ^ Like NBA’s Nets, European Jewish group gets an oligarch, but some see Soviet-style takeover – JTA, 2 November 2010
  58. ^ Цензор.НЕТ. "Коломойский: "Сепаратизм на Востоке и Юге Украины не пройдет. Мы не дадим расколоть страну!"". Цензор.НЕТ. Retrieved 14 May 2019.
  59. ^ "Коломойский предупредил Кернеса, что сепаратизм не пройдет". Ассоциация еврейских организаций и общин Украины (Ваад). 22 February 2014. Retrieved 14 May 2019.
  60. ^ "Коломойський вже виплатив 80 тис доларів за затриманих сепаратистів". 24 Канал. Retrieved 14 May 2019.
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