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{{Short description|Group of Scientists}}
{{Short description|Group of Scientists}}
[[File:Cross-section of the Rising Star Cave system Dinaledi Chamber.svg|thumb|300px|Cross-section of the [[Rising Star Cave]] system ]]
[[File:Cross-section of the Rising Star Cave system Dinaledi Chamber.svg|thumb|300px|Cross-section of the [[Rising Star Cave]] system ]]
The '''Underground Astronauts''' is the name given to a group of six scientists:<ref>{{Cite web|title = These 6 women risked death for an amazing scientific discovery|url = http://www.techinsider.io/six-underground-astronauts-found-a-new-human-ancestor-in-dinaledi-cave-2015-9|website = Tech Insider|access-date = 2016-01-07}}</ref> [[Hannah Morris (anthropologist)|Hannah Morris]], [[Marina Elliott]], [[Becca Peixotto]], [[Alia Gurtov]], K. Lindsay (then Eaves) Hunter,<ref name="Hunter">{{Cite web |url= https://www.linkedin.com/in/k-lindsay-hunter-a4863418 |title= K. Lindsay Hunter |last= Hunter |first= K. Lindsay |date= 1 Sep 2017 |website= LinkedIn |access-date= 1 Sep 2017}}</ref> and [[Elen Feuerriegel]], who excavated the bones of ''[[Homo naledi]]'' from the [[Dinaledi Chamber]] of the [[Rising Star Cave|Rising Star cave]] system in Gauteng, South Africa.<ref name="CNN 2015">{{cite web | title=Meet the "underground astronauts" | website=CNN | date=2015-09-10 | url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/09/10/africa/gallery/naledi-underground-astronauts/index.html | access-date=2016-01-05}}</ref><ref name="Bennett Geographic 2015">{{cite web | last1=Bennett | first1=Amanda | last2=Geographic | first2=National | title=Wanted: Fit, Fearless Scientist for Huge Underground Find | website=National Geographic News | date=2015-09-17 | url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/09/150917-naledi-cave-hominin-fossils-human-evolution-berger-peixotto-interview/ | access-date=2016-01-05}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=HIGHAM |first=TOM |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1sfsdqn |title=The World Before Us |date=2021-08-24 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-26309-1}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=DeSilva |first=Jeremy |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1244114018 |title=First steps : how upright walking made us human |date=2021 |isbn=978-0-06-293849-7 |edition=First |location=New York, NY |oclc=1244114018}}</ref> The six women were selected by the expedition leader, [[Lee Rogers Berger]],<ref name="Washington Post 2015">{{cite news|last1=Feltman|first1=Rachel|title=Meet the six female 'underground astronauts' who recovered our newest relative|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2015/09/10/meet-the-six-female-underground-astronauts-who-recovered-our-newest-relative/|access-date=10 January 2016|work=The Washington Post|date=September 10, 2015}}</ref><ref name=SmithGuardian>{{cite news|last1=Smith|first1=David|title='Small spelunkers required': the ad that led to the discovery of Homo naledi|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2015/sep/10/homo-naledi-small-spelunkers-required-how-an-advert-led-to-the-discovery-of-homo-naledi|access-date=10 January 2016|work=The Guardian|date=10 September 2015}}</ref> who posted a message on [[Facebook]] asking for scientists with experience in paleontological excavations, caving, and were thin.<ref name=":1" /> Within ten days of the post, Berger had received sixty applicants and chose six scientists to make up his expedition team.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Cline |first=Eric H. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1051770803 |title=Three stones make a wall : the story of archaeology |date=2018 |others=Glynnis Fawkes |isbn=978-0-691-18425-8 |location=Princeton |oclc=1051770803}}</ref>
The '''Underground Astronauts''' is the name given to a group of six scientists:<ref>{{Cite web|title = These 6 women risked death for an amazing scientific discovery|url = http://www.techinsider.io/six-underground-astronauts-found-a-new-human-ancestor-in-dinaledi-cave-2015-9|website = Tech Insider|access-date = 2016-01-07}}</ref> [[Hannah Morris (anthropologist)|Hannah Morris]], [[Marina Elliott]], [[Becca Peixotto]], [[Alia Gurtov]], K. Lindsay (then Eaves) Hunter,<ref name="Hunter">{{Cite web |url= https://www.linkedin.com/in/k-lindsay-hunter-a4863418 |title= K. Lindsay Hunter |last= Hunter |first= K. Lindsay |date= 1 Sep 2017 |website= LinkedIn |access-date= 1 Sep 2017}}</ref> and [[Elen Feuerriegel]], who excavated the bones of ''[[Homo naledi]]'' from the [[Dinaledi Chamber]] of the [[Rising Star Cave|Rising Star cave]] system in Gauteng, South Africa.<ref name="CNN 2015">{{cite web | title=Meet the "underground astronauts" | website=CNN | date=2015-09-10 | url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/09/10/africa/gallery/naledi-underground-astronauts/index.html | access-date=2016-01-05}}</ref><ref name="Bennett Geographic 2015">{{cite web | last1=Bennett | first1=Amanda | last2=Geographic | first2=National | title=Wanted: Fit, Fearless Scientist for Huge Underground Find | website=National Geographic News | date=2015-09-17 | url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/09/150917-naledi-cave-hominin-fossils-human-evolution-berger-peixotto-interview/ | access-date=2016-01-05}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=HIGHAM |first=TOM |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1sfsdqn |title=The World Before Us |date=2021-08-24 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-26309-1}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=DeSilva |first=Jeremy |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1244114018 |title=First steps : how upright walking made us human |date=2021 |isbn=978-0-06-293849-7 |edition=First |location=New York, NY |oclc=1244114018}}</ref> The six women were selected by the expedition leader, [[Lee Rogers Berger]],<ref name="Washington Post 2015">{{cite news|last1=Feltman|first1=Rachel|title=Meet the six female 'underground astronauts' who recovered our newest relative|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2015/09/10/meet-the-six-female-underground-astronauts-who-recovered-our-newest-relative/|access-date=10 January 2016|work=The Washington Post|date=September 10, 2015}}</ref><ref name=SmithGuardian>{{cite news|last1=Smith|first1=David|title='Small spelunkers required': the ad that led to the discovery of Homo naledi|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2015/sep/10/homo-naledi-small-spelunkers-required-how-an-advert-led-to-the-discovery-of-homo-naledi|access-date=10 January 2016|work=The Guardian|date=10 September 2015}}</ref> who posted a message on [[Facebook]] asking for scientists with experience in paleontological excavations, caving, and were slender enough for cramped spaces.<ref name=":1" /> Within ten days of the post, Berger had received sixty applicants and chose six scientists to make up his expedition team.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Cline |first=Eric H. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1051770803 |title=Three stones make a wall : the story of archaeology |date=2018 |others=Glynnis Fawkes |isbn=978-0-691-18425-8 |location=Princeton |oclc=1051770803}}</ref>


== The Rising Star Expedition ==
In November 2013, the [[National Geographic Society]] and the [[University of the Witwatersrand]] funded an expedition called the [[Rising Star Expedition]] for a twenty-one day excavation at the cave,<ref name="PBS-20150910-bb">{{cite web |last=Bascomb |first=Bobby |title=Archaeology's Disputed Genius |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/next/evolution/lee-berger/ |date=10 September 2015 |work=[[PBS]] |access-date=22 September 2015 }}</ref> followed by a second expedition in March 2014 for a 4-week excavation in the [[Dinaledi Chamber]]. The first expedition retrieved 1,550 pieces of bone belonging to at least fifteen individuals, found within 1 m<sup>2</sup> of [[clay]]-rich sediments.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Howley |first=Andrew |title=Rising Star Expedition: Prehistory in the Making |work=[[National Geographic Society]] |date=6 November 2013 |url=http://voices.nationalgeographic.com/blog/rising-star-expedition/?order=asc |access-date=8 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909064912/http://voices.nationalgeographic.com/blog/rising-star-expedition/?order=asc |archive-date=9 September 2015 }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Out of the [[fossil]] assemblage found, only twenty bones in the human anatomy were not found in the assortment.<ref name=":0" />
In November 2013, the [[National Geographic Society]] and the [[University of the Witwatersrand]] funded an expedition called the [[Rising Star Expedition]] for a twenty-one day excavation at the cave,<ref name="PBS-20150910-bb">{{cite web |last=Bascomb |first=Bobby |title=Archaeology's Disputed Genius |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/next/evolution/lee-berger/ |date=10 September 2015 |work=[[PBS]] |access-date=22 September 2015 }}</ref> followed by a second expedition in March 2014 for a 4-week excavation in the [[Dinaledi Chamber]]. The first expedition retrieved 1,550 pieces of bone belonging to at least fifteen individuals, found within 1 m<sup>2</sup> of [[clay]]-rich sediments.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Howley |first=Andrew |title=Rising Star Expedition: Prehistory in the Making |work=[[National Geographic Society]] |date=6 November 2013 |url=http://voices.nationalgeographic.com/blog/rising-star-expedition/?order=asc |access-date=8 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909064912/http://voices.nationalgeographic.com/blog/rising-star-expedition/?order=asc |archive-date=9 September 2015 }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Out of the [[fossil]] assemblage found, only twenty bones in the human anatomy were not found in the assortment.<ref name=":0" />


The six scientist had to pass through three points of difficult terrain in the cave to reach the bone chamber. One is referred to as 'Superman's Crawl', which required one arm held forward to pass, like in [[Superman]]'s flight. Next, the scientists had to climb vertically up a rock surface, known as the 'Dragon's back', and then finally pass through an opening that was only 18&nbsp;cm wide,<ref name=":0" /><ref name="McKenzie Wende 2015">{{cite web | last1=McKenzie | first1=David | last2=Wende | first2=Hamilton | title=Homo naledi: New species of human ancestor discovered | website=CNN | date=2015-09-10 | url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/09/10/africa/homo-naledi-human-relative-species/index.html | access-date=2016-01-05}}</ref> descending thirty meters into the chamber.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Gibbons |first=Ann |date=2015-09-11 |title=New human species discovered |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.349.6253.1149 |journal=Science |volume=349 |issue=6253 |pages=1149–1150 |doi=10.1126/science.349.6253.1149 |issn=0036-8075}}</ref> Because of the difficulty of their expedition and their exploration into the [[Rising Star Cave|Dinaledi Chamber]], the six women were given the name: the Underground Astronauts.<ref name="eNCA 2015">{{cite web | author=eNCA | title='Underground astronaut' shares Homo naledi experience | website=eNCA | date=2015-09-14 | url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/underground-astronaut-shares-naledi-experience | access-date=2016-01-05}}</ref>
The six scientist had to pass through three points of difficult terrain in the cave to reach the bone chamber. One is referred to as 'Superman's Crawl', which required one arm held forward to pass, like in [[Superman]]'s flight. Next, the scientists had to climb vertically up a rock surface, known as the 'Dragon's back', and then finally pass through an opening that was only 18 cm wide,<ref name=":0" /><ref name="McKenzie Wende 2015">{{cite web | last1=McKenzie | first1=David | last2=Wende | first2=Hamilton | title=Homo naledi: New species of human ancestor discovered | website=CNN | date=2015-09-10 | url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/09/10/africa/homo-naledi-human-relative-species/index.html | access-date=2016-01-05}}</ref> descending thirty meters into the chamber.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Gibbons |first=Ann |date=2015-09-11 |title=New human species discovered |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.349.6253.1149 |journal=Science |volume=349 |issue=6253 |pages=1149–1150 |doi=10.1126/science.349.6253.1149 |issn=0036-8075}}</ref> Because of the difficulty of their expedition and their exploration into the [[Rising Star Cave|Dinaledi Chamber]], the six women were given the name: the Underground Astronauts.<ref name="eNCA 2015">{{cite web | author=eNCA | title='Underground astronaut' shares Homo naledi experience | website=eNCA | date=2015-09-14 | url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/underground-astronaut-shares-naledi-experience | access-date=2016-01-05}}</ref>


== Controversy ==
== Controversy ==
Berger's methods in selecting his research team for the [[Rising Star Expedition]] did not go uncriticised. The first issue came because of how he called for applicants via [[Facebook]] to investigate new [[Homininae|hominin]] remains, leaving experts within the field to question whether or not it was a serious and professional expedition.<ref name=":3" /> The second issue came when it came time to analyze of the recovered remains, and Berger once again sent out a call online for those interested, and he specifically looked for early career applicants.<ref name=":3" /> Because of this Berger was given the nickname: "Mr. Paleodemocracy".<ref name=":3" /> Some other experts began to view the expedition as a media stunt because the process of excavation by the Underground Astronauts was documented daily via blog posts, while Berger spoke on radio shows.<ref name=":3" /> The data collected was published in open-access journals and scanned in-order to allow the greatest amount of scientists to access and contribute to the study of the fossil data, which is quite different than the slow and limited access methods taken by most [[Paleoanthropology|paleoanthropologists]].<ref name=":2" /> Despite these criticisms, Berger stood by his decisions regarding his excavation and excavation team arguing that he wanted to allow greater access to paleoanthropological research.<ref name=":3" />
Berger's methods in selecting his research team for the [[Rising Star Expedition]] did not go uncriticised. The first issue came because of how he called for applicants via social media to investigate new [[Homininae|hominin]] remains, leaving experts within the field to question whether or not it was a serious and professional expedition.<ref name=":3" /> The second issue came when it came time to analyze the recovered remains, Berger once again sent out a call online for those interested in analyzing the remains, specifically looked for early career applicants.<ref name=":3" /> Because of this Berger was given the nickname: "Mr. Paleodemocracy".<ref name=":3" /> Some other experts began to view the expedition as a media stunt, because the process of excavation by the Underground Astronauts was documented via daily blog posts, and Berger spoke on radio shows.<ref name=":3" /> The data collected was published in open-access journals and scanned in-order to allow the greatest amount of scientists to access and contribute to the study of the fossil data, which is quite different than the slow and limited access methods taken by most [[Paleoanthropology|paleoanthropologists]].<ref name=":2" />


==Excavator team==
==Excavator team==

Revision as of 17:02, 31 May 2022

Cross-section of the Rising Star Cave system

The Underground Astronauts is the name given to a group of six scientists:[1] Hannah Morris, Marina Elliott, Becca Peixotto, Alia Gurtov, K. Lindsay (then Eaves) Hunter,[2] and Elen Feuerriegel, who excavated the bones of Homo naledi from the Dinaledi Chamber of the Rising Star cave system in Gauteng, South Africa.[3][4][5][6] The six women were selected by the expedition leader, Lee Rogers Berger,[7][8] who posted a message on Facebook asking for scientists with experience in paleontological excavations, caving, and were slender enough for cramped spaces.[6] Within ten days of the post, Berger had received sixty applicants and chose six scientists to make up his expedition team.[9]

The Rising Star Expedition

In November 2013, the National Geographic Society and the University of the Witwatersrand funded an expedition called the Rising Star Expedition for a twenty-one day excavation at the cave,[10] followed by a second expedition in March 2014 for a 4-week excavation in the Dinaledi Chamber. The first expedition retrieved 1,550 pieces of bone belonging to at least fifteen individuals, found within 1 m2 of clay-rich sediments.[11][5] Out of the fossil assemblage found, only twenty bones in the human anatomy were not found in the assortment.[5]

The six scientist had to pass through three points of difficult terrain in the cave to reach the bone chamber. One is referred to as 'Superman's Crawl', which required one arm held forward to pass, like in Superman's flight. Next, the scientists had to climb vertically up a rock surface, known as the 'Dragon's back', and then finally pass through an opening that was only 18 cm wide,[5][12] descending thirty meters into the chamber.[5][9][13] Because of the difficulty of their expedition and their exploration into the Dinaledi Chamber, the six women were given the name: the Underground Astronauts.[14]

Controversy

Berger's methods in selecting his research team for the Rising Star Expedition did not go uncriticised. The first issue came because of how he called for applicants via social media to investigate new hominin remains, leaving experts within the field to question whether or not it was a serious and professional expedition.[13] The second issue came when it came time to analyze the recovered remains, Berger once again sent out a call online for those interested in analyzing the remains, specifically looked for early career applicants.[13] Because of this Berger was given the nickname: "Mr. Paleodemocracy".[13] Some other experts began to view the expedition as a media stunt, because the process of excavation by the Underground Astronauts was documented via daily blog posts, and Berger spoke on radio shows.[13] The data collected was published in open-access journals and scanned in-order to allow the greatest amount of scientists to access and contribute to the study of the fossil data, which is quite different than the slow and limited access methods taken by most paleoanthropologists.[9]

Excavator team

See also

References

  1. ^ "These 6 women risked death for an amazing scientific discovery". Tech Insider. Retrieved 2016-01-07.
  2. ^ a b Hunter, K. Lindsay (1 Sep 2017). "K. Lindsay Hunter". LinkedIn. Retrieved 1 Sep 2017.
  3. ^ "Meet the "underground astronauts"". CNN. 2015-09-10. Retrieved 2016-01-05.
  4. ^ Bennett, Amanda; Geographic, National (2015-09-17). "Wanted: Fit, Fearless Scientist for Huge Underground Find". National Geographic News. Retrieved 2016-01-05.
  5. ^ a b c d e HIGHAM, TOM (2021-08-24). The World Before Us. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-26309-1.
  6. ^ a b DeSilva, Jeremy (2021). First steps : how upright walking made us human (First ed.). New York, NY. ISBN 978-0-06-293849-7. OCLC 1244114018.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  7. ^ Feltman, Rachel (September 10, 2015). "Meet the six female 'underground astronauts' who recovered our newest relative". The Washington Post. Retrieved 10 January 2016.
  8. ^ Smith, David (10 September 2015). "'Small spelunkers required': the ad that led to the discovery of Homo naledi". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 January 2016.
  9. ^ a b c Cline, Eric H. (2018). Three stones make a wall : the story of archaeology. Glynnis Fawkes. Princeton. ISBN 978-0-691-18425-8. OCLC 1051770803.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  10. ^ Bascomb, Bobby (10 September 2015). "Archaeology's Disputed Genius". PBS. Retrieved 22 September 2015.
  11. ^ Howley, Andrew (6 November 2013). "Rising Star Expedition: Prehistory in the Making". National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on 9 September 2015. Retrieved 8 September 2015.
  12. ^ McKenzie, David; Wende, Hamilton (2015-09-10). "Homo naledi: New species of human ancestor discovered". CNN. Retrieved 2016-01-05.
  13. ^ a b c d e Gibbons, Ann (2015-09-11). "New human species discovered". Science. 349 (6253): 1149–1150. doi:10.1126/science.349.6253.1149. ISSN 0036-8075.
  14. ^ eNCA (2015-09-14). "'Underground astronaut' shares Homo naledi experience". eNCA. Retrieved 2016-01-05.
  15. ^ a b "Who are the Underground Astronauts?". EWN. Retrieved 2016-01-05.
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