Eastman memos

Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election
The electoral map for the 2020 election. Blue denotes the 306 electoral votes for Biden, while Red denotes the 232 electoral votes for Trump.
Date	November 4, 2020 – January 7, 2021 (2 months and 3 days)
Location	Arizona, Georgia, Michigan, Nevada, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin and Washington, D.C.
Caused by	Fabricated claims of electoral fraud
Resulted in	Failure to overturn election; Joe Biden inaugurated January 20, 2021

The Eastman memos are documents produced in 2020 by John C. Eastman, an American law professor working with the legal team of then-President Donald Trump, intended to overturn the 2020 United States election of Joe Biden and get Trump re-elected by throwing out electors from seven states on January 6, 2021, when Congress counted the Electoral College votes. The memos have been described as an instruction manual for a coup d'état.

Overview

After the 2020 United States presidential election in which Joe Biden prevailed, then-incumbent Donald Trump, as well as his campaign, his proxies, and many of his supporters, pursued an aggressive and unprecedented effort to deny and overturn the election.

In late December 2020, Trump and some of his supporters, such as former National Security Adviser Michael Flynn, began to promote the idea of the Pence Card, a legal theory by which then-Vice President Mike Pence had unilateral authority to reject electoral votes from states deemed to be fraudulent. The theory originated with a two-page proposal tweeted to Trump by Flynn associate Ivan Raiklin on December 22.

In that context, John C. Eastman tried to convince then-Vice President Mike Pence that he could overturn the election results on January 6, 2021 (when Congress counted the Electoral College votes) by throwing out electors from "7 states" (presumably Arizona, Georgia, Michigan, Nevada, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin, along with either New Mexico or the federal district Washington, D.C.). Although it was a concerted effort to submit rival slates of electors from 7 states, these submissions were filtered out prior to the Jan. 6th joint session, and did not explicitly enter the deliberations. Under Eastman's scheme, Pence would have declared Trump the winner with more Electoral College votes after the seven states were thrown out, at 232 votes to 222.

According to a news report in The Washington Post on October 23, 2021, the Willard hotel was a "command center" for the White House plot, that included Eastman, to overturn the results of the 2020 election. Further related details of the effort to deny and overturn the election have been reported. Also, in October 2021, Richard Painter said that the former President could be blocked from running again in 2024, due to his activities associated with the January 6, 2021 attack on the Capitol.

First memorandum

The first memo described the constitutional and statutory process for opening and counting of electoral votes under the 12th Amendment and Electoral Count Act, alleging that the Electoral Count Act was unconstitutional. It then laid out a six-step plan for Pence to overturn Biden's election:

1. VP Pence, presiding over the joint session (or Senate Pro Tempore Grassley, if Pence recuses himself), begins to open and count the ballots, starting with Alabama (without conceding that the procedure, specified by the Electoral Count Act, of going through the States alphabetically is required).
2. When he gets to Arizona, he announces that he has multiple slates of electors, and so is going to defer decision on that until finishing the other States. This would be the first break with the procedure set out in the Act.
3. At the end, he announces that because of the ongoing disputes in the 7 States, there are no electors that can be deemed validly appointed in those States. That means the total number of “electors appointed” – the language of the 12th Amendment – is 454. This reading of the 12th Amendment has also been advanced by Harvard Law Professor Laurence Tribe. A “majority of the electors appointed” would therefore be 228. There are at this point 232 votes for Trump, 222 votes for Biden. Pence then gavels President Trump as re-elected.
4. Howls, of course, from the Democrats, who now claim, contrary to Tribe’s prior position, that 270 is required. So Pence says, fine. Pursuant to the 12th Amendment, no candidate has achieved the necessary majority. That sends the matter to the House, where the “the votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote . . . .” Republicans currently control 26 of the state delegations, the bare majority needed to win that vote. President Trump is re-elected there as well.
5. One last piece. Assuming the Electoral Count Act process is followed and, upon getting the objections to the Arizona slates, the two houses break into their separate chambers, we should not allow the Electoral Count Act constraint on debate to control. That would mean that a prior legislature was determining the rules of the present one – a constitutional no-no (as Tribe has forcefully argued). So someone – Ted Cruz, Rand Paul, etc. – should demand normal rules (which includes the filibuster). That creates a stalemate that would give the state legislatures more time to weigh in to formally support the alternate slate of electors, if they had not already done so.
6. The main thing here is that Pence should do this without asking for permission – either from a vote of the joint session or from the Court. Let the other side challenge his actions in court, where Tribe (who in 2001 conceded the President of the Senate might be in charge of counting the votes) and others who would press a lawsuit would have their past position – that these are non-justiciable political questions – thrown back at them, to get the lawsuit dismissed. The fact is that the Constitution assigns this power to the Vice President as the ultimate arbiter. We should take all of our actions with that in mind.

Second memorandum

The second memo laid out a more extensive plan with multiple scenarios for Pence to take to overturn Biden's election: The first section outlined fictional illegal conduct by election officials in six states (Arizona, Georgia, Michigan, Nevada, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin). The second section again alleged that the Electoral Count Act was unconstitutional. The third section referred to "7 states" and outlined various alternatives for Pence to take to overturn Biden's election:

• VP Pence opens the ballots, determines on his own which is valid, asserting that the authority to make that determination under the 12th Amendment, and the Adams and Jefferson precedents, is his alone (anything in the Electoral Count Act to the contrary is therefore unconstitutional).
  • If State Legislatures have certified the Trump electors, he counts those, as required by Article II (the provision of the Electoral Count Act giving the default victory to the “executive”-certified slate therefore being unconstitutional). Any combination of states totaling 38 elector votes, and TRUMP WINS.
  • If State Legislatures have not certified their own slates of electors, VP Pence determines, based on all the evidence and the letters from state legislators calling into question the executive certifications, decides to count neither slate of electors. (Note: this could be done with he gets to Arizona in the alphabetical roster, or he could defer Arizona and the other multi-slate states until the end, and then make the determination). At the end of the count, the tally would therefore be 232 for Trump, 222 for Biden. Because the 12th Amendment says “majority of electors appointed,” having determined that no electors from the 7 states were appointed (a position in accord with that taken by Harvard Law Professor Laurence Tribe (here), TRUMP WINS.
  • Alternatively, VP Pence determines that because multiple electors were appointed from the 7 states but not counted because of ongoing election disputes, neither candidate has the necessary 270 elector votes, throwing the election to the House. IF the Republicans in the State Delegations stand firm, the vote there is 26 states for Trump, 23 for Biden, and 1 split vote. TRUMP WINS.
• VP Pence determines that the ongoing election challenges must conclude before ballots can be counted, and adjourns the joint session of Congress, determining that the time restrictions in the Electoral County Act are contrary to his authority under the 12th Amendment and therefore void. Taking the cue, state legislatures convene, order a comprehensive audit/investigation of the election returns in their states, and then determine whether the slate of electors initially certified is valid, or whether the alternative slate of electors should be certified by the legislature, exercise authority it has directly from Article II and also from 3 U.S.C. § 2, which provides: “Whenever any State has held an election for the purpose of choosing electors, and has failed to make a choice on the day prescribed by law, the electors may be appointed on a subsequent day in such a manner as the legislature of such State may direct.”
  • If ... the investigation proves to the satisfaction of the legislature that there was sufficient fraud and illegality to affect the results of the election, the Legislature certifies the Trump electors. Upon reconvening the Joint Session of Congress, those votes are counted and TRUMP WINS.

Reactions

On September 27, 2021, Laurence Tribe, American legal scholar and University Professor Emeritus of Constitutional Law at Harvard University, and colleagues, fully described the legal background of the attempt to overturn the 2020 election, and, as well, possible ways of averting the use of such a legal strategy or similar approach in the future.

The memos have been described as an instruction manual for a coup d'état.

In October 2021, serious complaints, that could lead to disbarment, against Eastman and related attorney Jeffrey Clark, regarding their conduct attempting to overturn the 2020 election, have been officially submitted.

See also

• Business Plot – A 1933 plan to overthrow the U.S. government
• Newburgh Conspiracy – an attempt to overthrow the Continental Congress
• Wilmington insurrection of 1898 – 1898 insurrection in North Carolina, USPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

External links

• Video (4:48) – John Eastman Defends Trying To Overturn 2020 Election (MSNBC; October 27, 2021)