Malaysian Islamic Party

Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party
Malay name	Parti Islam Se-Malaysia ڤرتي اسلام سمليسيا
Abbreviation	PAS
President	Abdul Hadi Awang
Secretary-General	Takiyuddin Hassan
Spokesperson	Kamaruzaman Mohamad
Spiritual Leader	Hashim Jasin
Deputy President Vice-President	Tuan Ibrahim 1. Idris Ahmad 2. Mohd Amar Abdullah 3. Ahmad Samsuri Mokhtar
Dewan Ulamak's Chief	Ahmad Yahaya
Dewan Muslimat's Chief	Nuridah Mohd Salleh
Dewan Pemuda's Chief	Ahmad Fadhli Shaari
Founder	Ahmad Fuad Hassan
Founded	24 November 1951 (as Malayan Islamic Organisation)
Legalised	31 May 1955 (as a 'Political Party')
Split from	United Malays National Organisation (UMNO)
Headquarters	No. 318-A, Jalan Raja Laut, 50350 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Newspaper	Harakah
Think tank	Pusat Penyelidikan PAS Pusat
Youth wing	Dewan Pemuda PAS
Women's wing	Dewan Muslimat PAS
Cleric's wing	Dewan Ulamak PAS
Non-Muslim's wing	Dewan Himpunan Penyokong PAS
Student wing	Siswa PAS
Ideology	Islamism Islamic conservatism Islamic fundamentalism Jihadism
Political position	Right-wing
National affiliation	Alliance (1971–73) Barisan Nasional (1973–78) Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah (1990–96) Barisan Alternatif (1999–2004) Pakatan Rakyat (2008–15) Gagasan Sejahtera (2016–20) Muafakat Nasional (since 2019) Perikatan Nasional (since 2020) Gabungan Rakyat Sabah (since 2020)
International affiliation	Muslim Brotherhood (Ikhwanul Muslimin)
Colours	Green and White
Slogan	Istiqamah Sehingga Kemenangan Islam Memimpin
Anthem	Berjihadlah
Dewan Negara:	7 / 70
Dewan Rakyat:	18 / 222
Dewan Undangan Negeri:	91 / 607
Chief minister of states	3 / 13
Election symbol
Party flag
Website
www.pas.org.my
Politics of Malaysia Political parties Elections

The Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS; Template:Lang-ms) is an Islamist political party in Malaysia. PAS's electoral base is in Peninsular Malaysia's rural and conservative north and east coast.

The party is a component party of the governing Perikatan Nasional (PN) coalition which came to power as a result of the 2020-21 Malaysian political crisis. The party governs either solely or as coalition partners in the states of Kelantan, Terengganu, Kedah, Johor, and Perak. In the past, it was a coalition partner in the state governments of Penang and Selangor as part of the federal opposition between 2008 to 2018. The party currently holds 18 of the 222 seats in the federal Dewan Rakyat and has elected parliamentarians or state assembly members in eight of the country's 13 states.

History

Origins

The post-World War II period, while Malaya was still under British colonial rule, saw the emergence of the country's first formal Islamic political movements. The Malay Nationalist Party, a left-wing nationalist organisation, was formed in 1945 and led by Burhanuddin al-Helmy, who would later become the president of PAS. Out of the MNP arose the Pan-Malayan Supreme Islamic Council in 1947, and MATA in turn formed the party Hizbul Muslimin (Muslim People's Party of Malaya) in 1948. The central aim of Hizbul Muslimin was the establishment of an independent Malaya as an Islamic state. However, the party did not live beyond 1948. The Malayan Emergency of that year, while a British–Communist dispute, saw the colonial administration arrest a number of the party's leaders, and the nascent group disbanded. Nevertheless, the party served as a forerunner to PAS, supplying both the ideology upon which PAS was formed and some of PAS's key leaders in its early years.

Party formation

PAS was founded on 24 November 1951, as the Persatuan Islam Se-Malaya (Malayan Islamic Organisation). The formation of the party was the culmination of a growing desire among Muslim clerics within the United Malays National Organisation to formalise a discrete Islamic political organisation. However, the lines between UMNO and the new party were initially blurred. PAS allowed dual membership of both parties, and many of its early senior leaders were also UMNO members. The party's first president was Ahmad Fuad Hassan, an UMNO cleric. He lasted in the position only until 1953, when he fell out of favour with the party, which was now developing a more distinct identity, and returned to the UMNO fold. Fuad's departure coincided with the end of dual membership. The party turned to Abbas Alias, a Western-educated medical doctor, as its second president, although he did not play an active role in the party and was little more than a nominal figurehead.

The party's first electoral test was the pre-independence 1955 election to the Federal Legislative Council, the body that preceded the national parliament. 52 single-member seats were up for election; PAS fielded 11 candidates. Hampered by a lack of funds and party organisation, PAS succeeded in having only one candidate elected: Ahmad Tuan Hussein, a teacher at an Islamic school in Kerian, Perak. He was the only opposition member of the Council; the other 51 seats were won by members of the Alliance coalition between UMNO, the Malaysian Chinese Association and the Malaysian Indian Congress. PAS' performance in the election weakened its hand in negotiations with the British over the terms of Malayan independence. Its advocacy for the protection of Malay and Muslim rights, including the recognition of Islam as the country's official religion, was ignored. Alias stepped down from the presidency in 1956, handing it voluntarily to the radical nationalist Burhanuddin al-Helmy. This change exemplified a broader trend among PAS's leadership in the late 1950s: the party's upper echelons gradually became filled with nationalists and long-time UMNO opponents, replacing the UMNO clerics who had initially led the party.

Left-wing Islamism

Burhanuddin al-Helmy, a prominent anti-colonialist, steered PAS in a socialist and nationalist direction and set about strengthening the party's internal structure and geographic reach. In the 1959 election, Malaya's first since independence, the party's focus on rural constituencies, especially in the north, paid off. Thirteen PAS candidates were elected to the 104-member House of Representatives, and the party took control of the legislative assemblies of the northern states of Kelantan and Terengganu.

However, Burhanuddin's leftist pan-Islamism, under which PAS sought greater ties between the Muslim peoples of Malaya and the Indonesian archipelago, soon led the party into a wedge. The Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation of 1963–66 turned popular Malayan opinion against Indonesia. PAS's attacks on Tunku Abdul Rahman's Alliance government for seeking Western assistance during the confrontation, and the party's continued support for Southeast Asian pan-Islamism, led to a loss of support in the 1964 election. The party's parliamentary cohort was reduced to nine. The party became further marginalised the following year, when Burhanuddin was detained without trial under the Internal Security Act on allegations that he had collaborated with Indonesia.

Political circumstances in the country had changed by the 1969 election. The Konfrontasi had ended, Burhanuddin had been released from custody although was too ill to campaign actively, and the Alliance coalition was suffering from internal division as well as unpopularity. PAS' vote rose to over 20 percent of the national electorate, netting the party 12 seats in Parliament. However, the parliament would not convene until 1971 as the 13 May race riots resulted in the declaration of a state of emergency. The country would be run by a National Operations Council for the following two years. In the meantime, Burhanuddin died in October 1969 and was replaced as PAS' president by his deputy, Asri Muda.

Pivot to Malay nationalism

Asri came to the presidency having been PAS's de facto leader during Burhanuddin's long illness. But this did not mean a seamless transition for the party. While Burhanuddin had been sympathetic to left-wing causes and parties in Malaysia, Asri was first and foremost a Malay nationalist, and was hostile to leftist politics. One of his first acts as President of PAS was to part ways with the party's opposition allies on the left, such as the Malaysian People's Party. Ideologically, Asri's presidency would see the party shift markedly away from the pan-Islamism of Burhanuddin. The party became principally concerned with the protection and advancement of the rights of ethnic Malays. The party's activities also became solely focused on party politics, as reflected in the change of its name in 1971 from the "Persatuan Islam Se-Malaysia" (Pan-Malaysian Islamic Association) to the "Parti Islam Se-Malaysia" (Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party).

However, Asri's most radical change was still to come. In January 1972, he announced that PAS would be joining the Alliance Party coalition (which would soon rebrand itself as Barisan Nasional) as a junior partner to its main rival UMNO. The move was controversial within PAS, and some of its members and senior leaders either left the party or were purged by Asri. Asri's principal justification for joining UMNO in a coalition government was that after the 1969 race riots, Malay unity was paramount, and that this required a partnership between the country's two ethnic-Malay political parties. Asri himself was given a ministerial position in the cabinet of prime minister Abdul Razak Hussein.

The 1974 election saw PAS competing under the Barisan Nasional banner for the first and only time. The party won 14 parliamentary seats to UMNO's 62, cementing PAS's position as the junior of the coalition partners. PAS also found itself governing in coalition in Kelantan, which it had previously governed in its own right. PAS's vote in its northern strongholds was weakened by a loss of support to both its former opposition allies and renegade PAS candidates running on anti-Barisan Nasional tickets. Ultimately, it was Kelantan, Asri's home state and the base of political power, that would trigger the downfall of the UMNO–PAS partnership. After a conflict between Asri and the UMNO-favoured chief minister of the state, Mohamad Nasir, over investigations that Nasir initiated into Asri's financial dealings, Asri mobilised the PAS members of the Kelantan State Legislative Assembly to move a no-confidence motion against Nasir. The UMNO assemblymen staged a walk-out, abandoning Asri, driving an irreparable wedge through the coalition and causing a political crisis in the state. The Prime Minister Hussein Onn declared an emergency in the state, allowing the federal government to take control. Asri withdrew PAS from Barisan Nasional in December 1977.

The 1978 election underscored how disastrous PAS's foray into the Barisan Nasional had been. The party was reduced to five parliamentary seats and, in separate state-level elections in Kelantan, was routed by UMNO and the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Front (BERJASA), which Nasir had founded after leaving PAS. The party's fortunes in the Kelantan election were not helped by a ban on public election rallies; while the Barisan Nasional was able to campaign through a compliant mass media, public talks were the principal way in which PAS could reach voters. PAS fared little better in the 1982 election. In the face of a new prime minister, Mahathir Mohamad, and the decision of the popular Islamist youth leader Anwar Ibrahim to join UMNO instead of PAS, the party was unable to improve on its five parliamentary seats and failed to regain government in Kelantan. Meanwhile, the 1978 to 1982 period coincided with the rise of a new generation of leaders within the party, including foreign-educated Muslim clerics (or "ulama") such as Nik Abdul Aziz Nik Mat and Abdul Hadi Awang. This group sought to reorient PAS as an Islamist party and were fundamentally hostile to UMNO, whose Malay nationalist focus they saw to be at the expense of Islam. In 1980 the group succeeded in electing Yusof Rawa to the deputy presidency of the party, ousting the Asri loyalist Abu Bakar Omar. By the time of PAS's 1982 assembly, it was clear to Asri that the ulama faction had the numbers to defeat him. He resigned on the floor of the assembly, and subsequently attacked the party through the media, leading to his expulsion and the formation of splinter party, Parti Hizbul Muslimin Malaysia (HAMIM) by Asri in 1983. The following year, in 1983, Yusof was elevated to the presidency, unopposed.

Ulama takeover

The ulama who took over PAS in 1982 drew from the 1979 Iranian revolution for inspiration in establishing an Islamic state; Yusof Rawa himself had served as Malaysia's Ambassador to Iran in the years preceding the revolution. Yusof openly rejected the Malay nationalism that characterised both UMNO and PAS under Asri Muda, considering it a narrow and ignorant philosophy that was contrary to the concept of a Muslim ummah. As if to exemplify the shift in the party's ideological outlook under Yusof and his ulama colleagues, the party's new leaders adopted a more conservative and religious form of dress, abandoning Malay and western clothing for traditional Arab religious garb. Politics between UMNO and PAS became increasingly religious in nature. The Barisan Nasional government tried to counter the possible electoral appeal of PAS's Islamisation by creating a number of state-run Islamic institutions, such as the International Islamic University of Malaysia. PAS leaders responded by labelling such initiatives as superficial and hypocritical, UMNO leaders as "infidels", and UMNO as the "party of the devil".

The increasingly divisive rhetoric between UMNO and PAS produced deep divisions in Malay communities, especially in the northern states. Sometimes the divisions became violent, the most infamous example being the 1985 Memali incident, in which the government sanctioned a raid on a village led by the PAS cleric Ibrahim Libya, which left 14 civilians and four policemen dead. It was against this backdrop that the PAS ulama faced their first general election in 1986. The result was a whitewash for the Barisan Nasional coalition. PAS recorded its worst-ever election result, retaining only one seat in Parliament. PAS, in recovering from the defeat, had no choice but to retreat from its hardline Islamism and pursue a moderate course. By 1989, Yusof had become too ill to remain as PAS's President, and was replaced by his deputy, Fadzil Noor, another member of the ulama faction that now dominated the party.

Electoral revival in the 1990s

Nik Abdul Aziz Nik Mat became the Menteri Besar (Chief Minister) of Kelantan in 1990, and remained in the post for 23 years.

While not abandoning PAS's ideological commitment to the establishment of an Islamic state, Fadzil Noor moderated the party's rhetoric. He also set about infusing the party's membership with young urban professionals in an attempt to diversify the leadership ranks beyond religious clerics. The 1990s also saw PAS engage in international Islamist movements. Abdul Hadi Awang became active in a number of international Islamic organisations and delegations, and Islamist parties abroad sent delegations to Malaysia to observe PAS.

The first electoral test of Fadzil's presidency was the 1990 election, which occurred against the backdrop of a split in UMNO out of which the Semangat 46 opposition party was formed. PAS joined Semangat 46 and two other Malay parties in the United Ummah Front ("Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah"), and won seven parliamentary seats. The new coalition swept the Barisan Nasional from power in Kelantan, winning all of its state assembly seats. Nik Abdul Aziz Nik Mat, a cleric who played a leading role in the 1982 takeover of the party, became Kelantan's Chief Minister, and would remain in the position until his retirement in 2013. One of the first acts of the PAS-led government in Kelantan was to seek to introduce hudud, a criminal punishment system for particular Islamic offences. The move was abandoned after it became clear that the law could not be enforced over the objections of the federal government.

PAS retained its seven parliamentary seats and the government of Kelantan in the 1995 election while all other opposition parties lost ground. By the time of the next election in 1999, circumstances external to PAS had changed its fortunes for the better. The 1997 Asian financial crisis split the Barisan Nasional government between supporters of the Prime Minister, Mahathir Mohamad, and his deputy, Anwar Ibrahim. Mahathir's sacking and subsequent detention without trial of Anwar in 1998 provoked widespread opposition, which PAS capitalised on more than any other opposition party. The party ran a sophisticated campaign for the 1999 election, taking advantage of the internet to bypass restrictions on print publications and managing to woo urban professional voters while retaining its traditional rural support base. For the first time, PAS joined the centre-left and secular Democratic Action Party in the Barisan Alternatif coalition which included the new party Keadilan, which was formed by Wan Azizah Wan Ismail, the wife of the now imprisoned Anwar. The result was PAS's best ever. The party took 27 of 192 parliamentary seats and had landslide state-level victories in Kelantan and Terengganu.

PAS in the Pakatan Rakyat

The death of Fadzil Noor in 2002, and his replacement by the conservative cleric Abdul Hadi Awang, coincided with a period of division within the party between its younger and professional leaders, who sought to make PAS's Islamist ideology more appealing to mainstream Malaysia, and its conservative, and generally older, clerics. The party was unable to reconcile the views of the two factions with a coherent definition of the "Islamic state" that the party's platform envisioned. The debate itself caused the DAP to break with the Barisan Alternatif coalition; as a secular party with mainly an ethnic Chinese support base, it could not support the vision of an Islamic state propagated by PAS's conservatives. PAS also found itself losing Malay support following the replacement of Mahathir as Prime Minister with Abdullah Badawi, a popular and moderate Muslim, and post-September 11 fears among the electorate about radical Islam in Southeast Asia. If the 1999 election had been the party's zenith, the 2004 poll was one of the lowest points in its history. In an expanded Parliament, PAS was reduced to seven seats. Abdul Hadi not only lost his parliamentary seat but saw the government he led in Terengganu thrown from office after one term.

The response of PAS to the 2004 election, like its response to the similar 1986 wipeout, was to abandon the hardline image that had contributed to its defeat. By now, the urban professional wing of the party's membership, brought into the party by Fadzil Noor in the 1990s, was ready to take charge. While Abdul Hadi's presidency was not under threat, the moderate faction, known as the "Erdogans" after the moderate Turkish Islamist leader Recep Tayyip Erdogan, had its members voted into other key positions in the party's 2005 general assembly. PAS was now able to attack Abdullah Badawi's government from both the right and the left: on the one hand, it criticised Abdullah's promotion of Islam Hadhari as a watered-down version of Islam; on the other, it attacked the government for its human rights record and promoted the causes of social and economic justice, including for non-Muslims. The party also capitalised on the growth of the internet and social media in Malaysia to bypass the pro-government mass media.

Ahead of the 2008 election PAS joined the DAP and Anwar Ibrahim's Keadilan, which was now known as People's Justice Party (PKR) in a new coalition, Pakatan Rakyat. The coalition handed the Barisan Nasional its worst-ever election result. Barisan Nasional lost its two-thirds majority in the House of Representatives, disabling it from passing constitutional amendments without opposition support. PAS won 23 seats; the Pakatan Rakyat as a whole won 82. At state level, decades-old Barisan Nasional governments fell in Kedah, Perak and Selangor. PAS now governed Kedah and Kelantan (led respectively by Azizan Abdul Razak and Nik Abdul Aziz Nik Mat) and supplied the Chief Minister of Perak (Nizar Jamaluddin) in a Pakatan Rakyat coalition government.

PAS's 2009 general assembly saw latent fissures within the party come out into the open. The incumbent deputy president Nasharudin Mat Isa, a Malay nationalist who promoted greater co-operation between PAS and UMNO, was challenged by two moderate candidates. Nasharudin survived with the backing of the conservative ulama faction; his two opponents had split the moderate vote. But at the 2011 assembly, Nasharudin was not so lucky: Mohamad Sabu, a leading moderate close to Anwar Ibrahim, commanded the support of the "Erdogan" wing and toppled him. Sabu's election was a significant defeat for the ulama faction. He was the first non-cleric to serve as the party's deputy president in over 20 years.

The Pakatan Rakyat coalition went into the 2013 election facing Najib Razak, who had replaced Abdullah as Prime Minister in 2009 but failed to improve the government's fortunes, especially among urban voters. PAS made a concerted effort to expand its voter base beyond the northern peninsula states, and campaigned heavily in Johor, where it had never won a parliamentary seat. The election witnessed a significant degree of cross-over ethnic voting: Chinese voters in Malay-majority seats decided in large numbers to support PAS, to maximise the chances of a national Pakatan Rakyat victory. Pakatan Rakyat garnered 50.8 percent of the national popular vote but could not win a majority in parliament. PAS, however, suffered a net loss of two parliamentary seats. This was principally attributable to a swing against the party in Kedah, where the party was removed from state government after one term and lost four parliamentary seats.

Leaving Pakatan Rakyat and forming Gagasan Sejahtera

When PAS saw its share of seats shrink in the 2013 election, it started to reassert its Islamic agenda. DAP criticised its president Abdul Hadi Awang for pushing a bill on hudud without consulting his opposition partners. This incident led to the DAP announcing in March 2015 that it would no longer work with the PAS leader. The rift worsened after conservatives captured PAS leadership, as progressive leaders were voted out of office in party elections, characterised by the media as an intentional wipe out and purge, led to an exodus and the subsequent formation of Parti Amanah Negara by Mohamad Sabu. The party accepted a motion by its conservative ulama wing to sever ties with DAP. In response, DAP's Secretary-General Lim Guan Eng said that the Pakatan Rakyat coalition no longer exists as a result of the violation of the coalition's Common Policy Framework, of which PAS had violated by intentionally severing ties with DAP. The coalition was replaced by Pakatan Harapan, which the newly-formed Parti Amanah joined as a founding member.

The party formed Gagasan Sejahtera with Malaysia National Alliance Party (IKATAN) in 2016, with BERJASA joining the coalition the same year. The coalition entered the 2018 Malaysian general election using the PAS logo and contested 158 seats, with PAS contesting 155 of them. The coalition was able to win 18 parliamentary seats as well as wrangle control of the state of Terrenganu from BN, which PAS had last ruled in 2004, in addition to retaining control of Kelantan. However, PAS was the only party to win any seats as both BERJASA and IKATAN remained without representation.

Renewed co-operation with UMNO and joining Perikatan Nasional

In September 2019, UMNO decided to form a pact with PAS called Muafakat Nasional. Its express purpose was to unite the Malay Muslim communities for electoral purposes. However, this co-operation did not cover the rest of Barisan Nasional, which UMNO was member to, despite calls for a migration to the new alliance. Barisan Nasional continued to function as a separate coalition of four parties comprising UMNO, MCA, MIC and PBRS.

During the Tanjung Piai by-election, PAS vice-president Mohd Amar Nik Abdullah stated that PAS would support the candidate nominated by Barisan Nasional, which was reaffirmed by PAS president Abdul Hadi Awang.

On 23 February 2020, PAS held an extraordinary meeting Janda Baik, Pahang together with the UMNO in the lead up to the 2020-21 Malaysian political crisis. PAS President Hadi Awang was among the entourage of then-opposition political leaders as well as members of government that visited the Yang di-Pertuan Agong to discuss the formation of a new government on 23 February.

On 24 February, Mahathir announced his resignation as prime minister, followed by the withdrawal of Parti Pribumi Bersatu Malaysia (BERSATU) as well as 11 PKR MPs led by Azmin Ali from Pakatan Rakyat's successor coalition, Pakatan Harapan. This led to the collaspe of the government as the remaining three parties, the DAP, PKR, and Amanah did not have enough seats for a majority. PAS along with UMNO declared their support for Mahathir to remain as prime minister.

On 25 February, UMNO and PAS revealed that they had withdrawn their prior support for Mahathir to continue as prime minister, and instead called for the dissolution of parliament. It was previously reported that as all political factions voiced their support for Mahathir, he was intent on establishing a "unity government", which the two parties could not agree with. Annuar Musa, UMNO's secretary-general, said the basis of negotiations with Mahathir was that UMNO and PAS would lend their support to form an alternative coalition without DAP. Therefore, both PAS and UMNO instead announced their support for a snap election.

On 28 February, PAS then released a statement announcing their support for the BERSATU president, Muhyiddin Yassin to be appointed as the 8th Prime Minister, with every Muafakat Nasional MPs also signing statutory declarations in support of Muhyiddin.

On 29 February, BERSATU President Muhyiddin Yassin and his allies including party leaders from UMNO, PAS, Gabungan Parti Sarawak, Parti Bersatu Rakyat Sabah, and the Homeland Solidarity Party had an audience with the Agong to discuss the formation of a government. He announced that his coalition consisting of BERSATU, UMNO, PAS, PBRS, GPS, and STAR would be called Perikatan Nasional,. and claimed that they had majority support in parliament to elect a Prime Minister and to form a government.

In the Muhyiddin cabinet, which was formed on 10 March 2020, three PAS MPs became were given ministerial positions and five PAS MPs were afforded the position of deputy ministers.

Ideology and policies

Alternative flag of PAS, occasionally flown along the official full-moon-on-a-green-field flag

According to Farish A. Noor, a Malaysian academic who has written a complete history of PAS:

From the day PAS was formed, in November 1951, the long-term goal of creating an Islamic state in Malaysia has been the beacon that has driven successive generations of PAS leaders and members ever forward. What has changed is the meaning and content of the signifier 'Islamic state'

From time to time, PAS's pursuit of an "Islamic state" has involved attempts to legislate for hudud—an Islamic criminal justice system—in the states that it governs. Such laws would apply to all Muslims and would not apply to non-Muslims. PAS-dominated state assemblies in Kelantan and Terengganu passed hudud laws in the early 1990s and early 2000s respectively, although neither has ever been enforced due to opposition from the federal government. PAS returned to its pursuit of hudud laws after the 2013 election, signalling that it would table bills in the federal Parliament to allow the laws, still on the statute books in Kelantan, to be enforced. The bills would require a two-thirds majority in the Parliament as they involve constitutional amendments.

After PAS's electoral rout in 2004, the party sought to broaden its policies beyond Islamism. Among other things, the party focused on calling for improved civil liberties and race relations. However, these policy shifts have proven controversial within the party; conservatives have considered them part of a dilution of PAS's commitment to an Islamic state.

When PAS was defeated in Terengganu, enforcement of female dress codes was reduced. The state PAS government in Kelantan bans traditional Malay dance theatres, banned advertisements depicting women who are not fully clothed, and enforced the wearing of headscarves, although they allowed gender segregated cinemas and concerts. Some government-controlled bodies pressure non-Muslims to also wear headscarves, and all students of the International Islamic University of Malaysia and female officers in the Royal Malaysian Police are required to wear headscarves in public ceremonies.

The PAS party wishes that the death penalty be enacted for Muslims who attempt to convert, as part of their ultimate desire to turn Malaysia into an Islamic state.

Ties and linkages with the Muslim Brotherhood

PAS has also maintained close personal and ideological ties with the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood. The party's relationship with the Muslim Brotherhood dates back to the 1940s when PAS's founders were exposed to the ideas and teachings of the Muslim Brotherhood while they were studying in Cairo during the 1940s. According to Wan Saiful Wan Jan of the think tank Institute for Democracy and Economic Affairs, the Muslim Brotherhood regards PAS as a model for a successful Muslim political party; since PAS has governed the state of Kelantan continually since 1990. PAS representatives are often invited to Muslim Brotherhood speaking engagements overseas. In 2012, PAS President Abdul Hadi Awang spoke alongside Muslim Brotherhood scholar Sheikh Yusuf al-Qaradawi at a speaking event in London. That same year, PAS representatives met with Muslim Brotherhood leaders Sheikh Mahdi Akif and Dr Muhammad Badie in Cairo.

According to Müller, PAS's current generation of leaders, the Ulama Leadership (Kepimpinan Ulama) were also influenced by Muslim Brotherhood ideology while studying in Egypt, Saudi Arabia and India during the 1980s. Muslim Brotherhood–inspired Islamic education methods (tarbiyah) and regular study circles (usrah/halaqah) were systematically introduced while networks were established with Muslim political parties and movements abroad. In April 2014, Awang criticised the governments of Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, and the United Arab Emirates for designating the Muslim Brotherhood as a terrorist organisation. In January 2016, former PAS leader Mujahid Yusof Rawa claimed that the Muslim Brotherhood's influence on PAS was limited to sharing the organisation's views on the role of Islam in society. Rawa also claimed that other local Muslim groups such as Angkatan Belia Islam Malaysia (ABIM; Muslim Youth Movement of Malaysia) and IKRAM were also sympathetic to the Muslim Brotherhood.

Controversy

Support for the Taliban

After the Taliban took over Kabul and established an Islamic theocracy in Afghanistan, PAS international affairs and external relations committee chairman Muhammad Khalil Abdul Hadi congratulated the Islamist militant group on Twitter and Facebook, stating that it is independence from Western powers. PAS president Abdul Hadi Awang added that the Taliban had also became more moderate. Their comments were condemned by many Malaysian social media users, and Muhammad Khalil Abdul Hadi's pro-Taliban posts on Facebook and Twitter were taken down.

In October 2021, the leader of PAS's youth wing, Khairil Nizam Khirudin, proposed closer ties between PAS and the Taliban. He claimed that if China was able build ties with the Taliban, so should Malaysia.

Unconstitutional Kelantan Syariah Law Amendment

Sisters in Islam had critize PAS for unconstitutional Shariah enactment on the recent update of the shariah law of kelantan penal code including:

• attempting to convert out of Islam
• distortion of Islamic teachings
• disrespecting the month of Ramadan
• destroying houses of worship
• disobeying parents
• tattooing
• undergoing plastic surgery.

This has spark another controversies where the punishments include a jail term of not more than three years and a fine of up to RM5,000 or six strokes of the can, and that the punishment is categorised under ta'zir (crimes with discretionary punishments) and not under hudud (Islamic Penal Code)

Structure and membership

PAS's general assembly ("Muktamar") elects the party's President, Deputy President, three Vice-Presidents and a multi-member Central Working Committee. The assembly is held annually, but elections occur only in every second year. The assembly is composed mainly of delegates elected by individual local divisions of the party. The day-to-day administration of the party is carried out by its Secretary-General, a position appointed by the party's leadership. The Central Working Committee is ostensibly the party's principal decision-making body, although its decisions are susceptible to being overturned by the Syura Council, an unelected body composed only of Muslim clerics and led by the party's Spiritual Leader ("Musyidul 'Am"). The relationship between the different administrative bodies within the party occasionally causes conflict. In 2014, the Central Working Committee voted to support the nomination of Wan Azizah Wan Ismail, the President of the People's Justice Party, to be the Chief Minister of the Pakatan Rakyat government in Selangor. Abdul Hadi Awang, as PAS's president and with the backing of the Syura Council, overturned the decision and nominated different candidates.

The party has three recognised sub-organisations for different categories of party members: an ulama wing (the "Dewan Ulama") for Muslim clerics, a women's wing (the "Dewan Muslimat") and a youth wing (the "Dewan Pemuda"). Each wing elects its own leadership at its own general assembly. There is a fourth wing for non-Muslim supporters of the party, although it does not have the same recognised position in the party's structure as the other three wings.

PAS has approximately one million members, more than any other opposition party in Malaysia. PAS members often distinguish themselves from UMNO members through cultural and religious practices. For Islamic headwear, males who support PAS tend to prefer the white, soft kopiah, while UMNO supporters tend to wear the traditional Malay songkok, a rigid black cap. Some areas of Malaysia host rival mosques catering for the members and supporters of each party.

Current office bearers

Hadi Awang

Abdul Hadi Awang, current President of PAS

• Spiritual Leader:
  • Haji Hashim Jasin
• Deputy Spiritual Leader:
  • Ustaz Haji Ahmad Yakob
• President:
  • Haji Abdul Hadi Awang
• Deputy President:
  • Haji Tuan Ibrahim Tuan Man
• Vice-President:
  • Ustaz Haji Idris Ahmad
  • Haji Nik Mohd Amar Abdullah
  • Prof. Dr. Ahmad Samsuri Mokhtar
• Dewan Ulamak's Chief:
  • Ustaz Haji Ahmad Yahaya
• Dewan Pemuda's Chief:
  • Ustaz Ahmad Fadhli Shaari
• Dewan Muslimat's Chief:
  • Ustazah Hajah Nuridah Haji Mohd Salleh
• DHPP Chief:
  • Balasubramaniam Nachiappan
• Secretary-General:
  • Takiyuddin Hassan
• Deputy Secretary-General:
  • Khairul Faizi Ahmad Kamil
  • Khairul Fahmi Mat Som
• Treasurer:
  • Iskandar Abdul Samad
• Information Chief:
  • Ir Ts Khairil Nizam Khirudin
• Election Director:
  • Haji Muhammad Sanusi Mohd. Nor

• Central Working Committee:
  • Ustaz Muhammad Khalil Abdul Hadi
  • Dr. Azman Ibrahim
  • Dr. Halimah Ali
  • Haji Kamaruzaman Mohamad
  • Dr. Mohammad Fadzli Hassan
  • Dr. Riduan Mohamad Nor
  • Mohd Nasuruddin Daud
  • Ustaz Ahmad Marzuk Shaari
  • Dr. Mohd Zuhdi Marsuki
  • Ustaz Nik Mohamad Abduh Nik Abdul Aziz
  • Dr. Mohd Khairuddin Aman Razali
  • Dr. Najihatussalehah Ahmad
  • Ustaz Nasrudin Hassan Tantawi
  • Ustazah Siti Zailah Mohd Yusoff
  • Ustaz Haji Misbahul Munir Masduki
  • Ahmad Amzad Mohamed @ Hashim
  • Dr. Aliakhbar Gulasan
  • Ustaz Dr Mahfodz Mohamed
  • Dr Abd. Hakeem Johari
  • Haji Mahfodz Mohamed
  • Ir. Muhtar Suhaili
  • Dr. Rosni Adam
  • Haji Awang Solahuddin Hashim
  • Dr. Mohd Mazri Yahya
  • Wan Rohimi Wan Daud
  • Ustaz Mohd Yusni Mat Piah
  • Haji Mohamad Husain
• State Commissioner:
  • Perlis : Mohd. Shukri Ramli
  • Kedah : Ustaz Haji Ahmad Yahaya
  • Kelantan : Ustaz Haji Ahmad Yakob
  • Terengganu : Ustaz Haji Husin Awang
  • Penang : Ustaz Haji Muhammad Fauzi Yusoff
  • Perak : Haji Razman Zakaria
  • Pahang : Ustaz Haji Rosli Abdul Jabar
  • Selangor : Dr. Haji Ahmad Yunus Hairi
  • Federal Territory : Ustaz Haji Azhar Yahya
  • Negeri Sembilan : Haji Rafiei Mustapha
  • Malacca : Ustaz Haji Zulkifli Ismail
  • Johor : Ustaz Haji Abdullah Hussin
  • Sabah : Paumin @ Aminuddin Aling
  • Sarawak : Haji Jofri Jaraiee

Dewan Ulamak PAS Pusat (DUPP) (2017–2019)

Dewan Ulamak's Speaker: Hamdan Mohamad Dewan Ulamak's Deputy Speaker: Omar Hashim Dewan Ulamak's Chief: Ustaz Dr. Haji Mahfodz Mohamed Dewan Ulamak's Deputy Chief: Ustaz Dr. Haji Muhammad Zawawi bin Salleh Dewan Ulamak's Vice Chief: Ustaz Dr. Haji Johari Mat Ulamak's Secretary: Ustaz Haji Nazri Zin Dewan Ulamak's Treasurer: Ustaz Dr. Haji Mohd. Khairuddin Aman Razali At-Takiri Dewan Ulamak's Election Director: Ustaz Haji Khirul Muntanazar Ismail Dewan Ulamak's Central Working Committee: Prof. Dr. Ustaz Haji Badruzzaman Yusof Ustaz Haji Mohd. Zain Abdul Rahman Ustaz Haji Husin Awang Ustaz Haji Ismail Osman Ustaz Haji Zulkifli Ismail Ustaz Haji Nazmi Nik Din Dr. Ustaz Haji Azahari Aripin Ustaz Haji Mohd. Ismi Md Taib Ustaz Haji Zuridan Mohd. Daud At-Temini Ustaz Haji Mohd. Kamal Osman Ustaz Haji Zaharuddin Mohammad Ustaz Haji Najmi Ahmad Ustaz Zulkarnain Hassan Ustaz Mohd Zuhaili Saiman Dr. Ustaz Ahmad Mouhyideen Hasin Ustaz Ahmad Yahya Ustaz Ibarahim Zakaria Ustazah Ana Mastura Ismail

Majlis Syura Ulamak PAS Pusat (2015–2020)

Spiritual Leader: Haji Hashim Jasin Deputy Spiritual Leader: Ustaz Haji Ahmad Yakob Secretary: Ustaz Dr. Nik Mohamad Zawawi Salleh Members: Haji Abdul Hadi Awang Haji Tuan Ibrahim Tuan Man Ustaz Haji Idris Ahmad Haji Nik Mohd. Amar Abdullah Dr. Haji Mahfodz Mohamad Ustaz Haji Nasruddin Hassan Tantawi Ustaz Haji Nik Mohamad Abduh Nik Abdul Aziz Ustazah Dr. Wahibah Tahir Ustazah Dr. Nadzirah Mohd Ustaz Dr. Haji Mohd. Khairuddin Aman razali At-Takiri Ustaz Haji Taib Azamudden Md Taib Ustaz Dr. Johari Mat Ustaz Haji Hussin Awang Ustaz Haji Ahmad Ali

Dewan Pemuda PAS Malaysia (DPPM) (2017–2019)

Youth Speaker: Kamal Ashaari Youth Deputy Speaker: Riduan Mohd. Noor Youth Chief: Ustaz Muhammad Khalil Abdul Hadi Youth Deputy Chief: Ir. Haji Khairil Nizam Khirudin Youth Vice Chief: Ustaz Ahmad Fadhli Shaari Youth Secretary: Afnan Hamimi Taib Azamudden Youth Treasurer: Muhtar Suhaili Youth Information Chief: Ustaz Hishamudin Abdul Karim Election Director: Nurul Islam Mohamed Yusoff Youth Central Working Committee: Ahmad Fadhli Shaari Hishamudin Abdul Karim Afnan Hamimi Taib Azamudden Mohd. Azam Abd Samat Syahir Che Sulaiman Syarhan Humaizi Abdul Halim Mohd. Zawawi Abu Hassan Syed Abdul Kadir Al-Joofree Mohd. Hafez Sabri Nurul Islam Mohamed Yusof Muhtar Suhaili Izwan Abd. Halim

Dewan Muslimat PAS Pusat (DMPP) (2017–2019)

Muslimat Speaker: Faizah Ismail Muslimat Deputy Speaker: Nor Azlin Md. Shamsuddin Muslimat Chief: Ustazah Nuridah Mohd. Salleh Muslimat Deputy Chief: Dr. Rosni Adam Muslimat Vice Chief: Salamiah Mohd Noor Muslimat Secretary: Dr. Nurul Hani Ali Muslimat Treasurer: Dr. Che Faridah Ismail Muslimat Information Chief: Ustazah Wan Hasrina Wan Hassan Election Director: Noraini Hussin Muslimat Central Working Committee: Najihatussalehah Ahmad Siti Ashah Ghazali Wan Hasrina Wan Hassan Wahibah Twahir Uyun Abd Malek Kartini Ahmad Che Faridah Ismail Uzaimah Ibrahim Halimah Ali Hamidah Wan Daud Siti Mursyidah Ramly Noraini Hussin

List of presidents

Name	Term of position	Years in position
Ahmad Fuad Hassan	1951–1953	2 years
Abbas Alias	1953–1956	3 years
Burhanuddin al-Helmy	1956–1969	13 years
Asri Muda	1969–1982	13 years
Yusof Rawa	1982–1989	7 years
Fadzil Noor	1989–2002	13 years
Abdul Hadi Awang	since 2002	22 years

Elected representatives

PAS office in Johor Bahru, Johor

Dewan Negara (Senate)

Senators

Main article: Members of the Dewan Negara, 14th Malaysian Parliament

• His Majesty's appointee:
  • Idris Ahmad
  • N Balasubramaniam
  • Khairil Nizam Khirudin
• Kedah:
  • Ahmad Yahya
• Kelantan:
  • Mohd Apandi Mohamad
  • Wan Martina
• Terengganu:
  • Nuridah Mohd Salleh

Dewan Rakyat (House of Representatives)

Members of Parliament of the 14th Malaysian Parliament

Main article: Members of the Dewan Rakyat, 14th Malaysian Parliament

PAS has 18 members in the House of Representatives.

State	No.	Parliament Constituency	Member	Party
Kedah	P011	Pendang	Awang Hashim		PAS
	P012	Jerai	Sabri Azit		PAS
	P013	Sik	Ahmad Tarmizi Sulaiman		PAS
Kelantan	P019	Tumpat	Che Abdullah Mat Nawi		PAS
	P020	Pengkalan Chepa	Ahmad Marzuk Shaary		PAS
	P021	Kota Bharu	Takiyuddin Hassan		PAS
	P022	Pasir Mas	Ahmad Fadhli Shaari		PAS
	P023	Rantau Panjang	Siti Zailah Mohd Yusoff		PAS
	P024	Kubang Kerian	Tuan Ibrahim Tuan Man		PAS
	P025	Bachok	Nik Mohamed Abduh Nik Abdul Aziz		PAS
	P028	Pasir Puteh	Nik Muhammad Zawawi Salleh		PAS
	P031	Kuala Krai	Abdul Latiff Abdul Rahman		PAS
Terengganu	P034	Setiu	Shaharizukirnain Abd. Kadir		PAS
	P035	Kuala Nerus	Khairuddin Aman Razali		PAS
	P036	Kuala Terengganu	Ahmad Amzad Hashim		PAS
	P037	Marang	Abdul Hadi Awang		PAS
	P039	Dungun	Wan Hassan Mohd. Ramli		PAS
	P040	Kemaman	Che Alias Hamid		PAS
Total	Kedah (3), Kelantan (9), Terengganu (6)

Dewan Undangan Negeri (State Legislative Assembly)

Malaysian State Assembly Representatives

Main article: List of Malaysian State Assembly Representatives (2018–)

PAS has 91 members of state legislative assemblies. It has representatives in every assembly other than those of Negeri Sembilan, Malacca, Sabah and Sarawak. The party holds a majority in the Kelantan and Terengganu State Legislative Assemblies, and supplies all the members of the state's Executive Council (a body akin to a Cabinet), led by Menteri Besar, Ahmad Yakob.

Kelantan State Legislative Assembly

36 / 45

Terengganu State Legislative Assembly

23 / 33

Kedah State Legislative Assembly

15 / 36

Pahang State Legislative Assembly

8 / 42

Perlis State Legislative Assembly

2 / 15

Perak State Legislative Assembly

3 / 59

Penang State Legislative Assembly

1 / 40

Selangor State Legislative Assembly

1 / 56

Johor State Legislative Assembly

1 / 56

Malacca State Legislative Assembly

0 / 28

Negeri Sembilan State Legislative Assembly

0 / 36

Sabah State Legislative Assembly

1 / 65

Sarawak State Legislative Assembly

0 / 82

State	No.	State Constituency	Member	Party
Perlis	N13	Guar Sanji	Mohd Ridzuan Hashim		PAS
	N15	Sanglang	Mohd Shukri Ramli		PAS
Kedah	N4	Ayer Hitam	Azhar Ibrahim		PAS
	N7	Kuala Nerang	Mohamad Yusoff Zakaria		PAS
	N8	Pedu	Mohd Radzi Md Amin		PAS
	N9	Bukit Lada	Salim Mahmood		PAS
	N10	Bukit Pinang	Romaini Wan Salim		PAS
	N18	Tokai	Mohd.Hayati Othman		PAS
	N20	Sungai Limau	Mohd.Azam Abd.Samat		PAS
	N23	Belantek	Mad Isa Shafie		PAS
	N24	Jeneri	Muhammad Sanusi Md Nor		PAS
	N26	Tanjong Dawai	Hanif Ghazali		PAS
	N27	Pantai Merdeka	Ahmad Fadzli Hashim		PAS
	N30	Bayu	Abd Nasir Idris		PAS
	N31	Kupang	Najmi Ahmad		PAS
	N32	Kuala Ketil	Mansor Zakaria		PAS
	N33	Merbau Pulas	Siti Aishah Ghazali		PAS
Kelantan	N1	Pengkalan Kubor	Wan Roslan Wan Mamat		PAS
	N2	Kelaboran	Mohd Adenan Hassan		PAS
	N3	Pasir Pekan	Ahmad Yakob		PAS
	N4	Wakaf Bharu	Mohd Rusli Abdullah		PAS
	N5	Kijang	Izani Husin		PAS
	N6	Chempaka	Ahmad Fathan Mahmood		PAS
	N7	Panchor	Nik Mohd Amar Nik Abdullah		PAS
	N8	Tanjong Mas	Rohani Ibrahim		PAS
	N9	Kota Lama	Anuar Tan Abdullah @ Tan Teng Loon		PAS
	N10	Bunut Payong	Ramli Mamat		PAS
	N11	Tendong	Rozi Muhamad		PAS
	N12	Pengkalan Pasir	Hanifa Ahmad		PAS
	N13	Meranti	Mohd Nassruddin Daud		PAS
	N14	Chetok	Zuraidin Abdullah		PAS
	N15	Gual Periok	Mohamad Awang		PAS
	N16	Apam Putra	Abdul Rasul Mohamed		PAS
	N17	Salor	Saiful Adli Abu Bakar		PAS
	N18	Pasir Tumboh	Abd Rahman Yunus		PAS
	N19	Demit	Mumtaz Md Nawi		PAS
	N20	Tawang	Hassan Mahmood		PAS
	N21	Pantai Irama	Mohd Huzaimy Che Husin		PAS
	N22	Jelawat	Abdul Azziz Kadir		PAS
	N24	Kadok	Azami Mohd Nor		PAS
	N26	Bukit Panau	Abd Fattah Mahmood		PAS
	N28	Kemahang	Md Anizam Ab Rahman		PAS
	N29	Selinsing	Tuan Mohd Sharipudin Tuan Ismail		PAS
	N30	Limbongan	Mohd Nazlan Mohamed Hasbullah		PAS
	N31	Semerak	Wan Hassan Wan Ibrahim		PAS
	N32	Gaal	Mohd Rodzi Ja’afar		PAS
	N33	Pulai Chondong	Azhar Salleh		PAS
	N34	Temangan	Mohamed Fazli Hassan		PAS
	N35	Kemuning	Mohd Roseli Ismail		PAS
	N39	Mengkebang	Muhammad Mat Sulaiman		PAS
	N40	Guchil	Hilmi Abdullah		PAS
	N41	Manek Urai	Mohd Fauzi Abdullah		PAS
	N42	Dabong	Ku Mohd Zaki Ku Hussien		PAS
Terengganu	N2	Kota Putera	Mohd Nurkhuzaini Ab Rahman		PAS
	N5	Jabi	Azman Ibrahim		PAS
	N9	Tepuh	Hishamuddin Abdul Karim		PAS
	N10	Buloh Gading	Ridzuan Hashim		PAS
	N12	Bukit Tunggal	Alias Razak		PAS
	N13	Wakaf Mempelam	Wan Sukairi Wan Abdullah		PAS
	N14	Bandar	Ahmad Shah Muhamed		PAS
	N15	Ladang	Tengku Hassan Tengku Omar		PAS
	N16	Batu Buruk	Muhammad Khalil Abdul Hadi		PAS
	N17	Alur Limbat	Ariffin Deraman		PAS
	N18	Bukit Payung	Mohd Nor Hamzah		PAS
	N19	Ru Rendang	Ahmad Samsuri Mokhtar		PAS
	N20	Pengkalan Berangan	Sulaiman Sulong		PAS
	N22	Manir	Hilmi Harun		PAS
	N23	Kuala Berang	Mamad Puteh		PAS
	N24	Ajil	Maliaman Kassim		PAS
	N26	Rantau Abang	Alias Harun		PAS
	N27	Sura	Wan Hapandi Wan Nik		PAS
	N28	Paka	Satiful Bahri Mamat		PAS
	N29	Kemasik	Saiful Azmi Suhaili		PAS
	N31	Cukai	Hanifah Mat		PAS
	N32	Air Putih	Ab Razak Ibrahim		PAS
	-	Nominated Member	Zuraida Mohd Noor		PAS
Penang	N1	Penaga	Mohd Yusni Mat Piah		PAS
Perak	N5	Selama	Mohd Akmal Kamaruddin		PAS
	N6	Kubu Gajah	Khalil Yahaya		PAS
	N11	Gunong Semaggol	Razman Zakaria		PAS
Pahang	N9	Tahan	Mohd Zakhwan Ahmad Badarddin		PAS
	N10	Damak	Zuridan Mohd Daud		PAS
	N12	Beserah	Andansura Rabu		PAS
	N15	Tanjung Lumpur	Rosli Abdul Jabar		PAS
	N19	Panching	Mohd Tarmizi Yahaya		PAS
	N24	Luit	Mohd Soffian Abd Jalil		PAS
	N26	Chenor	Mujibur Rahman Ishak		PAS
	N29	Jengka	Shahril Azman Abd Halim		PAS
Selangor	N51	Sijangkang	Ahmad Yunus Hairi		PAS
Johor	N8	Bukit Pasir	Najib Lep		PAS
Sabah	-	Nominated Member	Aliakbar Gunsalan		PAS
Total	Perlis (2), Kedah (15), Kelantan (36), Terengganu (23), Penang (1) ,Perak (3), Pahang (8), Selangor (1), Johor (1), Sabah (1)

PAS state governments

PAS currently forms the state governments of Kedah, Kelantan and Terengganu.

It is part of a coalition government in Johor and Perak.

Previously, when it was a part of Pakatan Rakyat, it was part of the Penang and Selangorean state governments.

• Kelantan (1959-1978, 1990–present)
• Terengganu (1959-1961,1999-2004, 2018-present)
• Johor (2020–present)
• Perak (2008-2009, 2020–present)
• Kedah (2008-2013, 2020–present)
• Sabah (2020–present)
• Penang (2008-2015)
• Selangor (2008-2018)
• Perlis (2019–present)
• Pahang (2019–present)

State	Leader type	Member	Party		State Constituency
Kedah	Menteri Besar	Muhammad Sanusi Md Nor		PAS	Jeneri
Kelantan	Menteri Besar	Ahmad Yakob		PAS	Template:Nseat
Terengganu	Menteri Besar	Ahmad Samsuri Mokhtar		PAS	Rhu Rendang

General election results

Election	Total seats won	Total votes	Share of votes	Outcome of election	Election leader
1955	1 / 52	40,667	3.9%	1 seats; Opposition	Abbas Alias
1959	13 / 104	329,070	21.3%	12 seats; Opposition	Burhanuddin al-Helmy
1964	9 / 104	301,187	14.6%	4 seats; Opposition
1969	12 / 144	495,641	20.9%	3 seats; Opposition, later Governing coalition (Alliance)
1974	13 / 154	148,386	7.0%	1 seats; Governing coalition (Barisan Nasional)	Asri Muda
1978	5 / 154	537,720	15.5%	8 seats; Opposition
1982	5 / 154	602,530	14.5%	; Opposition
1986	1 / 177	718,891	15.6%	4 seats; Opposition	Yusof Rawa
1990	7 / 180	391,813	7.0%	6 seats; Opposition coalition (Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah)	Fadzil Noor
1995	7 / 192	430,098	3.3%	; Opposition coalition (Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah)
1999	27 / 193	994,279	14.99%	20 seats; Opposition coalition (Barisan Alternatif)
2004	7 / 219	1,051,480	15.2%	20 seats; Opposition coalition (Barisan Alternatif)	Abdul Hadi Awang
2008	23 / 222	1,140,676	14.05%	16 seats; Opposition coalition (Pakatan Rakyat)
2013	21 / 222	1,633,199	14.77%	2 seats; Opposition coalition (Pakatan Rakyat)
2018	18 / 222	2,032,080	17.89%	3 seats; Opposition coalition (Gagasan Sejahtera), later Governing coalition (Perikatan Nasional)

State election results

State election	State Legislative Assembly
	Perlis State Legislative Assembly	Kedah State Legislative Assembly	Kelantan State Legislative Assembly	Terengganu State Legislative Assembly	Penang State Legislative Assembly	Perak State Legislative Assembly	Pahang State Legislative Assembly	Selangor State Legislative Assembly	Negeri Sembilan State Legislative Assembly	Malacca State Legislative Assembly	Johor State Legislative Assembly	Sabah State Legislative Assembly	Sarawak State Legislative Assembly	Total won / Total contested
1959	0 / 12	0 / 24	28 / 30	13 / 24	0 / 24	1 / 40	0 / 24	0 / 28	0 / 24	0 / 20	0 / 32			42 / 200
1964	1 / 12	0 / 24	21 / 30	3 / 24	0 / 24	0 / 40	0 / 24	0 / 28	0 / 24	0 / 20	0 / 32			25 / 158
1969	1 / 12	8 / 24	19 / 30	11 / 24	0 / 24	1 / 40	0 / 24	0 / 28	0 / 24	0 / 20	0 / 32		0 / 48	40 / 185
1974	2 / 12	5 / 26	22 / 36	10 / 28	1 / 27	3 / 42	1 / 32	1 / 33	0 / 24	1 / 20	0 / 32		0 / 48
1978	0 / 12	7 / 26	2 / 36	0 / 28	1 / 27	1 / 42	0 / 32	0 / 33	0 / 24	0 / 20	0 / 32			11 / 204
1982	1 / 12	2 / 26	10 / 36	5 / 28	0 / 27	0 / 42	0 / 32	0 / 33	0 / 24	0 / 20	0 / 32			18 / 223
1986	0 / 14	3 / 28	10 / 39	2 / 32	0 / 33	0 / 46	0 / 33	0 / 42	0 / 28	0 / 20	0 / 36	0 / 48		15 / 265
1987
1990	0 / 14	1 / 28	24 / 39	8 / 32	0 / 33	0 / 46	0 / 33	0 / 42	0 / 28	0 / 20	0 / 36	0 / 48		33 / 114
1994												0 / 48		0 / 3
1995	0 / 15	2 / 36	24 / 43	7 / 32	0 / 33	0 / 52	0 / 38	0 / 48	0 / 32	0 / 25	0 / 40			33 / 177
1999	3 / 15	12 / 36	41 / 43	28 / 32	1 / 33	3 / 52	6 / 38	4 / 48	0 / 32	0 / 25	0 / 40	0 / 48		98 / 234
2001													0 / 62	0 / 3
2004	1 / 15	5 / 36	24 / 45	4 / 32	1 / 40	0 / 59	0 / 42	0 / 56	0 / 36	0 / 28	1 / 56	0 / 60		36 / 265
2006													0 / 71	0 / 1
2008	1 / 15	16 / 36	38 / 45	8 / 32	1 / 40	6 / 59	2 / 42	8 / 56	1 / 36	0 / 28	2 / 56	0 / 60		83 / 232
2011													0 / 71	0 / 5
2013	1 / 15	9 / 36	32 / 45	14 / 32	1 / 40	5 / 59	3 / 42	15 / 56	0 / 36	1 / 28	4 / 56	0 / 60		85 / 236
2016													0 / 82	0 / 11
2018	2 / 15	15 / 36	37 / 45	22 / 32	1 / 40	3 / 59	8 / 42	1 / 56	0 / 36	0 / 28	1 / 56	0 / 60		90 / 236
2021										0 / 28				0 / 8
2021													0 / 82	0 / 1

References

Cited texts

• Daniels, Timothy P. (2005). Building Cultural Nationalism in Malaysia: Identity, Representation, and Citizenship. Psychology Press. ISBN 0415949718.
• Farish A. Noor (2012). "Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS)". The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought. Princeton University Press. pp. 408–409. ISBN 978-1400838554.
• Farish A. Noor (2014). The Malaysian Islamic Party 1951-2013: Islamism in a Mottled Nation. Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 9789089645760.
• Function, John (2006). "The Malay Electorate in 2004: Reversing the Result". In Swee-Hock, Saw; Kesavapany, K. (eds.). Malaysia: Recent Trends and Challenges. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 132–156. ISBN 9812303391.
• Funston, N. J. (1976). "The Origins of Parti Islam Se Malaysia". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 7 (1): 58–73. doi:10.1017/s0022463400010262. ISSN 0022-4634.
• Hooker, Virginia; Norani Othman (2003). Malaysia: Islam, Society and Politics. ISEAS series on Islam. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 9812301615.
• Liew Chin Tong (2007). "Pas Leadership: New Faces and Old Constraints". Southeast Asian Affairs. 2007 (1): 201–213. doi:10.1355/SEAA07J. ISSN 0377-5437.
• Liow, Joseph Chinyong (2009). Piety and Politics: Islamism in Contemporary Malaysia. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195377088.
• Mueller, Dominik M. (2014). Islam, Politics and Youth in Malaysia: The Pop-Islamist Reinvention of PAS. Routledge Contemporary Southeast Asia Series. Routledge. ISBN 978-1317912989.
• Riddell, Peter G. (2005). "Islamization and Partial Shari'a in Malaysia". In Marshall, Paul (ed.). Radical Islam's Rules: The Worldwide Spread of Extreme Shari'a Law. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 135–160. ISBN 1461686903.
• Stark, Jan (2004). "Constructing an Islamic Model in Two Malaysian States: PAS Rule in Kelantan and Terengganu". Sojourn: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia. 19 (1). Institute of Southeast Asian Studies: 51–75. doi:10.1355/sj19-1c. ISSN 0217-9520. S2CID 145124619.
• Sundaram, Jomo Kwame; Ahmad Shabery Cheek (1988). "The Politics of Malaysia's Islamic Resurgence". Third World Quarterly. 10 (2). Taylor & Francis: 843–868. doi:10.1080/01436598808420085.

External links

Media related to Malaysian Islamic Party at Wikimedia Commons

• Official website
• Harakahdaily (PAS party newspaper in Malay)
• Harakahdaily (PAS party newspaper in English)