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Move other mentions of occurrences to new Occurrence section; add supporting citations. Jade from Turkestan New Zealand and British Columbia is apparently nephrite, not jadeite. Mexican jade artefacts were apparently imported from Guatemala. Other locales lack reliable sourcing.
Gather uses into single section, with introductory material.
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Significant occurrences of jadeite are isolated and rare.<ref name=Allaby2013>{{cite book |last1=Allaby |first1=Michael |title=A dictionary of geology and earth sciences |date=2013 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=9780199653065 |edition=Fourth}}</ref> It is found exclusively in high-pressure, low-temperature metamorphic rock of continental margins.<ref name=KleinHurlbut1993/> Here it may be found as pods or veins or as disseminated grains.<ref name=Nesse2000/> Deposits are found in [[Myanmar]], the Alps, Russia,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yingying |first1=Xing |last2=Lijian |first2=Qi |title=Structural hydroxyl distribution in jadeite grains and the diagenesis mechanism of jadeitite in Myanmar, Guatemala and Russia |journal=Materials Testing |date=31 March 2021 |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=235–244 |doi=10.1515/mt-2020-0034 |url=10.1515/mt-2020-0034 |language=en |issn=2195-8572}}</ref> California,<ref name=KleinHurlbut1993/> Japan,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mindat.org/loc-8249.html|title=Itoigawa City, Niigata Prefecture, Chubu Region, Honshu Island, Japan|website=www.mindat.org|access-date=2016-06-30}}</ref> and [[Guatemala]].<ref name=Sinkankas1964/> In the [[Franciscan Formation]] of California, jadeite is associated with glaucophane, aragonite, muscovite, lawsonite, and quartz.<ref name=KleinHurlbut1993/> However, occurrences of lapidary quality are almost exclusive to [[Myanmar]].<ref name=Sinkankas1964/>
Significant occurrences of jadeite are isolated and rare.<ref name=Allaby2013>{{cite book |last1=Allaby |first1=Michael |title=A dictionary of geology and earth sciences |date=2013 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=9780199653065 |edition=Fourth}}</ref> It is found exclusively in high-pressure, low-temperature metamorphic rock of continental margins.<ref name=KleinHurlbut1993/> Here it may be found as pods or veins or as disseminated grains.<ref name=Nesse2000/> Deposits are found in [[Myanmar]], the Alps, Russia,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yingying |first1=Xing |last2=Lijian |first2=Qi |title=Structural hydroxyl distribution in jadeite grains and the diagenesis mechanism of jadeitite in Myanmar, Guatemala and Russia |journal=Materials Testing |date=31 March 2021 |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=235–244 |doi=10.1515/mt-2020-0034 |url=10.1515/mt-2020-0034 |language=en |issn=2195-8572}}</ref> California,<ref name=KleinHurlbut1993/> Japan,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mindat.org/loc-8249.html|title=Itoigawa City, Niigata Prefecture, Chubu Region, Honshu Island, Japan|website=www.mindat.org|access-date=2016-06-30}}</ref> and [[Guatemala]].<ref name=Sinkankas1964/> In the [[Franciscan Formation]] of California, jadeite is associated with glaucophane, aragonite, muscovite, lawsonite, and quartz.<ref name=KleinHurlbut1993/> However, occurrences of lapidary quality are almost exclusive to [[Myanmar]].<ref name=Sinkankas1964/>


==Stone Age use==
==Uses==
Jadeite is the dominant mineral of the most desirable variety of [[jade]].<ref name=Jackson1997/> This was prized in traditional Chinese culture, where it was worked into a great variety of beautiful ornaments and utensils.<ref name=KleinHurlbut1993/>
⚫
[[File:Hache 222.1 Global fond.jpg|thumb|left|Polished [[Neolithic]] jadeitite axe-head from the [[:fr:Muséum de Toulouse|Museum of Toulouse]]]]


Jadeite was also used by Stone Age peoples for implements and weapons.<ref name=KleinHurlbut1993/>
⚫
Over 180 axe heads made from jadeitite quarried in northern Italy in the [[Neolithic era]] have been found across the British Isles.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/pe_prb/j/jadeite_axe-head.aspx |title=Jadeite axe-head |access-date=21 November 2009|publisher=[[British Museum]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wiltshireheritage.org.uk/galleries/index.php?Action=4&obID=116&prevID=80&oprevID=12 |title=Jadeite axe |access-date=31 October 2011 |publisher=[[Wiltshire Heritage Museum]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425122928/http://www.wiltshireheritage.org.uk/galleries/index.php?Action=4&obID=116&prevID=80&oprevID=12 |archive-date=25 April 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Because of the difficulty of working this material, all the axe heads of this type found are thought to have been non-utilitarian and to have represented some form of currency or be the products of gift exchange.<ref>{{cite book |author=Barker, Graeme |title=Companion encyclopedia of archaeology |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |year=1999 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/companionencyclo0000unse_z3b0/page/378 378] |isbn=0-415-21329-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/companionencyclo0000unse_z3b0/page/378 }}</ref>


Jade received its name, "piedra de ijada" ("stone of the side"), because it was once thought to cure kidney ailments when applied to the side of the body.<ref name=Sinkankas1964/>
⚫
A great many jadeite beads and axe heads as well as the remains of jadeite workshops from the [[Neolithic Era|Neolithic era]] have been uncovered in [[Itoigawa, Niigata|Itoigawa, Japan]]. These beads and axes were traded throughout Japan and the Korean Peninsula and were produced by the world's oldest known jadeite-using culture, centered on the Itoigawa region.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tateshinakougen.gr.jp/jomon/kijima|title=翡翠製大珠の加工と流通|last=Kijima|first=Tsutomu|language=ja}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/7634520|title=International Jomon Culture Conference Bulletin 1 2004 (English version)|access-date=2016-06-30}}</ref>


⚫
===Jade===
⚫
[[File:Maya. Plaque, 600-900 C.E., L56.10.2.jpg|thumb|left|[[Maya civilization|Maya]] Jadeite Plaque, 600–900 [[Anno Domini|AD]], [[Brooklyn Museum]]|upright]]

⚫
==Jade==
Jadeite is one of two minerals recognized as the [[gemstone]] [[jade]]. The other is [[nephrite]]. Jadeite from the [[Motagua River|Motagua Valley]], [[Guatemala]], was used by the [[Olmec]] and [[Maya peoples]], as well as the indigenous peoples of [[Costa Rica]]. In [[Western world|the West]], the most highly valued colors of jadeite are the intensely green, translucent varieties, though traditionally white has been considered the most valuable of the jades by the Chinese.
Jadeite is one of two minerals recognized as the [[gemstone]] [[jade]]. The other is [[nephrite]]. Jadeite from the [[Motagua River|Motagua Valley]], [[Guatemala]], was used by the [[Olmec]] and [[Maya peoples]], as well as the indigenous peoples of [[Costa Rica]]. In [[Western world|the West]], the most highly valued colors of jadeite are the intensely green, translucent varieties, though traditionally white has been considered the most valuable of the jades by the Chinese.


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The commercial quality of jade is determined by the degree of translucence, cleanness of color and purity of color. Occasionally, other minerals such as [[Serpentine group|serpentine]] or [[quartz]] are sold as jade, but the difference can be determined by cleavage and hardness. High-quality jade made from jadeite can cost upwards of US$30,000 per carat. Feitsui, fei tsui (Mandarin), or fei cui (Cantonese) is a pale green variety of jade and the most popular type of jadeite. It is highly prized not only in China.{{cn|date=December 2021}}
The commercial quality of jade is determined by the degree of translucence, cleanness of color and purity of color. Occasionally, other minerals such as [[Serpentine group|serpentine]] or [[quartz]] are sold as jade, but the difference can be determined by cleavage and hardness. High-quality jade made from jadeite can cost upwards of US$30,000 per carat. Feitsui, fei tsui (Mandarin), or fei cui (Cantonese) is a pale green variety of jade and the most popular type of jadeite. It is highly prized not only in China.{{cn|date=December 2021}}

===Stone Age use===
⚫
[[File:Hache 222.1 Global fond.jpg|thumb|left|Polished [[Neolithic]] jadeitite axe-head from the [[:fr:Muséum de Toulouse|Museum of Toulouse]]]]

⚫
Over 180 axe heads made from jadeitite quarried in northern Italy in the [[Neolithic era]] have been found across the British Isles.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/pe_prb/j/jadeite_axe-head.aspx |title=Jadeite axe-head |access-date=21 November 2009|publisher=[[British Museum]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wiltshireheritage.org.uk/galleries/index.php?Action=4&obID=116&prevID=80&oprevID=12 |title=Jadeite axe |access-date=31 October 2011 |publisher=[[Wiltshire Heritage Museum]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425122928/http://www.wiltshireheritage.org.uk/galleries/index.php?Action=4&obID=116&prevID=80&oprevID=12 |archive-date=25 April 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Because of the difficulty of working this material, all the axe heads of this type found are thought to have been non-utilitarian and to have represented some form of currency or be the products of gift exchange.<ref>{{cite book |author=Barker, Graeme |title=Companion encyclopedia of archaeology |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |year=1999 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/companionencyclo0000unse_z3b0/page/378 378] |isbn=0-415-21329-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/companionencyclo0000unse_z3b0/page/378 }}</ref>

⚫
A great many jadeite beads and axe heads as well as the remains of jadeite workshops from the [[Neolithic Era|Neolithic era]] have been uncovered in [[Itoigawa, Niigata|Itoigawa, Japan]]. These beads and axes were traded throughout Japan and the Korean Peninsula and were produced by the world's oldest known jadeite-using culture, centered on the Itoigawa region.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tateshinakougen.gr.jp/jomon/kijima|title=翡翠製大珠の加工と流通|last=Kijima|first=Tsutomu|language=ja}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/7634520|title=International Jomon Culture Conference Bulletin 1 2004 (English version)|access-date=2016-06-30}}</ref>

⚫
[[File:Maya. Plaque, 600-900 C.E., L56.10.2.jpg|thumb|left|[[Maya civilization|Maya]] Jadeite Plaque, 600–900 [[Anno Domini|AD]], [[Brooklyn Museum]]|upright]]


==See also==
==See also==

Revision as of 22:43, 24 December 2021

This article is about the mineral. For other uses, see Jadeite (disambiguation).
Jadeite
Jadeite from Burma
General
CategoryPyroxene group
Formula
(repeating unit)		NaAlSi2O6 or Na(Al,Fe3+)Si2O6
Strunz classification9.DA.25
Crystal systemMonoclinic
Crystal classPrismatic (2/m)
(same H-M symbol)
Space groupC2/c
Identification
ColorApple-green, emerald-green, bluish green, leek-green, purplish blue, greenish white, white, black, may show green spots, rarely blue or violet; colorless in thin section. Often also banded.
Crystal habitCommonly massive, or fibrous, granular; prismatic crystals rare
TwinningSingle and lamellar twinning on [100] and [001]
CleavageGood on [110]
FractureSplintery
Mohs scale hardness6.5 - 7
LusterSubvitreous, pearly on cleavages
StreakWhite
DiaphaneityTranslucent
Specific gravity3.24 to 3.43
Polish lustervitreous to greasy[1]
Optical propertiesBiaxial (+)
Refractive indexnα = 1.654 - 1.673 nβ = 1.659 - 1.679 nγ = 1.667 - 1.693
Birefringenceδ = 0.013 - 0.020
Dispersionr > v; moderate to strong.
Ultraviolet fluorescenceDark colors are generally inert. Light green – inert to weak white in long wave, generally inert in short wave; light yellow – inert to weak green in long wave, generally inert in short wave; white – inert to weak in long wave, generally inert in short wave; light purple – inert to weak white or weak brownish red in long wave, generally inert in short wave; some dyed lavender colors – moderate to strong orange in long wave, weaker in short wave[1]
References[2][3][4]

Jadeite is a pyroxene mineral with composition NaAlSi2O6. It is monoclinic. It has a Mohs hardness of about 6.5 to 7.0 depending on the composition. The mineral is dense, with a specific gravity of about 3.4.

Name

The name jadeite is derived (via Template:Lang-fr and Template:Lang-la[5]) from the Spanish phrase "piedra de ijada" which means "stone of the side". The Latin version of the name, lapis nephriticus, is the origin of the term nephrite, which is a different mineral that also shares the common name jade.[6]

Properties

Jadeite is a hard, extremely tough,[7] rare mineral of the clinopyroxene family of minerals.[8] Though highly variable in color,[9] it is typically apple-green to emerald-green, or less commonly white or white with spots of green.[8] Occurrences are typically granular or massive;[8] individual crystals are very rare, occurring only as small prismatic crystals in vugs in massive jadeite.[7] Crystals are four-sided or eight-sided in cross section and show perfect cleavage on [110] at angles of 87 and 93 degrees. There is also a rare parting on [100]. The interlocking crystals of massive jadeite help give it its extreme toughness.[10]

Jadeite has a Mohs hardness of 6.5 to 7, slightly less than that of common quartz.[8] Fracture surfaces are sugary in texture, and sparkle from the exposed perfect cleavage on [110]. Jade is relatively dense, with a specific gravity of 3.3 to 3.5 in natural specimens.[8] The specific gravity increases with the iron content, and very pure jadeite has a specific gravity of 3.25.[7] The luster is vitreous, or pearly on exposed cleavage surfaces, and the streak is colorless.[8] Jadeite is translucent to transparent.[7]

Jadeite is characterized by its green color and tough aggregates of compact fibrous crystals. It can be distinguished from nephrite by its vitreous luster on polished surfaces (polished nephrite has an oily luster)[8] and by its higher density and refractive index. Serpentine also has a lower density and refractive index than jadeite. Massive jadeite also characteristically shows a more granular texture than nephrite or serpentinite.[7]

Jadeite has a fusibility of 2.5 (making it moderately easy to fuse with a propane flame) and gives a yellow flame color.[7]

Pure jadeite has the composition NaAlSi2O6 and has the typical clinopyroxene structure. This consists of long chains of silica tetrahedra in which each silicon ion is surrounded by four oxygen ions, with two of the oxygen ions shared with neighboring silica tetraheda. The chains are bonded together by aluminium and sodium ions to form the full three-dimensional structure of a jadeite crystal. The aluminium joins pairs of chains (occuping the so-called M1 site) while sodium joins the paired chains to neighboring paired chains (occupying the so-called M2 site). The resulting crystal structure belongs to the monoclinic system,[8] with space group C2/c.[2]

Chemistry and origin

Pure jadeite has the composition NaAlSi2O6. There is no significant replacement of aluminium by silicon in natural jadeite, and only very limited substitution of ferric iron for aluminium.[8] However, calcium substitutes for up to 20% of the sodium, balanced by sustitution of magnesium or ferrous iron for aluminium.[10]

Omphacite is intermediate in composition between jadeite and diopside.[8] However, there is not a true solid solution series, as omphacite has its own structure that is slightly different from either pure jadeite or pure diopside, so that it is separated from either end member by a miscibility gap.[10] Chromomelanite is a dark green variety of jadeite in which some aluminium is replaced by iron, while imperial jade, the most valuable variety of jade, is colored an intense emerald green by traces of chromium.[7]

Phase diagram for jadeite system

Jadeite occurs with albite in metamorphic rock of the low-temperature, high-pressure blueschist facies at destructive plate margins.[8] Although it is intermediate in silica content between albite and nepheline, it is not stable under the conditions in which these two minerals are present. Formation of jadeite requires a pressure of 10 to 25 kbar and a temperature of 600 to 1,000 °C (1,100 to 1,800 °F) via the reaction:[8]

nephelineNaAlSiO4 + albiteNaAlSi3O8 → jadeite2NaAlSi2O6 (Reaction 1)

Jadeite can also form at high pressure via the reaction:[8]

albiteNaAlSi3O8 → jadeite2NaAlSi2O6 + quartzSiO2 (Reaction 2)

At still higher pressure, corresponding to the highest blueschist facies, jadeite reacts with lawsonite to form zoisite and paragonite:[11]

lawsonite4CaAl2Si2O7(OH)2·H2O + jadeiteNaAlSi2O6 → zoisite2Ca2Al3(SiO4)(Si2O7)O(OH) + paragoniteNaAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 + water6H2O (Reaction 3)

Minerals associated with jadeite include: glaucophane, lawsonite, muscovite, aragonite, serpentine and quartz.[8]

Rocks that consist almost entirely of jadeite are called jadeitite. In all well-documented occurrences, jadeitite appears to have formed from subduction zone fluids in association with serpentinite.[12]

Jadeitite is resistant to weathering, and alluvial boulders of jadeitite released from the serpentine-rich environments in which they formed can have weights of up to tons. Raw specimens having Burmese tax stamps or polished slots for evaluating quality are prized by some collectors.[7]

Colors

Unusual lavender jade (metaphonolite) from Bursa Province, northwestern Turkey. The color is from jadeite pyroxene.
Jade rock inspection with a portable UV LED flashlight in Mandalay Jade Market.

Jadeite's color commonly ranges from white through pale apple green to deep jade green but can also be blue-green (like the recently rediscovered "Olmec Blue" jade), pink, lavender and a multitude of other rare colors. Chloromelanite is a very dark green to black variety.[13] Color is largely affected by the presence of trace elements such as chromium and iron. Its translucence varies from opaque to almost clear. Variations in color and translucence are often found even within a single specimen.

Occurrence

Significant occurrences of jadeite are isolated and rare.[14] It is found exclusively in high-pressure, low-temperature metamorphic rock of continental margins.[8] Here it may be found as pods or veins or as disseminated grains.[10] Deposits are found in Myanmar, the Alps, Russia,[15] California,[8] Japan,[16] and Guatemala.[7] In the Franciscan Formation of California, jadeite is associated with glaucophane, aragonite, muscovite, lawsonite, and quartz.[8] However, occurrences of lapidary quality are almost exclusive to Myanmar.[7]

Uses

Jadeite is the dominant mineral of the most desirable variety of jade.[9] This was prized in traditional Chinese culture, where it was worked into a great variety of beautiful ornaments and utensils.[8]

Jadeite was also used by Stone Age peoples for implements and weapons.[8]

Jade received its name, "piedra de ijada" ("stone of the side"), because it was once thought to cure kidney ailments when applied to the side of the body.[7]

Jade

Jadeite is one of two minerals recognized as the gemstone jade. The other is nephrite. Jadeite from the Motagua Valley, Guatemala, was used by the Olmec and Maya peoples, as well as the indigenous peoples of Costa Rica. In the West, the most highly valued colors of jadeite are the intensely green, translucent varieties, though traditionally white has been considered the most valuable of the jades by the Chinese.

Other colors, like "Olmec blue" jade, which is characterized by its deep blue-green, translucent hue with white flecking, are also becoming more highly valued because of its unique beauty and historical use by the Mesoamerican Olmec and also in Costa Rica;[17] however, this variety was only recently rediscovered and is only being minimally exploited by native Guatemalans. It is thus difficult to obtain and as yet too rare and little known to have attained great value as a gemstone.

The commercial quality of jade is determined by the degree of translucence, cleanness of color and purity of color. Occasionally, other minerals such as serpentine or quartz are sold as jade, but the difference can be determined by cleavage and hardness. High-quality jade made from jadeite can cost upwards of US$30,000 per carat. Feitsui, fei tsui (Mandarin), or fei cui (Cantonese) is a pale green variety of jade and the most popular type of jadeite. It is highly prized not only in China.[citation needed]

Stone Age use

Polished Neolithic jadeitite axe-head from the Museum of Toulouse

Over 180 axe heads made from jadeitite quarried in northern Italy in the Neolithic era have been found across the British Isles.[18][19] Because of the difficulty of working this material, all the axe heads of this type found are thought to have been non-utilitarian and to have represented some form of currency or be the products of gift exchange.[20]

A great many jadeite beads and axe heads as well as the remains of jadeite workshops from the Neolithic era have been uncovered in Itoigawa, Japan. These beads and axes were traded throughout Japan and the Korean Peninsula and were produced by the world's oldest known jadeite-using culture, centered on the Itoigawa region.[21][22]

Maya Jadeite Plaque, 600–900 AD, Brooklyn Museum

See also

References

  1. ^ a b (Gia), Gemological. Gem Reference Guide. City: Gemological Institute of America (GIA), 1988. ISBN 0-87311-019-6
  2. ^ a b http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/hom/jadeite.pdf Handbook of Mineralogy
  3. ^ http://www.mindat.org/min-2062.html Mindat
  4. ^ http://webmineral.com/data/Jadeite.shtml Webmineral data
  5. ^ http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=jade
  6. ^ Delario, A. J. (November 1960). "Jade through the Ages — Part 1". Rocks & Minerals. 35 (11–12): 578–582. doi:10.1080/00357529.1960.11766693.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Sinkankas, John (1964). Mineralogy for amateurs. Princeton, N.J.: Van Nostrand. ISBN 0442276249.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Klein, Cornelis; Hurlbut, Cornelius S., Jr. (1993). Manual of mineralogy : (after James D. Dana) (21st ed.). New York: Wiley. pp. 482–483, 598. ISBN 047157452X.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ a b Jackson, Julia A., ed. (1997). "jadeite". Glossary of geology (Fourth ed.). Alexandria, Viriginia: American Geological Institute. ISBN 0922152349.
  10. ^ a b c d Nesse, William D. (2000). Introduction to mineralogy. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 271=272. ISBN 9780195106916.
  11. ^ Yardley 1989, p. 105.
  12. ^ Sorena Sorensen, George E. Harlow, and Douglas Rumble, The origin of jadeitite-forming subduction-zone fluids: CL-guided SIMS oxygen-isotope and trace-element evidence. American Mineralogist, v. 91, pp. 979-996 (2006)
  13. ^ http://www.mindat.org/min-1023.html Mindat
  14. ^ Allaby, Michael (2013). A dictionary of geology and earth sciences (Fourth ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199653065.
  15. ^ Yingying, Xing; Lijian, Qi (31 March 2021). [10.1515/mt-2020-0034 "Structural hydroxyl distribution in jadeite grains and the diagenesis mechanism of jadeitite in Myanmar, Guatemala and Russia"]. Materials Testing. 63 (3): 235–244. doi:10.1515/mt-2020-0034. ISSN 2195-8572. {{cite journal}}: Check |url= value (help)
  16. ^ "Itoigawa City, Niigata Prefecture, Chubu Region, Honshu Island, Japan". www.mindat.org. Retrieved 2016-06-30.
  17. ^ Easby, Elizabeth Kennedy. Pre-Columbian Jade from Costa Rica. (1968). André Emmerich Inc., New York
  18. ^ "Jadeite axe-head". British Museum. Retrieved 21 November 2009.
  19. ^ "Jadeite axe". Wiltshire Heritage Museum. Archived from the original on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
  20. ^ Barker, Graeme (1999). Companion encyclopedia of archaeology. New York: Routledge. pp. 378. ISBN 0-415-21329-0.
  21. ^ Kijima, Tsutomu. "翡翠製大珠の加工と流通" (in Japanese).
  22. ^ "International Jomon Culture Conference Bulletin 1 2004 (English version)". Retrieved 2016-06-30.
  • Media related to Jadeite at Wikimedia Commons
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