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==Terminology==
==Terminology==
The movement's name is an expansion of an earlier term: the '''Independent Orthodox, Catholic, and Anglican Movement'''. This earlier term was used extensively during many years when many of these groups cooperated, although they were not in formal communion with one another. The majority of these groups' holy orders and sequences of apostolic succession are derived through mutually common sources, especially [[Arnold Harris Mathew]], [[Aftimios Ofiesh]], [[Carlos Duarte Costa]], and [[Joseph René Vilatte]]. It remains difficult to define the ISM as an entity and to distinguish it from the closely related [[Independent Catholic]] movement; the two terms can sometimes be used interchangeably, to refer to the same groups.<ref name="Jarvis 2018"/>
The movement's name is an expansion of an earlier term: the '''Independent Orthodox, Catholic, and Anglican Movement'''. This earlier term was used extensively during many years when many of these groups cooperated, although they were not in formal communion with one another. The majority of these groups' holy orders and sequences of apostolic succession are derived through mutually-common sources, especially [[Arnold Harris Mathew]], [[Aftimios Ofiesh]], [[Carlos Duarte Costa]], and [[Joseph René Vilatte]]. It remains difficult to define the ISM as an entity and to distinguish it from the closely-related [[Independent Catholic]] movement; the two terms are sometimes used interchangeably, seemingly to refer to the same reality.<ref name="Jarvis 2018"/>


== Characteristics ==
== Characteristics ==
Many denominations within the movement originated from [[schism]]s with the historic sacramental Christian denominations, and they claim to have preserved the [[Historical episcopate|historic episcopate]] or [[apostolic succession]],<ref name=":0" /> though such claims are frequently disputed or rejected outright by the historic churches of [[Holy See|Rome]], [[Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople|Constantinople]], the [[Union of Utrecht (Old Catholic)|Union of Utrecht of the Old Catholic Churches]], and the [[Church of England]].<ref>Paragraph 17 of https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20000806_dominus-iesus_en.html</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=God, Land & Freedom: The True Story of ICAB|first=Edward|last=Jarvis|author-link=Edward Jarvis (author)|year=2018|publisher=The Apocryphile Press|isbn=1-949643-02-6|location=Berkeley CA}} pp 202-208</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Universalist Orthodox Church celebrates inclusion|url=https://www.toledoblade.com/news/religion/2019/07/01/the-forgotten-faith-Universalist-Orthodox-Church-celebrates-inclusion/stories/20190629004|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717194934/https://www.toledoblade.com/news/religion/2019/07/01/the-forgotten-faith-Universalist-Orthodox-Church-celebrates-inclusion/stories/20190629004|archive-date=July 17, 2019|access-date=2021-02-15|website=The Blade|language=en|quote=It would fall to her, then, she decided. She sought a bishop to ordain her in the Independent Sacramental Movement, a network of self-sustaining faith communities that operate outside the structures of mainstream churches, but that retain the same apostolic succession of these same mainstream churches. As with the Rev. Bingle, the mainstream church hierarchies generally do not recognize the ordinations of clergy in the Independent Sacramental Movement, even though the lineages of these clergy – who ordained whom ordained whom ordained whom – can be traced back to the same foundational ministers.}}</ref>
Many denominations within the movement originated from [[schism]]s with the historic sacramental Christian denominations, and they claim to have preserved the [[Historical episcopate|historic episcopate]] or [[apostolic succession]],<ref name=":0" /> though such claims are frequently disputed or rejected outright by the historic churches of [[Holy See|Rome]], [[Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople|Constantinople]], the [[Union of Utrecht (Old Catholic)|Union of Utrecht of the Old Catholic Churches]], and the [[Church of England]].<ref>Paragraph 17 of https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20000806_dominus-iesus_en.html</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=God, Land & Freedom: The True Story of ICAB|first=Edward|last=Jarvis|author-link=Edward Jarvis (author)|year=2018|publisher=The Apocryphile Press|isbn=1-949643-02-6|location=Berkeley CA}} pp 202-208</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Universalist Orthodox Church celebrates inclusion|url=https://www.toledoblade.com/news/religion/2019/07/01/the-forgotten-faith-Universalist-Orthodox-Church-celebrates-inclusion/stories/20190629004|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717194934/https://www.toledoblade.com/news/religion/2019/07/01/the-forgotten-faith-Universalist-Orthodox-Church-celebrates-inclusion/stories/20190629004|archive-date=July 17, 2019|access-date=2021-02-15|website=The Blade|language=en|quote=It would fall to her, then, she decided. She sought a bishop to ordain her in the Independent Sacramental Movement, a network of self-sustaining faith communities that operate outside the structures of mainstream churches, but that retain the same apostolic succession of these same mainstream churches. As with the Rev. Bingle, the mainstream church hierarchies generally do not recognize the ordinations of clergy in the Independent Sacramental Movement, even though the lineages of these clergy – who ordained whom ordained whom ordained whom – can be traced back to the same foundational ministers.}}</ref>


Groups within the independent sacramental movement are alternatively known as [[Independent Catholicism|Independent Catholic]], [[Old Catholic Church|Old Catholic]], [[Liberal Catholic Church|Liberal Catholic]], [[Eastern Orthodox Church#Churches not in communion with other churches|Autocephalous Orthodox]], Free Sacramental, or, sometimes pejoratively, as micro-churches, parallel churches, or ''[[Episcopus vagans|episcopi vagantes]]'' in the case of their bishops.<ref name="Jarvis 2018">{{cite book|title=God, Land & Freedom: The True Story of ICAB|first=Edward|last=Jarvis|author-link=Edward Jarvis (author)|year=2018|publisher=The Apocryphile Press|isbn=1-949643-02-6|location=Berkeley CA}} p 152</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Independent episcopal churches - Les églises épiscopales et autonomes|url=https://ecumenism.net/denom/independent.php|access-date=2020-12-25|website=ecumenism.net}}</ref>
Groups within the independent sacramental movement are alternatively known as [[Independent Catholicism|Independent Catholic]], "Old Catholic" (though not to be confused with the [[Union of Utrecht (Old Catholic)|Union of Utrecht of Old Catholic Churches]]), [[Liberal Catholic Church|Liberal Catholic]], [[Eastern Orthodox Church#Churches not in communion with other churches|Autocephalous Orthodox]], Free Sacramental, or, sometimes pejoratively, as micro-churches, parallel churches, or ''[[Episcopus vagans|episcopi vagantes]]'' in the case of their bishops.<ref name="Jarvis 2018">{{cite book|title=God, Land & Freedom: The True Story of ICAB|first=Edward|last=Jarvis|author-link=Edward Jarvis (author)|year=2018|publisher=The Apocryphile Press|isbn=1-949643-02-6|location=Berkeley CA}} p 152</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Independent episcopal churches - Les églises épiscopales et autonomes|url=https://ecumenism.net/denom/independent.php|access-date=2020-12-25|website=ecumenism.net}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[True Orthodox church]]
* [[Old Calendarists]]


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 00:19, 15 November 2021

The independent sacramental movement (ISM) refers to a loose collection of individuals and Christian denominations which are not part of the historic sacramental Christian denominations embodying catholicity (such as the Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, and Anglican churches) and yet continue to practice the historic sacramental rites independently.[1] Among the independent sacramental movement, some individuals and Christian denominations also practice esoteric Christianity and non-Christian esotericism, support the ordination of women and LGBT persons,[2] and married clergy.[3] The term was popularized in 2005 by John Plummer, in The Many Paths of the Independent Sacramental Movement,[4] although it was used earlier, in 2002 by Richard Smoley, in Inner Christianity.[5]

Terminology

The movement's name is an expansion of an earlier term: the Independent Orthodox, Catholic, and Anglican Movement. This earlier term was used extensively during many years when many of these groups cooperated, although they were not in formal communion with one another. The majority of these groups' holy orders and sequences of apostolic succession are derived through mutually-common sources, especially Arnold Harris Mathew, Aftimios Ofiesh, Carlos Duarte Costa, and Joseph René Vilatte. It remains difficult to define the ISM as an entity and to distinguish it from the closely-related Independent Catholic movement; the two terms are sometimes used interchangeably, seemingly to refer to the same reality.[6]

Characteristics

Many denominations within the movement originated from schisms with the historic sacramental Christian denominations, and they claim to have preserved the historic episcopate or apostolic succession,[1] though such claims are frequently disputed or rejected outright by the historic churches of Rome, Constantinople, the Union of Utrecht of the Old Catholic Churches, and the Church of England.[7][8][9]

Groups within the independent sacramental movement are alternatively known as Independent Catholic, "Old Catholic" (though not to be confused with the Union of Utrecht of Old Catholic Churches), Liberal Catholic, Autocephalous Orthodox, Free Sacramental, or, sometimes pejoratively, as micro-churches, parallel churches, or episcopi vagantes in the case of their bishops.[6][10]

References

  1. ^ a b Plummer, John. "The Many Paths of the Independent Sacramental Movement". University of California Press. Newt Books. Retrieved 1 March 2021. One relatively underreported segment of the incredible spiritual mosaic which is Western religious life today is the large number of small independent churches of sacramental, Catholic style and practice. Mostly of Anglican, Eastern Orthodox, or Roman Catholic derivation and character, they emphasize the importance of the sacraments, and generally claim authentic apostolic succession.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  2. ^ Wells, Rev Scott (2019-07-07). "Independent Sacramental Movement: what is it?". Rev. Scott Wells. Retrieved 2021-03-01.
  3. ^ Cox, Caroline (2016-10-27). "The Making of a Modern-Day Exorcist". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2021-03-01. Bishop Bryan Ouellette's path to exorcism was similarly circuitous. At 43, he serves as the presiding bishop at the Holy Nicholean Catholic Church, based in Cartersville, Georgia. A former Roman Catholic-turned-Buddhist, Ouellette had what he calls a 'profound religious experience' about 10 years ago when he passed out in his home for several hours, during which he heard a voice telling him he would become a priest. He returned to Roman Catholicism shortly after, but realized he was unable to become a priest as a married man. That's when he found the Independent Sacramental Movement...{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  4. ^ Plummer, John P. (2006) [2005]. The many paths of the independent sacramental movement: a national study of its liturgy, doctrine, and leadership (2nd ed.). Berkeley, CA: Apocryphile Press. ISBN 9780977146123.
  5. ^ Smoley, Richard (2002). Inner Christianity: a guide to the esoteric tradition. Boston, MA: Shambhala. ISBN 9781570628108.
  6. ^ a b Jarvis, Edward (2018). God, Land & Freedom: The True Story of ICAB. Berkeley CA: The Apocryphile Press. ISBN 1-949643-02-6. p 152
  7. ^ Paragraph 17 of https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20000806_dominus-iesus_en.html
  8. ^ Jarvis, Edward (2018). God, Land & Freedom: The True Story of ICAB. Berkeley CA: The Apocryphile Press. ISBN 1-949643-02-6. pp 202-208
  9. ^ "Universalist Orthodox Church celebrates inclusion". The Blade. Archived from the original on July 17, 2019. Retrieved 2021-02-15. It would fall to her, then, she decided. She sought a bishop to ordain her in the Independent Sacramental Movement, a network of self-sustaining faith communities that operate outside the structures of mainstream churches, but that retain the same apostolic succession of these same mainstream churches. As with the Rev. Bingle, the mainstream church hierarchies generally do not recognize the ordinations of clergy in the Independent Sacramental Movement, even though the lineages of these clergy – who ordained whom ordained whom ordained whom – can be traced back to the same foundational ministers.
  10. ^ "Independent episcopal churches - Les églises épiscopales et autonomes". ecumenism.net. Retrieved 2020-12-25.

Further reading

  • Bate, Alistair, ed. (2009). A Strange vocation: independent bishops tell their stories. Berkeley, CA: Apocryphile Press. ISBN 9781933993751.
  • Houston, Siobhán (2009). Priests, gnostics & magicians: European roots of esoteric independent Catholicism. Berkeley, CA: Apocryphile Press. ISBN 9781933993683.
  • Jarvis, Edward (2018). God, Land & Freedom: The True Story of ICAB. Berkeley CA: The Apocryphile Press. ISBN 1-949643-02-6.
  • Jarvis, Edward (2018). Sede Vacante: The Life and Legacy of Archbishop Thuc. Berkeley CA: The Apocryphile Press. ISBN 9781949643022.
  • Jarvis, Edward (2019). Carlos Duarte Costa: Testament of a Socialist Bishop. Berkeley CA: The Apocryphile Press. ISBN 9781949643237.
  • Jones, Rob Angus (2010). Independent sacramental bishops: ordination, authority, lineage, and validity. Berkeley, CA: Apocryphile Press. ISBN 9781933993836.
  • Plummer, John P. (2004). The Many Paths of the Independent Sacramental Movement. Berkeley CA: The Apocryphile Press. ISBN 0-9771461-2-X.
  • Plummer, John P. (2010). Living mysteries: a practical handbook for the independent priest (3rd ed.). Berkeley, CA: Apocryphile Press. ISBN 9781933993935.
  • Plummer, John P.; Mabry, John R. (2006). Who are the independent Catholics?: an introduction to the independent and Old Catholic churches. Berkeley, CA: Apocryphile Press. ISBN 9781933993003.
  • Ward, Gary L.; Persson, Bertil; Bain, Alan, eds. (1990). "Independent Bishops". Independent bishops : an international directory. Detroit: Apogee Books. ISBN 155888307X.
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