Hyainailouridae

Hyainailouridae Temporal range: middle Eocene to middle Miocene
Comparison of various Early to Middle Miocene hyaenodonts, including the hyainailurids Hyainailouros sulzeri (top) and Megistotherium osteothlastes (center), and teratodontid Dissopsalis pyroclasticus
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	†Hyaenodonta
Superfamily:	†Hyainailouroidea
Family:	†Hyainailouridae Pilgrim, 1932
Type genus
†Hyainailouros (paraphyletic genus) Biedermann, 1863
Subfamilies
†Apterodontinae †Hyainailourinae (paraphyletic subfamily)
Synonyms
Hyaenaelurinae (Pilgrim, 1932) Pterodontidae (Polly, 1996) Pterodontinae (Polly, 1996)

Hyainailouridae ("hyena cats") is a paraphyletic family of extinct predatory mammals from extinct paraphyletic superfamily Hyainailouroidea within extinct order Hyaenodonta. Hyaenodontids arose during the middle Eocene and persisted well into the middle Miocene. Fossils of this group have been found in Asia, Africa, North America and Europe.

General characteristics

Hyainailourids are characterized by long skulls, slender jaws, slim bodies, and a plantigrade stance. They generally ranged in size from 30 to 140 cm at the shoulder. While some measured as much as 1.4 m high at the shoulder with head-body length up to 3.2 m and weighed up to 1,500 kg, most were in the 5–15 kg range, equivalent to a mid-sized dog. The anatomy of their skulls show that they had a particularly acute sense of smell, while their teeth were adapted for shearing, rather than crushing.

At least one hyainailourid lineage, Apterodontinae, was specialised for aquatic, otter-like habits.

Range

They were important hypercarnivores in Eurasia and Africa during the Oligocene, but gradually declined, with almost the entire family becoming extinct by the close of the Oligocene. Only Megistotherium and several of its sister genera, including Hyainailouros and Sivapterodon, survived into the Miocene. Traditionally this has been attributed to competition with carnivorans, but no formal examination of the correlation between the decline of hyaenodontids and the expansion of carnivorans has been recorded, and the latter may simply have moved into vacant niches after the extinction of hyaenodontid species.

Classification and phylogeny

Relations

Hyainailouridae used to be considered a subfamily of Hyaenodontidae, but cladistic study by Sole et al., (2013, 2015) treats it as a distinct family. Two subfamilies are recognized, Apterodontinae and paraphyletic Hyainailourinae.

Taxonomy

• Family: †Hyainailouridae ^{(paraphyletic family)} (Pilgrim, 1932)
  • Subfamily: †Apterodontinae (Szalay, 1967)
    • Genus: †Apterodon (Fischer, 1880)
    • Genus: †Quasiapterodon (Lavrov, 1999)
  • Subfamily: †Hyainailourinae ^{(paraphyletic subfamily)} (Pilgrim, 1932)
    • Genus: †Hemipsalodon (Cope, 1885)
    • Genus: †Leakitherium (Savage, 1965)
    • Genus: †Megistotherium (Savage, 1973)
    • Genus: †Mlanyama (Rasmussen & Gutierrez, 2009)
    • Genus: †Orienspterodon (Egi, 2007)
    • Genus: †Pakakali (Borths & Stevens, 2017)
    • Genus: †Simbakubwa (Borths & Stevens, 2019)
    • Tribe: †Hyainailourini ^{(paraphyletic tribe)} (Ginsburg, 1980)
      • Genus: †Akhnatenavus (Holroyd, 1999)
      • Genus: †Exiguodon (Morales & Pickford, 2017)
      • Genus: †Falcatodon (Morales & Pickford, 2017)
      • Genus: †Hyainailouros (Biedermann, 1863)
      • Genus: †Isohyaenodon (Savage, 1965)
      • Genus: †Kerberos (Solé, 2015)
      • Genus: †Parapterodon (Lange-Badré, 1979)
      • Genus: †Pterodon (Blainville, 1839)
      • Genus: †Sectisodon (Morales & Pickford, 2017)
      • Genus: †Sivapterodon (Ginsburg, 1980)
    • Tribe: †Metapterodontini (Morales & Pickford, 2017)
      • Genus: †Metapterodon (Stromer, 1923)
    • Tribe: †Paroxyaenini (Lavrov, 2007)
      • Genus: †Paroxyaena (Martin, 1906)
    • Incertae sedis:
      • †"Pterodon" africanus (Andrews, 1903)
      • †"Pterodon" phiomensis (Osborn, 1909)