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Manuel, a [[man of letters]] passionately embraced the revolutionary ideas, and after the [[storming of the Bastille]] became a member of the provisional municipality of Paris, administrating the [[Garde Nationale]] and [[gendarme]]. Early December 1791 he was elected as ''procureur public'' of the commune, charged with both the investigation and prosecution of crime and representing the King. In a discussion about the right of [[veto]] (to suspend a law for a period or until the fulfilment of a condition) he told the Jacobins as a patriot he did not like the King, but he should have the right to leave or to abdicate. As Manuel was not from Paris he lost popularity.<ref>La Feuille du jour, 17 décembre 1791, 30 janvier 1792, 4 février 1792, 11 mars 1792</ref> On 24 February 1792 Manuel was installed as [[public prosecutor|procureur of the commune]], gave a speech warning against anarchy.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/installationduco00pari Municipalité de Paris. Installation du Conseil général de la commune, 24 février 1792]</ref> He proposed to sell the portraits of bishops inside the building.<ref>Gazette universelle, 29 février 1792</ref>
Manuel, a [[man of letters]] passionately embraced the revolutionary ideas, and after the [[storming of the Bastille]] became a member of the provisional municipality of Paris, administrating the [[Garde Nationale]] and [[gendarme]]. Early December 1791 he was elected as ''procureur public'' of the commune, charged with both the investigation and prosecution of crime and representing the King. In a discussion about the right of [[veto]] (to suspend a law for a period or until the fulfilment of a condition) he told the Jacobins as a patriot he did not like the King, but he should have the right to leave or to abdicate. As Manuel was not from Paris he lost popularity.<ref>La Feuille du jour, 17 décembre 1791, 30 janvier 1792, 4 février 1792, 11 mars 1792</ref> On 24 February 1792 Manuel was installed as [[public prosecutor|procureur of the commune]], gave a speech warning against anarchy.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/installationduco00pari Municipalité de Paris. Installation du Conseil général de la commune, 24 février 1792]</ref> He proposed to sell the portraits of bishops inside the building.<ref>Gazette universelle, 29 février 1792</ref>


Manuel was associated with the [[Demonstration of 20 June 1792]], which he visited as a private person.<ref>Le Républicain français, 20 octobre 1793</ref> Afterwards he and [[Pétion de Villeneuve]], the mayor were dismissed by the Conseil Général, but reappointed on 13 July by the Assembly.<ref>S. Schama, p. 609, 611, 624, 636</ref> During the [[Insurrection of 10 August 1792|10 August storming of the Tuileries Palace]], he was up all night and played a part in the formation of the [[Paris Commune (French Revolution)|insurrectionary Paris Commune]] which assured the success of the latter attack (begun by the taking of the ''[[Hôtel de Ville, Paris|Hôtel de Ville]]'').<ref name="Goldhammer2005">{{cite book|author=Jesse Goldhammer|title=The Headless Republic: Sacrificial Violence in Modern French Thought|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SFXoW2fEMWYC&pg=PA34|year=2005|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=0-8014-4150-1|page=34}}</ref> On 12 August [[Robespierre]] and Manuel visited the [[Square du Temple#French Revolution|Temple prison]] to check on the security of the royal family.{{sfn|Jonathan Israel|Revolutionary Ideas: An Intellectual History of the French Revolution from The Rights of Man to Robespierre|2014|p=272}} Manuel and Pétion were against their imprisonment.<ref>Mercure universel, 18 novembre 1793</ref> At the end of the month and with a sense of [[martyrdom]], Manuel seems to have ordered the sections to maintain their posts, and die if necessary.<ref>[[Jean Massin]] (1959) Robespierre, pp. 133–34</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Janes|first1=Dominic|last2=Houen|first2=Alex|title=Martyrdom and Terrorism: Pre-Modern to Contemporary Perspectives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a3pPAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT177|date=1 May 2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-937651-3|page=177}}</ref> On 28 August he helped [[Madame de Stael]] and released some of her friends.<ref>L. Moore, p. 142, 146</ref> It is not clear if he saved the life of [[Beaumarchais]] who was released only three days before a massacre took place in the prison where he had been detained.
Manuel was associated with the [[Demonstration of 20 June 1792]], which he visited as a private person.<ref>Le Républicain français, 20 octobre 1793</ref> Afterwards he and [[Pétion de Villeneuve]], the mayor were dismissed by the Conseil Général, but reappointed on 13 July by the Assembly.<ref>S. Schama, p. 609, 611, 624, 636</ref> During the [[Insurrection of 10 August 1792|10 August storming of the Tuileries Palace]], he was up all night and played a part in the formation of the [[Paris Commune (French Revolution)|insurrectionary Paris Commune]] which assured the success of the latter attack (begun by the taking of the ''[[Hôtel de Ville, Paris|Hôtel de Ville]]'').<ref name="Goldhammer2005">{{cite book|author=Jesse Goldhammer|title=The Headless Republic: Sacrificial Violence in Modern French Thought|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SFXoW2fEMWYC&pg=PA34|year=2005|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=0-8014-4150-1|page=34}}</ref> On 12 August [[Robespierre]] and Manuel visited the [[Square du Temple#French Revolution|Temple prison]] to check on the security of the royal family.{{sfn|Jonathan Israel|Revolutionary Ideas: An Intellectual History of the French Revolution from The Rights of Man to Robespierre|2014|p=272}} Manuel and Pétion were against their imprisonment.<ref>Mercure universel, 18 novembre 1793</ref> At the end of the month and with a sense of [[martyrdom]], Manuel or Robespierre seem to have ordered the sections to maintain their posts, and die if necessary.<ref>[[Jean Massin]] (1959) Robespierre, pp. 133–34</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Janes|first1=Dominic|last2=Houen|first2=Alex|title=Martyrdom and Terrorism: Pre-Modern to Contemporary Perspectives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a3pPAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT177|date=1 May 2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-937651-3|page=177}}</ref> On 28 August he helped [[Madame de Stael]] and released some of her friends.<ref>L. Moore, p. 142, 146</ref> It is not clear if he saved the life of [[Beaumarchais]] who was released only three days before a massacre took place in the prison where he had been detained.


Manuel lived at [[Place Dauphine]] and was present at the nearby [[Prison de l'Abbaye|Abbaye Prison]] on the first day of the [[September Massacres]]. The door was closed, but the killing was resumed after an intense discussion with Manuel, on people's justice and failing judges.<ref>F. Bluche, p. 56-60</ref> Manuel belonged to a deputation sent by the general council (conseil général) of the commune to ask for compassion.<ref>L. Blanc (1855) Histoire de la Révolution Française, vol VII, p. 163</ref> They were insulted and escaped with their lives.<ref>Oscar Browning, ed., ''The Despatches of [[George Leveson-Gower, 1st Duke of Sutherland|Earl Gower]]'' (Cambridge University Press, 1885), 213–16, 219–21, 223–28.</ref> Late in the evening, Madame de Stael was conveyed home, escorted by the Manuel. He saved the life of governess [[Louise-Élisabeth de Croÿ de Tourzel|Madame Tourzel]], because of her mother.<ref>Le Républicain français, 20 octobre 1793</ref>
Manuel lived at [[Place Dauphine]] and was present at the nearby [[Prison de l'Abbaye|Abbaye Prison]] on the first day of the [[September Massacres]]. The door was closed, but the killing was resumed after an intense discussion with Manuel, on people's justice and failing judges.<ref>F. Bluche, p. 56-60</ref> Manuel belonged to a deputation sent by the general council (conseil général) of the commune to ask for compassion.<ref>L. Blanc (1855) Histoire de la Révolution Française, vol VII, p. 163</ref> They were insulted and escaped with their lives.<ref>Oscar Browning, ed., ''The Despatches of [[George Leveson-Gower, 1st Duke of Sutherland|Earl Gower]]'' (Cambridge University Press, 1885), 213–16, 219–21, 223–28.</ref> Late in the evening, Madame de Stael was conveyed home, escorted by the Manuel. He saved the life of governess [[Louise-Élisabeth de Croÿ de Tourzel|Madame Tourzel]], because of her mother.<ref>Le Républicain français, 20 octobre 1793</ref>

Revision as of 08:54, 1 December 2021

Manuel by Pierre-Michel Alix

Louis Pierre Manuel (July 1751 – 14 November 1793) was a republican French writer, municipal administrator of the police, and public prosecutor during the French Revolution who was arrested, trialled and guillotined.

Life

Revolutionary

Journée du 20 juin 1792 by Bouillon & Vérité
place Dauphine
Place Dauphine, nr 2
place Dauphine nr 11 is on the left

He was born at Montargis, Loiret, and entered the Confraternity of Christian Doctrine, becoming tutor to the son of a Paris banker. In 1783 his clandestine pamphlet, Essais historiques, critiques, littéraires, et philosophiques, resulted in his being imprisoned in the Bastille.[1]

Manuel, a man of letters passionately embraced the revolutionary ideas, and after the storming of the Bastille became a member of the provisional municipality of Paris, administrating the Garde Nationale and gendarme. Early December 1791 he was elected as procureur public of the commune, charged with both the investigation and prosecution of crime and representing the King. In a discussion about the right of veto (to suspend a law for a period or until the fulfilment of a condition) he told the Jacobins as a patriot he did not like the King, but he should have the right to leave or to abdicate. As Manuel was not from Paris he lost popularity.[2] On 24 February 1792 Manuel was installed as procureur of the commune, gave a speech warning against anarchy.[3] He proposed to sell the portraits of bishops inside the building.[4]

Manuel was associated with the Demonstration of 20 June 1792, which he visited as a private person.[5] Afterwards he and Pétion de Villeneuve, the mayor were dismissed by the Conseil Général, but reappointed on 13 July by the Assembly.[6] During the 10 August storming of the Tuileries Palace, he was up all night and played a part in the formation of the insurrectionary Paris Commune which assured the success of the latter attack (begun by the taking of the Hôtel de Ville).[7] On 12 August Robespierre and Manuel visited the Temple prison to check on the security of the royal family.[8] Manuel and Pétion were against their imprisonment.[9] At the end of the month and with a sense of martyrdom, Manuel or Robespierre seem to have ordered the sections to maintain their posts, and die if necessary.[10][11] On 28 August he helped Madame de Stael and released some of her friends.[12] It is not clear if he saved the life of Beaumarchais who was released only three days before a massacre took place in the prison where he had been detained.

Manuel lived at Place Dauphine and was present at the nearby Abbaye Prison on the first day of the September Massacres. The door was closed, but the killing was resumed after an intense discussion with Manuel, on people's justice and failing judges.[13] Manuel belonged to a deputation sent by the general council (conseil général) of the commune to ask for compassion.[14] They were insulted and escaped with their lives.[15] Late in the evening, Madame de Stael was conveyed home, escorted by the Manuel. He saved the life of governess Madame Tourzel, because of her mother.[16]

On 7 September 1792 he was elected one of the deputies from Paris to the National Convention, where he promoted the proclamation of the First French Republic. On 3 November, he declared in the gallery of the Jacobin Club that "the massacres of September had been the Saint Bartholomew's Day of the people, who had shown themselves to be as wicked as a king, and that the whole of Paris was guilty for having suffered these assassinations.[17]

He suppressed the decoration of the Cross of Saint Louis, which he called "a stain on a man's coat", requested that Pétion de Villeneuve, the first president of Convention to be housed in the palace of the Tuileries,[18][19] and demanded the sale of the Palace of Versailles.

Independent politics and execution

In 1792 he was prosecuted for publishing four volumes of the indecent fr: Lettres à Sophie de Ruffey, written in jail by Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau between 1777-1780, but was acquitted.[1]

Manuel changed his opinions on King Louis XVI through his connection with Pétion and the Brissotins; he refused to vote in favor of the execution of the former sovereign. Never before the Convention was like a court.[20] He accused The Mountain of being anarchists and murderers.[21] Consequently, he resigned as deputy.[22] succeeded by Fouquier-Tinville as public prosecutor. He retired to Montargis, where his house was attacked by the crowd on 14 March 1793.[23] Heavily bleeding he was taken to the liberty tree, arrested, and put in prison almost naked. At the end of August he was transported to the Prison de l'Abbaye and on 13 November to the Conciergerie.[24] In his trial Fouquier-Tinville accused him of being a libertine, offering wine to the "septembriseurs", stealing money and organizing a conspiration against the one and indivisible republic. He was guillotined the same day, 24 Brumaire.[25]

Works

  • Manuel, Louis-Pierre (1783). Essais historiques, critiques, littéraires et philosophiques. p. 167.
  • Manuel, Louis Pierre (1786). Coup-d'œil philosophique sur le règne de saint-Louis. p. 164.;
  • Manuel, Louis-Pierre (1789). L'année françoise. p. 154.;
  • Manuel, Louis-Pierre (1789). L'année françoise.;
  • Louis-Pierre Manuel (1789). La Bastille dévoilée: livr. Notes historiques sur la Bastille. Desenne. According to the bibliographer Antoine-Alexandre Barbier, in his Dictionnaire des ouvrages anonymes et pseudonymes, Volume 1, the pamphlet was not written by Manuel, as often cited, but by a Charpentier.[citation needed]
  • La Police de Parie dévoilée. chez J. B. Garnery ; Strasbourg chez Treuttel. 1791.
  • Lettres sur la Révolution (1792).

References

  1. ^ a b Chisholm 1911.
  2. ^ La Feuille du jour, 17 décembre 1791, 30 janvier 1792, 4 février 1792, 11 mars 1792
  3. ^ Municipalité de Paris. Installation du Conseil général de la commune, 24 février 1792
  4. ^ Gazette universelle, 29 février 1792
  5. ^ Le Républicain français, 20 octobre 1793
  6. ^ S. Schama, p. 609, 611, 624, 636
  7. ^ Jesse Goldhammer (2005). The Headless Republic: Sacrificial Violence in Modern French Thought. Cornell University Press. p. 34. ISBN 0-8014-4150-1.
  8. ^ Jonathan Israel & Revolutionary Ideas: An Intellectual History of the French Revolution from The Rights of Man to Robespierre 2014, p. 272.
  9. ^ Mercure universel, 18 novembre 1793
  10. ^ Jean Massin (1959) Robespierre, pp. 133–34
  11. ^ Janes, Dominic; Houen, Alex (1 May 2014). Martyrdom and Terrorism: Pre-Modern to Contemporary Perspectives. Oxford University Press. p. 177. ISBN 978-0-19-937651-3.
  12. ^ L. Moore, p. 142, 146
  13. ^ F. Bluche, p. 56-60
  14. ^ L. Blanc (1855) Histoire de la Révolution Française, vol VII, p. 163
  15. ^ Oscar Browning, ed., The Despatches of Earl Gower (Cambridge University Press, 1885), 213–16, 219–21, 223–28.
  16. ^ Le Républicain français, 20 octobre 1793
  17. ^ https://www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/sycomore/fiche/(num_dept)/15181
  18. ^ Mercure universel, 18 novembre 1793
  19. ^ https://www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/sycomore/fiche/(num_dept)/15181
  20. ^ https://www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/sycomore/fiche/(num_dept)/15181
  21. ^ Mercure universel, 18 novembre 1793
  22. ^ Mercure universel, 18 novembre 1793
  23. ^ Mercure universel, 20 mars 1793; Thermomètre du jour, 21 mars 1793
  24. ^ Mercure français, 24 août 1793; Le Journal de Paris, 14 novembre 1793
  25. ^ Gazette nationale ou le Moniteur universel, 16 novembre 1793; Feuille du salut public, 16 novembre 1793; Mercure français, 23 novembre 1793
Attribution
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