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The '''Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)''', abbreviated '''CPN (UML)''' ({{lang-ne|नेपाल कम्युनिष्ट पार्टी (एकीकृत मार्क्सवादी-लेनिनवादी)}}), is the largest [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] [[List of political parties in Nepal|party in Nepal]] since its formation in January 1991, merging the [[Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist) (1986–91)|Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist)]] and the [[Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist–Leninist) (1978)|Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist–Leninist)]]. It is the main opposition party in the [[Federal Parliament of Nepal]]. It is the second largest party in [[Nepal]] by membership with nearly 6,00,000 members.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ईश्वर पोखरेलको प्रतिवेदन : ५ पुसपछि एमालेमा आकर्षण बढ्यो, साढे तीन लाख सदस्य थपिए|url=https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2021/09/1015910|access-date=2022-01-30|website=Online Khabar|language=en-US}}</ref> It remains one of the two main parties of Nepal including governing [[Nepali Congress]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=CPN-UML, NC in close fight in Nepal elections|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/cpn-uml-nc-in-close-fight-in-nepal-elections/articleshow/26200245.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2021-11-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Sureis|date=2017-05-18|title=UML, Congress pitted in tough electoral battle|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/cpn-uml-nepali-congress-pitted-tough-electoral-battle|access-date=2021-11-20|website=The Himalayan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Sureis|date=2017-07-06|title=NC, UML in stiff fight in Province 7|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/nepali-congress-cpn-uml-stiff-fight-province-7|access-date=2021-11-20|website=The Himalayan Times|language=en}}</ref>
The '''Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)''', abbreviated '''CPN (UML)''' ({{lang-ne|नेपाल कम्युनिष्ट पार्टी (एकीकृत मार्क्सवादी-लेनिनवादी)}}), is the largest [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] [[List of political parties in Nepal|party in Nepal]] since its formation in January 1991, merging the [[Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist) (1986–91)|Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist)]] and the [[Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist–Leninist) (1978)|Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist–Leninist)]]. It is the main opposition party in the [[Federal Parliament of Nepal]]. It is the largest party in [[Nepal]] by membership with nearly 8,00,000 members.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ईश्वर पोखरेलको प्रतिवेदन : ५ पुसपछि एमालेमा आकर्षण बढ्यो, साढे तीन लाख सदस्य थपिए|url=https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2021/09/1015910|access-date=2022-01-30|website=Online Khabar|language=en-US}}</ref> It remains one of the two main parties of Nepal including governing [[Nepali Congress]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=CPN-UML, NC in close fight in Nepal elections|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/cpn-uml-nc-in-close-fight-in-nepal-elections/articleshow/26200245.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2021-11-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Sureis|date=2017-05-18|title=UML, Congress pitted in tough electoral battle|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/cpn-uml-nepali-congress-pitted-tough-electoral-battle|access-date=2021-11-20|website=The Himalayan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Sureis|date=2017-07-06|title=NC, UML in stiff fight in Province 7|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/nepali-congress-cpn-uml-stiff-fight-province-7|access-date=2021-11-20|website=The Himalayan Times|language=en}}</ref>


The CPN (UML) has led five governments: once under [[Man Mohan Adhikari]], [[Madhav Kumar Nepal]] and [[Jhala Nath Khanal]] each and twice under [[KP Sharma Oli]], under KP Sharma Oli.
The CPN (UML) has led five governments: once under [[Man Mohan Adhikari]], [[Madhav Kumar Nepal]] and [[Jhala Nath Khanal]] each and twice under [[KP Sharma Oli]].


The party dissolved on 17 May 2018 to make way for the [[Nepal Communist Party]] in a merger with the [[Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)]].<ref name=":22">{{Cite web|title=UML- Maoist Center unification approved, new party to be registered today itself|url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/41883/|access-date=2020-12-24|website=My Republica|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":32">{{Cite web|date=2018-05-16|title=UML and Maoist Centre to form Nepal Communist Party tomorrow|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/kathmandu/uml-and-maoist-centre-to-form-nepal-communist-party-tomorrow/|access-date=2020-12-24|website=The Himalayan Times|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":62">{{Cite web|title=Nepal's 2 major parties merge to form Nepal Communist Party - Xinhua {{!}} English.news.cn|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-05/18/c_137187121.htm|access-date=2020-12-24|website=www.xinhuanet.com}}</ref> On 8 March 2021, Nepal's Supreme Court stated that the allocation of the name ''Nepal Communist Party'' upon the merger of the CPN (UML) and CPN (Maoist Centre), and by extension the merger itself, was void ''ab initio'', as the name was already allotted to a party led by Rishiram Kattel, and that the NCP stood "dismissed".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ghimire |first1=Yubaraj |title=Nepal top court quashes 2018 formation of ruling Nepal Communist Party |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/world/nepal-top-court-quashes-2018-formation-of-ruling-nepal-communist-party-7218809/ |website=The Indian Express |access-date=8 March 2021 |date=8 March 2021}}</ref> Upon the ruling, the two predecessor parties were revived in their original state immediately prior to the merger, although should the two wish to merge again with proper procedure being followed, it would be fully allowed.
The party dissolved on 17 May 2018 to make way for the [[Nepal Communist Party]] in a merger with the [[Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)]].<ref name=":22">{{Cite web|title=UML- Maoist Center unification approved, new party to be registered today itself|url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/41883/|access-date=2020-12-24|website=My Republica|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":32">{{Cite web|date=2018-05-16|title=UML and Maoist Centre to form Nepal Communist Party tomorrow|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/kathmandu/uml-and-maoist-centre-to-form-nepal-communist-party-tomorrow/|access-date=2020-12-24|website=The Himalayan Times|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":62">{{Cite web|title=Nepal's 2 major parties merge to form Nepal Communist Party - Xinhua {{!}} English.news.cn|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-05/18/c_137187121.htm|access-date=2020-12-24|website=www.xinhuanet.com}}</ref> On 8 March 2021, Nepal's Supreme Court stated that the allocation of the name ''Nepal Communist Party'' upon the merger of the CPN (UML) and CPN (Maoist Centre), and by extension the merger itself, was void ''ab initio'', as the name was already allotted to a party led by Rishiram Kattel, and that the NCP stood "dismissed".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ghimire |first1=Yubaraj |title=Nepal top court quashes 2018 formation of ruling Nepal Communist Party |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/world/nepal-top-court-quashes-2018-formation-of-ruling-nepal-communist-party-7218809/ |website=The Indian Express |access-date=8 March 2021 |date=8 March 2021}}</ref> Upon the ruling, the two predecessor parties were revived in their original state immediately prior to the merger, although should the two wish to merge again with proper procedure being followed, it would be fully allowed.

Revision as of 17:02, 2 February 2022

Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)
नेपाल कम्युनिष्ट पार्टी (एकीकृत मार्क्सवादी-लेनिनवादी)
ChairmanKP Sharma Oli[1]
SecretaryGokarna Bista
Yogesh Bhattarai
Padma Kumari Aryal
Chhabilal Bishwakarma
Lekh Raj Bhatta
Top Bahadur Rayamajhi
Raghubir Mahaseth
General SecretaryShankar Pokhrel
Senior Vice-chairmanIshwar Pokhrel
Vice-chairmanAstalaxmi Shakya
Surendra Pandey
Subas Chandra Nemwang
Bishnu Prasad Paudel
Yubraj Gyawali
Ram Bahadur Thapa
Deputy General SecretaryPradeep Kumar Gyawali
Bishnu Rimal
Prithvi Subba Gurung
Founded6 January 1991
Dissolved17 May 2018 (first iteration)
Merger ofCPN (Marxist)
CPN (Marxist–Leninist)
Succeeded byNCP[2][3][4] (2018–2021)
HeadquartersThapathali, Kathmandu, Nepal
IdeologyCommunism
Marxism–Leninism[disputed – discuss]
People's Multiparty Democracy
Political positionLeft-wing[5][6]
International affiliationIMCWP
House of Representatives
96 / 275
National Assembly
17 / 59
Provincial Assemblies
178 / 550
Election symbol
Party flag
Website
www.cpnuml.org

The Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist), abbreviated CPN (UML) (Template:Lang-ne), is the largest left-wing party in Nepal since its formation in January 1991, merging the Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist) and the Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist–Leninist). It is the main opposition party in the Federal Parliament of Nepal. It is the largest party in Nepal by membership with nearly 8,00,000 members.[7] It remains one of the two main parties of Nepal including governing Nepali Congress.[8][9][10]

The CPN (UML) has led five governments: once under Man Mohan Adhikari, Madhav Kumar Nepal and Jhala Nath Khanal each and twice under KP Sharma Oli.

The party dissolved on 17 May 2018 to make way for the Nepal Communist Party in a merger with the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre).[11][12][13] On 8 March 2021, Nepal's Supreme Court stated that the allocation of the name Nepal Communist Party upon the merger of the CPN (UML) and CPN (Maoist Centre), and by extension the merger itself, was void ab initio, as the name was already allotted to a party led by Rishiram Kattel, and that the NCP stood "dismissed".[14] Upon the ruling, the two predecessor parties were revived in their original state immediately prior to the merger, although should the two wish to merge again with proper procedure being followed, it would be fully allowed.

History

Founding, 1991–1993

Alternative flag of the CPN (UML)

The United Left Front was formed in 1990 to protest the Panchayat system and restore multi-party democracy. They organized a joint movement with the Nepali Congress, and King Birendra yielded to their Jana Andolan in November 1990. Two constituents of the United Left Front, CPN (Marxist) and CPN (Marxist–Leninist), merged on 6 January 1991 to form the Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist) before the 1991 elections, and the United Left Front became inactive.[15]

In the 1991 elections, the party won 69 of 205 seats and was the second-largest party in the House of Representatives.[16] Man Mohan Adhikari was elected head of the parliamentary group, and became the Leader of the Opposition in May 1991. On 28 June 1991, CPN (Burma) which had reconstituted itself after breaking away from CPN (United) merged into the party.[17] The fifth party congress was held in Kathmandu in January 1993, and People's Multiparty Democracy was adopted as its main ideology.[18] The same ideology of People's Multiparty Democracy theorized by Madhan Bhandari made it one of the most prominent political parties in years to come. In the fifth party congress, Adhikari was elected chairman, and Madan Bhandari was elected general secretary.[19] Bhandari was killed in a vehicle accident in Chitwan later that year, and Madhav Kumar Nepal became the party's general secretary.[15] In November 1993, CPN (Amatya) led by Tulsi Lal Amatya, which had also broken off from CPN (United), merged into the party.[19]

First government and split, 1994–1997

After the mid-term elections in 1994, the party won 88 of 205 seats in a hung parliament and formed a minority government under Man Mohan Adhikari.[16] The government lasted for nine months after Adhikari was forced to resign when he lost a no-confidence motion in September 1995. The party was back in the government in March 1997, after supporting the Surya Bahadur Thapa-led Rastriya Prajatantra Party government. Following dissension in the RPP, Lokendra Bahadur Chand resigned and CPN (UML) returned to the opposition.[16][15]

The party faced its first split in March 1998, after disagreements about a water-sharing agreement with India. The new party formed with 46 legislators from the mother party as the Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist–Leninist), under the leadership of Bam Dev Gautam. The party joined the government again in December 1998, backing the Girija Prasad Koirala-led Nepali Congress-Nepal Sadbhawana Party coalition government.[15] In the 1999 elections, the party won 70 of 205 seats and was the second-largest party in the House of Representatives.[16]

Direct rule under King Gyanendra, 2002–2006

Madhav Kumar Nepal, bespectacled and mustachioed, speaking into a microphone
Madhav Kumar Nepal, former party president and Prime Minister

Most members of the Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist–Leninist) rejoined the parent party on February 15, 2002, and the others decided to restructure the existing party.[15] The party's seventh general convention was held in Janakpur on February 1–6, 2003. The convention decided to abolish the post of party chair, vacant after the death of Man Mohan Adhikari and Madhav Kumar Nepal's unanimous reelection as general secretary of the party.

When King Gyanendra dissolved Parliament and sacked Prime Minister Sher Bahadur Deuba of Nepali Congress (NC) in 2003, five other parties protested his decision. However, when Deuba was reinstated CPN (UML) joined the provisional government with Bharat Mohan Adhikari as deputy prime minister. This government was dissolved by the king on 1 February 2005. A Seven Party Alliance was formed to protest his decision and, following an agreement with the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist), a joint struggle was launched against the king's direct rule. On April 10, 2006, Parliament was reconvened by the king and a government was formed under Girija Prasad Koirala.[15]

Constituent Assembly, 2008–2012

CPN (UML) leader and Nepali Prime Minister Madhav Kumar Nepal with Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh on state visit

In the 2008 Constituent Assembly elections, the party won 108 of 605 seats and finished third. Madhav Kumar Nepal resigned as general secretary, and was replaced by Jhala Nath Khanal. The party backed Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) candidate Pushpa Kamal Dahal, and joined his government in August 2008.[20] Khanal was elected party chairman and Ishwor Pokhrel general secretary by the eighth general convention in Butwal in February 2009.

Jhala Nath Khanal, former party chairman and prime minister

In early May 2009, the CPN (UML) joined several other parties in leaving Dahal's coalition government after he sacked Army Chief of Staff Rookmangud Katawal.[21] Following their withdrawal, they formed a new coalition government with the Nepali Congress and the Madhesi Jana Adhikar Forum under Madhav Kumar Nepal.[22] Nepal resigned in June 2010 after failing to draft a new constitution.[23] Following more than seven months of political stalemate, Khanal was elected prime minister in February 2011 with support from the Unified Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist).[24] He resigned in August after he failed to reach a consensus with the other parties on drafting a new constitution and the peace process.[24] The party joined the next government, led by Baburam Bhattarai, on August 28, 2011.[25]

Second split

In 2012, a group of senior leaders including Rajendra Prasad Shrestha, Rakam Chemjong led by vice president Ashok Rai formed Federal Socialist Party demanding identity based federalism.[26]

Second Constituent Assembly, 2013–2015

Following Bhattarai's dissolution of the Constituent Assembly of Nepal when it failed to draft a new constitution before the deadline,[27] the CPN (UML) became the second-largest party after winning 175 of 575 elected seats in the 2013 elections. The party joined a coalition government with the ruling Nepali Congress and the Rastriya Prajatantra Party under Sushil Koirala.[28] In July 2014, Khadga Prasad Oli became party chair after he defeated Madhav Kumar Nepal in the party's ninth general convention.[29] The new constitution was delivered by this government on 20 September 2015.[30]

Federal Nepal, 2015–2018

After the new constitution was drafted, Sushil Koirala resigned and Khadga Prasad Oli was elected prime minister with support from the Unified Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist), the Rastriya Prajatantra Party and other parties.[31] Oli resigned in July 2016 before a motion of no confidence supported by the Nepali Congress and the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre).[32]

Prime Minister Oli with Narendra Modi and Bamdev Gautam

In the 2017 local elections, the party won 14,099 seats (including 294 mayoral or chairman positions) and became the largest local-government party. The party elected mayors in major cities, including Kathmandu and Pokhara Lekhnath.[33][34] It announced an alliance with the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre) before the 2017 legislative and provincial elections.[35] The party won 121 seats, becoming the largest party in the House of Representatives,[36] and became the largest party in six of Nepal's seven provinces.[37] After the election, the party maintained its alliance with the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre) and formed coalition governments in Nepal's centre and six of the seven provinces. According to the power-sharing agreement, the CPN (UML) would lead governments in Province No. 1, Bagmati Pradesh, Gandaki Pradesh and Lumbini Pradesh.[38]

In the 6 February 2018 National Assembly election, the CPN (UML) won 27 of 56 contested seats and again became the country's largest party.[39] Party chairman Oli was elected the party's parliamentary leader in the House of Representatives and appointed prime minister on February 15.[40] Bidya Devi Bhandari was re-elected president on March 13.[41]

Dissolution and revival, 2018–2021

CPN (UML) chairperson Oli with CPN (Maoist Centre) chairperson Pushpa Kamal Dahal (Prachanda)

After eight months of planning, the Unification Coordination Committee met to finalize plans for merging Nepal's two dominant left-wing parties. On 17 May 2018, the party dissolved and a new party, the Nepal Communist Party was formed from the CPN (UML) and the CPN (Maoist Centre).[11][12][13]

On 8 March 2021, Nepal's Supreme Court stated that the allocation of the name Nepal Communist Party upon the merger of the CPN (UML) and CPN (Maoist Centre), and by extension the merger itself, was void ab initio, as the name was already allotted to a party led by Rishiram Kattel, and that the NCP stood "dismissed".[42] Upon the ruling, the two predecessor parties were revived in their original state immediately prior to the merger, although should the two wish to merge again with proper procedure being followed, it would be fully allowed.

Fall of KP Sharma Oli government and splits, 2021

2021 vertical split

Main article: 2021 split in the Nepalese communist parties

On 18 July 2021, 22 member of House of Representatives from the party voted for Sher Bahadur Deuba as Prime Minister, defying the party whip.[43] A dispute rose among former prime ministers Madhav Kumar Nepal and KP Sharma Oli due to Madhav's faction supporting the government despite the party being in the opposition. On 18 August 2021, Madhav Kumar formed a new party called Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Socialist).[44] Former Prime Minister Jhalanatha Khanal, party vice presidents and as many as 31 MP's joined the new party. This made a split from top to lower level committees of party.[45]

2021 minor splits

A minor group led by senior vice president, Bamdev Gautam left the party on 4 September 2021.[46][47] Currently they are in pocess of registering a new party.[48][49]

Another minor group, led by Hridayesh Tripathi along with MPs Brijesh Kumar Gupta and Ishwar Dayal Mishra also split away on 26 August 2021 and formed the People's Progressive Party.[50]

Electoral performance

Nepalese legislative elections

See also: House of Representatives (Nepal) and Constituent Assembly of Nepal
Election Leader Votes Seats Position Resulting government
No. % No. +/-
1991 Madan Bhandari 2,040,102 27.98
69 / 205
 2nd In opposition
1994 Man Mohan Adhikari 2,352,601 30.85
88 / 205
 Increase 19 Increase 1st Minority government
1999 Madhav Kumar Nepal 2,728,725 31.66
71 / 205
 Decrease 17 Decrease 2nd In opposition
2008 Madhav Kumar Nepal 2,229,064 21.63
108 / 601
 Increase 37 Decrease 3rd Coalition government with the CPN (Maoist), MJFN, Sadbhavana, and CPN (United)
2013 Jhala Nath Khanal 2,492,090 27.55
175 / 575
 Increase 67 Increase 2nd Coalition government with the Nepali Congress and RPP
2017 Khadga Prasad Oli 3,173,494 33.25
121 / 275
 Decrease 54 Increase 1st Coalition government with the Maoist Centre

Provincial Assembly elections

As of the 2017 provincial elections, CPN (UML) was the largest party in six out of seven provinces and heads the government in four provinces.

Province Election Votes Seats Position Resulting government
No. %
Province No. 1 2017 673,709 38.79
51 / 93
 1st In opposition
Madhesh 249,734 16.25
21 / 107
 4th In opposition
Bagmati 677,317 35.81
58 / 110
 1st In opposition
Gandaki 373,501 39.04
27 / 60
 1st In opposition
Lumbini 533,613 33.10
41 / 87
 1st In opposition
Karnali 169,755 34.35
20 / 40
 1st In opposition
Sudurpashchim 260,955 32.99
25 / 53
 1st In opposition

Leadership

Chairmen

General secretaries

Prime Ministers of Nepal

No. Prime Minister Portrait Term in office Legislature Cabinet Constituency
Start End Tenure
1 Man Mohan Adhikari 30 November 1994 12 September 1995 286 days 3rd House of Representatives Adhikari, 1994 Kathmandu 3
2 Madhav Kumar Nepal 25 May 2009 6 February 2011 1 year, 257 days 1st Constituent Assembly Madhav Nepal, 2009 Nominated
3 Jhala Nath Khanal 6 February 2011 29 August 2011 204 days 1st Constituent Assembly Khanal, 2011 Ilam 1
4 Khadga Prasad Oli 12 October 2015 4 August 2016 297 days Legislature Parliament Oli, 2015 Jhapa 7
15 February 2018 13 July 2021 6 years, 312 days 1st Federal Parliament Oli, 2018 Jhapa 5

Sister organizations

See also

References

  1. ^ https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/uml-national-general-convention-kp-oli-wins-against-bhim-rawal-by-sweeping-majority
  2. ^ "UML and Maoist Centre to form Nepal Communist Party tomorrow". The Himalayan Times. 16 May 2018. Retrieved 14 July 2021.
  3. ^ "Nepal: Left alliance unifies to form single party". Asian News International. Retrieved 14 July 2021.
  4. ^ Adhikari, Priyanka (17 May 2018). "NCP commits to social justice and economic prosperity: Co-chairs PM Oli and Dahal". The Himalayan Times. Retrieved 14 July 2021.
  5. ^ "Nepal: Key people and parties". Insight on Conflict. Peace Direct. Retrieved 11 September 2017.
  6. ^ "Healthy turnout, little violence reported in historic poll". RFI. RFI. April 2008. Retrieved 11 September 2017.
  7. ^ "ईश्वर पोखरेलको प्रतिवेदन : ५ पुसपछि एमालेमा आकर्षण बढ्यो, साढे तीन लाख सदस्य थपिए". Online Khabar. Retrieved 2022-01-30.
  8. ^ "CPN-UML, NC in close fight in Nepal elections". The Economic Times. Retrieved 2021-11-20.
  9. ^ Sureis (2017-05-18). "UML, Congress pitted in tough electoral battle". The Himalayan Times. Retrieved 2021-11-20.
  10. ^ Sureis (2017-07-06). "NC, UML in stiff fight in Province 7". The Himalayan Times. Retrieved 2021-11-20.
  11. ^ a b "UML- Maoist Center unification approved, new party to be registered today itself". My Republica. Retrieved 2020-12-24.
  12. ^ a b "UML and Maoist Centre to form Nepal Communist Party tomorrow". The Himalayan Times. 2018-05-16. Retrieved 2020-12-24.
  13. ^ a b "Nepal's 2 major parties merge to form Nepal Communist Party - Xinhua | English.news.cn". www.xinhuanet.com. Retrieved 2020-12-24.
  14. ^ Ghimire, Yubaraj (8 March 2021). "Nepal top court quashes 2018 formation of ruling Nepal Communist Party". The Indian Express. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
  15. ^ a b c d e f Lansford, Tom (2015-03-24). Political handbook of the world 2015. ISBN 9781483371580. OCLC 912321323.
  16. ^ a b c d Brass, Paul (6 August 2013). Routledge handbook of South Asian politics : India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Nepal. ISBN 978-0415716499. OCLC 843078091.
  17. ^ "Verma's party merges with CPN-UML". 2005-11-05. Archived from the original on 2005-11-05. Retrieved 2020-12-29.
  18. ^ "कम्युनिस्ट आन्दोलनको समीक्षा". ekantipur.com (in Nepali). Retrieved 2020-12-29.
  19. ^ a b Sapkota, Dhakaram (December 2016). "समकालीन नेताहरुसँग मनमोहन आधिकारीको सम्बन्ध". Tribhuvan University Journal. . XXX, NUMBER 2.
  20. ^ Pokharel, Tilak; Sengupta, Somini (2008-08-15). "Nepal Elects a Maoist to Be the Prime Minister". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-06-26.
  21. ^ "South Asia | Nepal communists quit in protest". BBC News. May 3, 2009. Retrieved August 18, 2013.
  22. ^ "Madhav Kumar Nepal sworn-in as PM of Nepal — Livemint". www.livemint.com. Retrieved 2017-06-26.
  23. ^ Marasini, Prerana. "Nepal Prime Minister resigns". The Hindu. Retrieved 2017-06-26.
  24. ^ a b "Nepal: Jhalanath Khanal elected new prime minister". BBC News. 2011-02-03. Retrieved 2017-06-26.
  25. ^ "Baburam Bhattarai elected prime minister of Nepal". BBC News. 2011-08-28. Retrieved 2017-06-26.
  26. ^ "Three parties merge to become Sanghiya Samajbadi Forum-Nepal". kathmandupost.com. Retrieved 2022-02-02.
  27. ^ "Nepal parties resign as constitution deadline passes". BBC News. 2012-05-28. Retrieved 2017-06-26.
  28. ^ "Sushil Koirala wins vote to be Nepal's prime minister". BBC News. 2014-02-10. Retrieved 2017-06-26.
  29. ^ "KP Oli elected UML Chairman — Nepali Headlines,Nepal News, Nepali News, News Nepal". nepaliheadlines.com. Retrieved 2017-06-26.
  30. ^ "Nepal's new constitution endorsed through Constituent Assembly — Xinhua | English.news.cn". news.xinhuanet.com. Retrieved 2017-06-26.
  31. ^ Sharma, Bhadra; Barry, Ellen (2015-10-11). "Nepal Elects K.P. Sharma Oli as New Prime Minister". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-06-26.
  32. ^ Sharma, Bhadra (2016-07-24). "Nepal's Prime Minister, K. P. Sharma Oli, Resigns Ahead of a No-Confidence Vote". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-06-26.
  33. ^ "UML's Shakya elected Kathmandu mayor". Retrieved 2018-04-18.
  34. ^ "UML wins mayor, deputy mayor in Pokhara Lekhnath metropolis". Retrieved 2018-04-18.
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