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'''Gatka''' ({{Lang-pa|ਗਤਕਾ|label=[[Gurmukhi]]}}; {{Lang-pa|{{nq|گَتکا}}|label=[[Shahmukhi]]}}; {{lang-hi|गतका}};{{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|گَتکا}}}}) is a form of [[martial art]] associated primarily with the [[Sikhs]] of the [[Punjab]] and other related ethnic groups, such as [[Hindkowans]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=یاوری |first1=موسیٰ |title=’گتکا ہماری ثقافت ہے اور ہم نے اسے قائم رکھنا ہے‘ |url=https://www.bbc.com/urdu/sport-47317035 |work=BBC News اردو |date=26 February 2019 |language=ur}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Sadaqat|first=Muhammad|date=March 17, 2019|title=Gatka a centuries old art of self-defence|work=DAWN|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1470080|access-date=October 7, 2021}}</ref> It is a style of [[stick-fighting]], with [[waster|wooden sticks]] intended to simulate [[sword]]s.<ref name=Draeger>{{cite book |title=Comprehensive Asian Fighting Arts |author=[[Donn F. Draeger]] and Robert W. Smith |year=1969 |publisher=Kodansha International Limited}}</ref> The [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] name, ''gatka,'' refers to the wooden stick used and this term might have originated as a diminutive of Sanskrit word, "''gada",'' meaning mace.<ref>Ananda Lal, ''The Oxford companion to Indian theatre'', Oxford University Press (2004), {{ISBN|9780195644463}}, p. 129.</ref>
'''Gatka''' ({{Lang-pa|ਗਤਕਾ|label=[[Gurmukhi]]}}; {{Lang-pa|{{nq|گَتکا}}|label=[[Shahmukhi]]}}; {{lang-hi|गतका}};{{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|گَتکا}}}}) is a form of [[martial art]] associated primarily with the [[Sikhs]] of the [[Punjab]] and other related ethnic groups, such as [[Hindkowans]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=یاوری |first1=موسیٰ |title=’گتکا ہماری ثقافت ہے اور ہم نے اسے قائم رکھنا ہے‘ |url=https://www.bbc.com/urdu/sport-47317035 |work=BBC News اردو |date=26 February 2019 |language=ur}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Sadaqat|first=Muhammad|date=March 17, 2019|title=Gatka a centuries old art of self-defence|work=DAWN|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1470080|access-date=October 7, 2021}}</ref> It is a style of [[stick-fighting]], with [[waster|wooden sticks]] intended to simulate [[sword]]s.<ref name=Draeger>{{cite book |title=Comprehensive Asian Fighting Arts |author=[[Donn F. Draeger]] and Robert W. Smith |year=1969 |publisher=Kodansha International Limited}}</ref> The [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] name, {{lang|pa|gatka}}, refers to the wooden stick used and this term might have originated as a diminutive of a Sanskrit word, {{lang|sa|gada}}, meaning "mace".<ref>Ananda Lal, ''The Oxford companion to Indian theatre'', Oxford University Press (2004), {{ISBN|9780195644463}}, p. 129.</ref>


The stick used in Gatka is made up of wood and is usually 3 to 3.5 feet long with a thickness of around half an inch. It comes with a leather fitted hilt (6 to 7 inches long) and is often decorated with [[Punjabi clothing|Punjabi style multi-coloured threads]].<ref name=":0" />
The stick used in Gatka is made of wood and is usually {{convert|3|-|3.5|ft|cm}} long, with a thickness of around {{convert|1⁄2|in|mm}}. It comes with a fitted leather hilt, {{convert|6|-|7|in|cm}} and is often decorated with [[Punjabi clothing|Punjabi-style multi-coloured threads]].<ref name=":0" />


The other weapon used in the sport is a shield, natively known as ''Phari''. It is round in shape, measuring 9x9 inches, and is made of dry leather. It is filled with either cotton or dry grass to protect the hand of player in case of full contact hit of the opponent.<ref name=":0" />
The other weapon used in the sport is a shield, natively known as {{lang|pa|phari}}. It is round in shape, measuring {{convert|9|x|9|in|cm}}, and is made of dry leather. It is filled with either cotton or dry grass to protect the hand of player in case of full contact hit by an opponent.<ref name=":0" />


Gatka originated in the Punjab in the 15th century, but much of the Gatka forms practiced today in the west are Europeanised versions of what was the original martial art of Sikhs known as [[Shastar Vidya]]. There has been a revival during the later 20th century, with an International Gatka Federation was founded in 1982 and formalized in 1987, and gatka is now popular as a sport or [[sword dance]] performance art and is often shown during [[Sikh festivals]].<ref name="hindu.com">[https://web.archive.org/web/20070930235524/http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/27/stories/2006072712720300.htm Sikh martial art `Gatka' takes the West by storm.] ([[Press Trust of India]]). [[The Hindu]]</ref> it is related with Sikh dynasty
Gatka originated in the Punjab in the 15th century, but much of the Gatka forms practiced today in the west are Europeanised versions of what was the original martial art of Sikhs known as [[Shastar Vidya]]. There has been a revival during the later 20th century, with an International Gatka Federation was founded in 1982 and formalized in 1987, and gatka is now popular as a sport or [[sword dance]] performance art and is often shown during [[Sikh festivals]].<ref name="hindu.com">[https://web.archive.org/web/20070930235524/http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/27/stories/2006072712720300.htm Sikh martial art `Gatka' takes the West by storm.] ([[Press Trust of India]]). [[The Hindu]]</ref>


==History==
==History==
[[File:Singh.jpg|thumb|World Gatka Cup]]
[[File:Singh.jpg|thumb|World Gatka Cup]]


Gatka's theory and techniques were taught by the [[Sikh gurus]]. It has been handed down in an unbroken lineage of Ustads (masters), and taught in many akharas (arenas) around the world. Gatka was employed in the Sikh wars and has been thoroughly battle tested. It originates from the need to defend dharam (righteousness), but is also based on the unification of the spirit and body ([[miri piri]]). It is, therefore, generally considered to be both a spiritual and physical practise.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Pashaura|author2=Louis E. Fenech|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA459|date=March 2014|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-969930-8|page=459}}</ref>
Gatka's theory and techniques were taught by the [[Sikh gurus]]. It has been handed down in an unbroken lineage of [[Ustad|ustād]]s (masters), and taught in many [[akhara]]s (arenas) around the world. Gatka was employed in the Sikh wars and has been thoroughly battle tested. It originates from the need to defend {{lang|und|dharam}} (righteousness), but is also based on the unification of the spirit and body: [[miri piri]]). It is, therefore, generally considered to be both a spiritual and physical practice.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Pashaura|author2=Louis E. Fenech|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA459|date=March 2014|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-969930-8|page=459}}</ref>


After the [[Second Anglo-Sikh War]] the art was banned by the new British administrators of India in the mid-19th century.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/81513/ancient-martial-arts-training-india/|title=Ancient but Deadly: 8 Indian Martial Art Forms and Where You Can Learn Them|date=2017-01-10|website=The Better India|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-11}}</ref>{{better source|date=October 2021}} During the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], the [[Sikh]]s assisted the British in crushing the mutiny. As a consequence of this assistance, restrictions on fighting practices were relaxed, but the Punjabi martial arts which re-emerged after 1857 had changed significantly.<ref name=Victoria>[MILITARY SIKHS: The Education of a Sikh Warrior. Victoria and Albert Museum.] 'An introduction to Shastar Vidiya - the education of a Sikh warrior' was a lecture by Nidar Singh, given as part of the Sikh Arts and Heritage Lecture Series at the V&A, 10 October 2001.</ref> The new style applied the sword-fighting techniques to the wooden training-stick. It was referred to as ''gatka'', after its primary weapon. Gatka was used mainly by the [[British Indian Army]] in the 1860s as practice for hand-to-hand combat. The Ministry of Sports and Youth Affairs of the Government of India has included Gatka, with other three indigenous games, namely Kalaripayattu, Thang-Ta and Mallakhamba, as a part of Khelo India Youth Games 2021 to be held in Haryana. This is a national sports event in India. {{cn|date=May 2021}}
After the [[Second Anglo-Sikh War]] the art was banned by the new British administrators of India in the mid-19th century.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/81513/ancient-martial-arts-training-india/|title=Ancient but Deadly: 8 Indian Martial Art Forms and Where You Can Learn Them|date=2017-01-10|website=The Better India|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-11}}</ref>{{better source|date=October 2021}} During the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], the [[Sikh]]s assisted the British in crushing the mutiny. As a consequence of this assistance, restrictions on fighting practices were relaxed, but the Punjabi martial arts which re-emerged after 1857 had changed significantly.<ref name=Victoria>[MILITARY SIKHS: The Education of a Sikh Warrior. Victoria and Albert Museum.] 'An introduction to Shastar Vidiya - the education of a Sikh warrior' was a lecture by Nidar Singh, given as part of the Sikh Arts and Heritage Lecture Series at the V&A, 10 October 2001.</ref> The new style applied the sword-fighting techniques to the wooden training-stick. It was referred to as {{lang|pa|gatka}}, after its primary weapon. Gatka was used mainly by the [[British Indian Army]] in the 1860s as practice for hand-to-hand combat. The Ministry of Sports and Youth Affairs of the Government of India has included Gatka, with other three indigenous games, namely {{lang|pa|Kalaripayattu}}, {{lang|pa|Thang-Ta}} and {{lang|pa|Mallakhamba}}, as part of the planned [[Khelo India Youth Games]] 2021, expected to be held in Haryana.<ref>{{Cite news|others=PTI|date=2020-12-20|title=Sports Ministry approves inclusion of four indigenous games in Khelo India Youth Games|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/sports-ministry-approves-inclusion-of-four-indigenous-games-in-khelo-india-youth-games/article33378223.ece}}</ref> This is a national sports event in India.<ref>{{cite news |date=13 September 2018 |first1=Sabi |last1=Hussain |title=Khelo India: Khelo India to become Khelo India Youth Games with IOA on board |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/khelo-india-to-become-khelo-india-youth-games-with-ioa-on-board/articleshow/65793174.cms |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>


===Competition===
===Competition===
''Khel'' (meaning sport or game) is the modern competitive aspect of gatka, originally used as a method of sword-training (''fari-gatka'') or stick-fighting (''[[lathi khela]]'') in medieval times. While ''khel'' gatka is today most commonly associated with Sikhs, it has always been used in the martial arts of other ethno-cultural groups. It is still practiced in India and Pakistan by the [[Tanoli]] and [[Gujjar]] communities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/urdu/sport-47317035|title=Gatka is our culture and we have to maintain it|date=2019-02-26|website=BBC|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-08}}</ref><ref name=":0" />
{{lang|pa|Khel}} (meaning "sport" or "game") is the modern competitive aspect of gatka, originally used as a method of sword-training ({{lang|pa|fari{{nbhyph}}gatka}}) or stick-fighting ({{lang|pa|[[lathi khela]]}}) in medieval times. While {{lang|pa|khel}} gatka is today most commonly associated with Sikhs, it has always been used in the martial arts of other ethno-cultural groups. It is still practiced in India and Pakistan by the [[Tanoli]] and [[Gujjar]] communities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/urdu/sport-47317035|title=Gatka is our culture and we have to maintain it|date=2019-02-26|website=BBC|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-08}}</ref><ref name=":0" />


==Influence on Defendu==
==Influence on Defendu==


The [[Defendu]] system devised by Captain [[William E. Fairbairn]] and Captain Eric Anthony Sykes borrowed methodologies from Gatka, [[jujutsu]], [[Chinese martial arts]] and "gutter fighting". This method was used to train soldiers in close-combat techniques at the Commando Basic Training Centre in [[Achnacarry]], [[Scotland]].<ref name=Janson>O. Janson. Fairbairn-Sykes Fighting knife: The famous fightingknife used by British commandos and SOE during WW2. Gothia Arms Historical Society</ref>
The [[Defendu]] system devised by Captain [[William E. Fairbairn]] and Captain Eric Anthony Sykes borrowed methodologies from Gatka, [[jujutsu]], [[Chinese martial arts]] and "gutter fighting". This method was used to train soldiers in close-combat techniques at the [[Commando Basic Training Centre (United Kingdom)|Commando Basic Training Centre]] at [[Achnacarry]] in [[Scotland]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Peter-Michel |first1=Wolfgang |title=The Fairbairn-Sykes fighting knife: Collecting Britain's most iconic dagger |date=2011 |publisher=Schiffer Military History |location=Atglen, Pennsylvania |isbn=978-0764337635}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
{{Portal|India|Martial arts}}
{{Portal|India|Martial arts}}
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}

*[[Angampora]]
* [[Angampora]]
*[[Banshay]]
* [[Banshay]]
*[[Bataireacht]]
* [[Bataireacht]]
*[[Bōjutsu]]
* [[Bōjutsu]]
* [[Commandos (United Kingdom)]]
*[[Jūkendō]]
*[[Kalaripayattu]]
* [[Hola Mohalla]]
* [[Indian martial arts]]
*[[Kendo]]
*[[Kenjutsu]]
* [[Jūkendō]]
*[[Krabi–krabong]]
* [[Kalaripayattu]]
*[[Kuttu Varisai]]
* [[Kendo]]
*[[Mardani khel]]
* [[Kenjutsu]]
*[[Shastar Vidya]]
* [[Krabi–krabong]]
*[[Silambam]]
* [[Kuttu Varisai]]
*[[Silambam Asia]]
* [[Mardani khel]]
*[[Tahtib]]
* [[Nihang]]
*[[Thang-ta]]
* [[Paika akhada]]
*[[Varma kalai]]
* [[Pehlwani]]
* [[Shastar Vidya]]
⚫
*[[World Silambam Association]]
*[[Hola Mohalla]]
* [[Silambam]]
*[[Indian martial arts]]
* [[Silambam Asia]]
* [[Special Operations Executive]] (SOE)
*[[Nihang]]
*[[Paika akhada]]
* [[Sqay]]
*[[Pehlwani]]
* [[Tahtib]]
*[[Sqay]]
* [[Thang-ta]]
* [[Varma kalai]]
⚫
* [[World Silambam Association]]
{{div col end}}


==References==
==References==
Line 76: Line 79:


==External links==
==External links==
*Nanak Dev Singh Khalsa & Sat Katar Kaur Ocasio-Khalsa (1991) ''Gatka as taught by Nanak Dev Singh, Book One - Dance of the Sword'' (2nd Edition). GT International, Phoenix, Arizona. {{ISBN|0-89509-087-2}}
* Nanak Dev Singh Khalsa & Sat Katar Kaur Ocasio-Khalsa (1991) ''Gatka as taught by Nanak Dev Singh, Book One - Dance of the Sword'' (2nd Edition). GT International, Phoenix, Arizona. {{ISBN|0-89509-087-2}}
* {{cite web |title=The Fairbairn Sykes Fighting Knives |url=https://www.fairbairnsykesfightingknives.com/x-daggers.html |website=X-Daggers |access-date=21 January 2022 |language=en}}
* Olaf Janson (2015) [[Fairbairn–Sykes fighting knife]]: [http://www.gotavapen.se/gota/artiklar/fs/fs_knife1.htm The famous fighting knife used by British commandos and SOE during WW2.] Gothia Arms Historical Society


{{Commons category|Gatka}}
{{Commons category|Gatka}}

Revision as of 13:09, 21 January 2022

For other uses, see Gatka (disambiguation).

Gatka
Gatka demonstration in Bedford, England (2007)
FocusWeaponry
Country of originPunjab region in India and Pakistan
Olympic sportNo

Gatka (Template:Lang-pa; Template:Lang-pa; Template:Lang-hi;Template:Lang-ur) is a form of martial art associated primarily with the Sikhs of the Punjab and other related ethnic groups, such as Hindkowans.[1][2] It is a style of stick-fighting, with wooden sticks intended to simulate swords.[3] The Punjabi name, gatka, refers to the wooden stick used and this term might have originated as a diminutive of a Sanskrit word, gada, meaning "mace".[4]

The stick used in Gatka is made of wood and is usually 3–3.5 feet (91–107 cm) long, with a thickness of around 1⁄2 inch (13 mm). It comes with a fitted leather hilt, 6–7 inches (15–18 cm) and is often decorated with Punjabi-style multi-coloured threads.[2]

The other weapon used in the sport is a shield, natively known as phari. It is round in shape, measuring 9 by 9 inches (23 cm × 23 cm), and is made of dry leather. It is filled with either cotton or dry grass to protect the hand of player in case of full contact hit by an opponent.[2]

Gatka originated in the Punjab in the 15th century, but much of the Gatka forms practiced today in the west are Europeanised versions of what was the original martial art of Sikhs known as Shastar Vidya. There has been a revival during the later 20th century, with an International Gatka Federation was founded in 1982 and formalized in 1987, and gatka is now popular as a sport or sword dance performance art and is often shown during Sikh festivals.[5]

History

World Gatka Cup

Gatka's theory and techniques were taught by the Sikh gurus. It has been handed down in an unbroken lineage of ustāds (masters), and taught in many akharas (arenas) around the world. Gatka was employed in the Sikh wars and has been thoroughly battle tested. It originates from the need to defend dharam (righteousness), but is also based on the unification of the spirit and body: miri piri). It is, therefore, generally considered to be both a spiritual and physical practice.[6]

After the Second Anglo-Sikh War the art was banned by the new British administrators of India in the mid-19th century.[7][better source needed] During the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the Sikhs assisted the British in crushing the mutiny. As a consequence of this assistance, restrictions on fighting practices were relaxed, but the Punjabi martial arts which re-emerged after 1857 had changed significantly.[8] The new style applied the sword-fighting techniques to the wooden training-stick. It was referred to as gatka, after its primary weapon. Gatka was used mainly by the British Indian Army in the 1860s as practice for hand-to-hand combat. The Ministry of Sports and Youth Affairs of the Government of India has included Gatka, with other three indigenous games, namely Kalaripayattu, Thang-Ta and Mallakhamba, as part of the planned Khelo India Youth Games 2021, expected to be held in Haryana.[9] This is a national sports event in India.[10]

Competition

Khel (meaning "sport" or "game") is the modern competitive aspect of gatka, originally used as a method of sword-training (fari‑gatka) or stick-fighting (lathi khela) in medieval times. While khel gatka is today most commonly associated with Sikhs, it has always been used in the martial arts of other ethno-cultural groups. It is still practiced in India and Pakistan by the Tanoli and Gujjar communities.[11][2]

Influence on Defendu

The Defendu system devised by Captain William E. Fairbairn and Captain Eric Anthony Sykes borrowed methodologies from Gatka, jujutsu, Chinese martial arts and "gutter fighting". This method was used to train soldiers in close-combat techniques at the Commando Basic Training Centre at Achnacarry in Scotland.[12]

See also

References

  1. ^ یاوری, موسیٰ (26 February 2019). "'گتکا ہماری ثقافت ہے اور ہم نے اسے قائم رکھنا ہے'". BBC News اردو (in Urdu).
  2. ^ a b c d Sadaqat, Muhammad (17 March 2019). "Gatka a centuries old art of self-defence". DAWN. Retrieved 7 October 2021.
  3. ^ Donn F. Draeger and Robert W. Smith (1969). Comprehensive Asian Fighting Arts. Kodansha International Limited.
  4. ^ Ananda Lal, The Oxford companion to Indian theatre, Oxford University Press (2004), ISBN 9780195644463, p. 129.
  5. ^ Sikh martial art `Gatka' takes the West by storm. (Press Trust of India). The Hindu
  6. ^ Singh, Pashaura; Louis E. Fenech (March 2014). The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies. OUP Oxford. p. 459. ISBN 978-0-19-969930-8.
  7. ^ "Ancient but Deadly: 8 Indian Martial Art Forms and Where You Can Learn Them". The Better India. 10 January 2017. Retrieved 11 April 2019.
  8. ^ [MILITARY SIKHS: The Education of a Sikh Warrior. Victoria and Albert Museum.] 'An introduction to Shastar Vidiya - the education of a Sikh warrior' was a lecture by Nidar Singh, given as part of the Sikh Arts and Heritage Lecture Series at the V&A, 10 October 2001.
  9. ^ "Sports Ministry approves inclusion of four indigenous games in Khelo India Youth Games". The Hindu. PTI. 20 December 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  10. ^ Hussain, Sabi (13 September 2018). "Khelo India: Khelo India to become Khelo India Youth Games with IOA on board". The Times of India.
  11. ^ "Gatka is our culture and we have to maintain it". BBC. 26 February 2019. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
  12. ^ Peter-Michel, Wolfgang (2011). The Fairbairn-Sykes fighting knife: Collecting Britain's most iconic dagger. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Military History. ISBN 978-0764337635.
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