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'''David Allen Bawden''' (September 22, 1959 – August 2, 2022),<ref name="obituary">{{Cite web |title=Obituary for Father David A. Bawden at Davidson Funeral Home |url=https://www.davidsonfuneral.com/obituary/father-david-bawden?lud=567DBD3E5EB0CE7C300BDF852AC09EFE |access-date=August 2, 2022 |website=www.davidsonfuneral.com |publisher=Davidson Funeral Home |language=en}}</ref> who took the name '''Pope Michael''', was an American citizen and a [[Conclavism|conclavist]] claimant to the [[papacy]]. He stated in 2009 that he had approximately 30 "solid followers".<ref name="documentary">{{Cite AV media|title=Pope Michael |people=Fairholm, Adam (director) |type=Documentary |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b96WxyxPfOY |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/b96WxyxPfOY |archive-date=December 21, 2021 |url-status=live|language=en|access-date=March 24, 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
'''David Allen Bawden''' (September 22, 1959 – August 2, 2022),<ref name="obituary">{{Cite web |title=Obituary for Father David A. Bawden |url=https://www.davidsonfuneral.com/obituary/father-david-bawden?lud=567DBD3E5EB0CE7C300BDF852AC09EFE |access-date=August 2, 2022 |website=www.davidsonfuneral.com |publisher=Davidson Funeral Home |language=en}}</ref> who took the name '''Pope Michael''', was an American citizen and a [[Conclavism|conclavist]] claimant to the [[papacy]]. He stated in 2009 that he had approximately 30 "solid followers".<ref name="documentary">{{Cite AV media|title=Pope Michael |people=Fairholm, Adam (director) |type=Documentary |date=2010 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b96WxyxPfOY |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/b96WxyxPfOY |archive-date=December 21, 2021 |url-status=live|language=en|access-date=March 24, 2021}}</ref>


In 1990 Bawden was elected pope by a group of six [[laity|laypeople]], including himself and his parents, who had come to believe that the [[Catholic Church]] had [[Apostasy|apostatized]] from the Catholic faith since [[Vatican II]], and that there had been no legitimate popes elected since the death of [[Pope Pius XII]] in 1958.<ref name="Melton 1994">{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Melton |first1=J. Gordon |title=Catholic Church (Pope Michael I) |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of American Religions: Fourth Edition Supplement |date=1994 |location=Detroit |publisher=Gale Research Inc. |isbn=978-0-8103-8818-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofam0000melt_l0j4/page/n15/mode/2up |page=1}}</ref> In 2011, he was ordained a priest and consecrated a bishop by an [[Independent Catholic]] bishop.
In 1990 Bawden was elected pope by a group of six [[laity|laypeople]], including himself and his parents, who had come to believe that the [[Catholic Church]] had [[Apostasy|apostatized]] from the Catholic faith since [[Vatican II]], and that there had been no legitimate popes elected since the death of [[Pope Pius XII]] in 1958.<ref name="Melton 1994">{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Melton |first1=J. Gordon |title=Catholic Church (Pope Michael I) |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of American Religions: Fourth Edition Supplement |date=1994 |location=Detroit |publisher=Gale Research Inc. |isbn=978-0-8103-8818-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofam0000melt_l0j4/page/n15/mode/2up |page=1}}</ref> In 2011, he was ordained a priest and consecrated a bishop by an [[Independent Catholic]] bishop.
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Bawden was born in 1959 in [[Oklahoma City]], Oklahoma, to Clara ({{nee}} Barton) and Kennett Bawden.<ref name="obituary"/><ref name="Seba 1990">{{cite news |last1=Seba |first1=Erwin |title='Pope' explains theological conflicts |work=Kansas State Collegian |volume=96 |number=165 |date=23 July 1990 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/KSULKSColl198990V96N154166/page/n91/mode/2up 1], [https://archive.org/details/KSULKSColl198990V96N154166/page/n95/mode/2up 5]}}</ref><ref name="Henning 2009">{{cite news |last1=Henning |first1=Sarah |title=The gospel of Pope Michael: Kansan stakes own claim to Catholic Church |url=https://www2.ljworld.com/news/2009/oct/17/gospel-pope-michael-kansan-stakes-own-claim-cathol/ |access-date=3 August 2022 |work=Lawrence Journal-World |date=17 October 2009}}</ref> He attended elementary school and high school in Oklahoma City.<ref name="Seba 1990"/> He had one brother.<ref name="Henning 2009"/>
Bawden was born in 1959 in [[Oklahoma City]], Oklahoma, to Clara ({{nee}} Barton) and Kennett Bawden.<ref name="obituary"/><ref name="Seba 1990">{{cite news |last1=Seba |first1=Erwin |title='Pope' explains theological conflicts |work=Kansas State Collegian |volume=96 |number=165 |date=23 July 1990 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/KSULKSColl198990V96N154166/page/n91/mode/2up 1], [https://archive.org/details/KSULKSColl198990V96N154166/page/n95/mode/2up 5]}}</ref><ref name="Henning 2009">{{cite news |last1=Henning |first1=Sarah |title=The gospel of Pope Michael: Kansan stakes own claim to Catholic Church |url=https://www2.ljworld.com/news/2009/oct/17/gospel-pope-michael-kansan-stakes-own-claim-cathol/ |access-date=3 August 2022 |work=Lawrence Journal-World |date=17 October 2009}}</ref> He attended elementary school and high school in Oklahoma City.<ref name="Seba 1990"/> He had one brother.<ref name="Henning 2009"/>


Bawden's parents were [[Traditionalist Catholics]] who rejected [[Vatican II]].<ref name="Brisendine">{{cite news|last=Brisendine|first=Steve|title=Despite few followers, 'Pope Michael' holds to beliefs|url=http://cjonline.com/stories/053005/kan_popemichael.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121128073114/http://cjonline.com/stories/053005/kan_popemichael.shtml |archive-date=28 November 2012 |access-date=April 24, 2012|newspaper=[[The Topeka Capital-Journal]]|date=May 30, 2005}}</ref> In the mid-1970s, he and his family began to follow the [[Society of St. Pius X]] (SSPX).<ref name="oral history">{{cite AV media |last1=Bawden |first1=David |last2=Asadi |first2=Torang |title=Pope Michael Oral History |url=https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/handle/1808/12673 |language=en |date=2 September 2010 |publisher=Religious Studies Department, University of Kansas}}</ref> Bawden entered the SSPX seminary in [[Écône]], [[Switzerland]], in 1977, then transferred to Saint Joseph's Priory in [[Armada, Michigan]]; he was dismissed in 1978.<ref name="Brisendine"/><ref name="oral history"/> Prior to claiming the papacy, he worked as a real estate agent and furniture maker.<ref name="Fruhling 1990"/>
Bawden's parents were [[Traditionalist Catholics]] who rejected [[Vatican II]].<ref name="Brisendine">{{cite news|last=Brisendine|first=Steve|title=Despite few followers, 'Pope Michael' holds to beliefs|url=http://cjonline.com/stories/053005/kan_popemichael.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121128073114/http://cjonline.com/stories/053005/kan_popemichael.shtml |archive-date=28 November 2012 |access-date=April 24, 2012|newspaper=[[The Topeka Capital-Journal]]|date=May 30, 2005}}</ref> In the mid-1970s, he and his family began to follow the [[Society of St. Pius X]] (SSPX).<ref name="oral history">{{cite AV media |last1=Bawden |first1=David |last2=Asadi |first2=Torang |title=Pope Michael Oral History |url=https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/handle/1808/12673 |language=en |date=2 September 2010 |publisher=Religious Studies Department, University of Kansas}}</ref> Bawden entered the SSPX seminary in [[Écône]], [[Switzerland]], in 1977, then transferred to Saint Joseph's Priory in [[Armada, Michigan]]; he was dismissed in 1978.<ref name="Brisendine"/><ref name="oral history"/> His family subsequently moved to [[St. Marys, Kansas]], where the SSPX ran [[Saint Mary's Academy and College]]. Bawden worked for the school and his brother attended it.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Crumbo |first1=Christine |title=Kansas worshippers secede, elect pope |url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/635782994/ |work=[[Miami Herald]] |agency=Knight-Ridder News Service |date=17 August 1990 |language=en}}</ref> In 1981 Bawden broke with the SSPX.<ref name="Melton 1994"/> Prior to claiming the papacy, he worked as a real estate agent and furniture maker.<ref name="Fruhling 1990"/>


== Claim to the papacy ==
== Claim to the papacy ==

Revision as of 20:41, 3 August 2022

David Bawden
Papacy beganJuly 16, 1990
Papacy endedAugust 2, 2022
Opposed toJohn Paul II
Benedict XVI
Francis
Orders
OrdinationDecember 11, 2011
by Robert Biarnesen
ConsecrationDecember 11, 2011
by Robert Biarnesen
Personal details
Born(1959-09-22)September 22, 1959
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, U.S.
DiedAugust 2, 2022(2022-08-02) (aged 62)
Kansas City, Missouri, U.S.
Ordination history
History
Diaconal ordination
Ordained byRobert Biarnesen
DateDecember 11, 2011
Priestly ordination
Ordained byRobert Biarnesen
DateDecember 11, 2011
Episcopal consecration
Consecrated byRobert Biarnesen
DateDecember 11, 2011

David Allen Bawden (September 22, 1959 – August 2, 2022),[1] who took the name Pope Michael, was an American citizen and a conclavist claimant to the papacy. He stated in 2009 that he had approximately 30 "solid followers".[2]

In 1990 Bawden was elected pope by a group of six laypeople, including himself and his parents, who had come to believe that the Catholic Church had apostatized from the Catholic faith since Vatican II, and that there had been no legitimate popes elected since the death of Pope Pius XII in 1958.[3] In 2011, he was ordained a priest and consecrated a bishop by an Independent Catholic bishop.

Early life and education

Bawden was born in 1959 in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, to Clara (née Barton) and Kennett Bawden.[1][4][5] He attended elementary school and high school in Oklahoma City.[4] He had one brother.[5]

Bawden's parents were Traditionalist Catholics who rejected Vatican II.[6] In the mid-1970s, he and his family began to follow the Society of St. Pius X (SSPX).[7] Bawden entered the SSPX seminary in Écône, Switzerland, in 1977, then transferred to Saint Joseph's Priory in Armada, Michigan; he was dismissed in 1978.[6][7] His family subsequently moved to St. Marys, Kansas, where the SSPX ran Saint Mary's Academy and College. Bawden worked for the school and his brother attended it.[8] In 1981 Bawden broke with the SSPX.[3] Prior to claiming the papacy, he worked as a real estate agent and furniture maker.[9]

Claim to the papacy

See also: Conclavism

Bawden believed that all the popes since the death of Pope Pius XII on October 9, 1958, were modernists, heretics, and apostates, and that, therefore, their elections were invalid.[10] He considered them to have incurred latae sententiae (automatic) excommunication, not so much for violating Pope Pius X's laws on modernism, as the laws of God.[10]

In 1990, Bawden, his parents, and three other former adherents of the SSPX held a papal conclave at the Bawden family's thrift store in Belvue, Kansas.[3][11] Bawden, then aged 30, was elected pope.[12][13] He styled himself "Michael I" after Saint Michael the Archangel.[9] Bawden had invited hundreds of Independent Catholic bishops and sedevacantists to attend the election, but none of them did so.[14] As Bawden had never been ordained a priest, he was unable to celebrate Mass.[11]

Later years and death

After the election, Bawden continued living at home with his parents.[11] He established a presence on the internet as an alternative claimant to the papacy;[15] in 2009 he stated that he had approximately 30 "solid followers".[2] He supported himself through donations and by republishing out-of-print religious literature.[7] In 2010, the independent filmmaker Adam Fairholm released a feature-length documentary about him, Pope Michael.[16][17]

Bawden announced that he had been ordained a priest and then consecrated a bishop on December 11, 2011, by an Independent Catholic episcopus vagans, Bishop Robert Biarnesen of the Duarte-Costa and Old Catholic episcopal lineages.[18][19] Bawden claimed that he was able to validly confect Catholic sacraments, offer the Mass, ordain other men to the priesthood, and consecrate them as bishops as the Duarte-Costa and Old Catholic lineages are valid in the eyes of the church.[20]

On July 10, 2022, the conclave's Twitter account posted that Bawden had to have emergency surgery and was in a coma.[21] Bawden died on August 2, 2022, in Kansas City, Missouri.[1][22]

References

  1. ^ a b c "Obituary for Father David A. Bawden". www.davidsonfuneral.com. Davidson Funeral Home. Retrieved August 2, 2022.
  2. ^ a b Fairholm, Adam (director) (2010). Pope Michael (Documentary). Archived from the original on December 21, 2021. Retrieved March 24, 2021.
  3. ^ a b c Melton, J. Gordon (1994). "Catholic Church (Pope Michael I)". Encyclopedia of American Religions: Fourth Edition Supplement. Detroit: Gale Research Inc. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-8103-8818-5.
  4. ^ a b Seba, Erwin (July 23, 1990). "'Pope' explains theological conflicts". Kansas State Collegian. Vol. 96, no. 165. pp. 1, 5.
  5. ^ a b Henning, Sarah (October 17, 2009). "The gospel of Pope Michael: Kansan stakes own claim to Catholic Church". Lawrence Journal-World. Retrieved August 3, 2022.
  6. ^ a b Brisendine, Steve (May 30, 2005). "Despite few followers, 'Pope Michael' holds to beliefs". The Topeka Capital-Journal. Archived from the original on November 28, 2012. Retrieved April 24, 2012.
  7. ^ a b c Bawden, David; Asadi, Torang (September 2, 2010). Pope Michael Oral History. Religious Studies Department, University of Kansas.
  8. ^ Crumbo, Christine (August 17, 1990). "Kansas worshippers secede, elect pope". Miami Herald. Knight-Ridder News Service.
  9. ^ a b Fruhling, Larry (November 4, 1990). "Papal pretender twits the real one". The Des Moines Register. p. 1.
  10. ^ a b Frank, Thomas (2004). "Antipopes among us". What's the Matter with Kansas?: How Conservatives Won the Heart of America. Macmillan. pp. 217–224. ISBN 978-0-8050-7339-3.
  11. ^ a b c Allen, John L. (2004). Conclave: The Politics, Personalities, and Process of the Next Papal Election. New York: Image/Doubleday. pp. 1–3. ISBN 978-0-385-50453-9.
  12. ^ "Group elects area man pope". Kansas State Collegian. Vol. 96, no. 164. Associated Press. July 19, 1990. p. 8.
  13. ^ Fox, Robin (2011). The Tribal Imagination: Civilization and the Savage Mind. Harvard University Press. p. 104. ISBN 9780674059016.
  14. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions – Vatican in Exile". Vatican in exile. Archived from the original on January 16, 2021. Retrieved March 24, 2021.
  15. ^ Last, Jonathan V. (December 2005). "God on the Internet". First Things. No. 158. pp. 34–40. ISSN 1047-5141.
  16. ^ David Mills (February 28, 2012), "We have a Pope, but not that one", First Things, Institute on Religion and Public Life
  17. ^ Leven, Benjamin (February 2020). "Die vielen Körper des Papstes: „Die zwei Päpste" und „The New Pope"". Herder Korrespondenz. Vol. 74, no. 2. pp. 25–28.
  18. ^ Jarvis, Edward (2018). God, Land & Freedom: the true story of ICAB. Apocryphile Press. p. 169. ISBN 9781947826908.
  19. ^ Anderson, Phil (January 13, 2012). "Kansas 'pope' leads a flock in exile". The Topeka Capital-Journal. Retrieved August 3, 2022.
  20. ^ Bawden, David (November 2, 2016). "Validity of The Ordination and Consecration of Pope Michael". Pope Michael. Retrieved March 27, 2019.
  21. ^ #Vatican in Exile [@Francis5Domini3] (July 10, 2022). "Please keep His Holiness Pope Michael in your prayers. He had emergency brain surgery this evening. Blood was found on the brain. For the time being he is being kept in a coma" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  22. ^ #Vatican in Exile [@Francis5Domini3] (August 3, 2022). "Today at 10:18 Pope Michael passed on into eternity. RIP" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
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