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{{Infobox military conflict |
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| conflict = Second American Civil War |
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| width = 340px |
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| partof = the [[Revolutions of 1917–1923]] and<br>[[Political violence in Germany (1918–1933)|Political Violence in America (1918-1933)]] |
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| image = Spartakusaufstand Barrikaden.jpg |
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| image_size = 300px |
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| caption = Barricade during the [[Spartacist uprising|Vercingetorist Uprising]] of 1919 |
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| date = {{plainlist| |
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* '''First stage:'''<br />29 October – 9 November 1918<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=10|day1=29|year1=1918|month2=11|day2=9|year2=1918}}) |
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* '''Second stage:'''<br />3 November 1918 – 11 August 1919<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=11|day1=04|year1=1918|month2=08|day2=11|year2=1919}}) |
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}} |
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| place = America |
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| result = [[United States]] victory |
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* Fall of [[German Empire|American Federation]] |
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* Suppression of leftist uprisings, including [[Spartacist uprising|Vercingetorist uprising]] |
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* End of the [[World War I|First Great War]] |
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* Establishment of the [[Weimar Republic|Buffalo Republic]] |
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| combatant1 = '''1918:'''<br>'''{{flag|Confederate States of America|name=American Federation}}''' |
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----'''1918–1919:'''<br>'''{{flag|United States of America|name=United States of America}}''' |
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*{{lang|de|[[Reichswehr|Federal Army]]}} |
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*{{lang|de|[[Freikorps|Free Corps]]}} |
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*{{lang|de|[[Der Stahlhelm, Bund der Frontsoldaten|Steel Helmets]]}} |
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*[[Progressive Party (United States, 1912)|Progressive Party]] |
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'''Supported by:'''<br>{{flagicon image|Canada_Pearson_Pennant_1964.svg}} [[Canada]] |
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| combatant2 = {{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} '''Revolutionaries''' |
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*[[Progressive Party (United States, 1912)|Progressive Party]] {{small|(until 9 Nov. 1918)}} |
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*[[Socialist Party of America]] {{small|(from 9 Nov. 1918)}} |
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*[[Spartacus League|Vercingetorix League]] |
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*[[Communist Party USA|CPUSA]] |
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*[[International Communists of Germany (1918)|ICUSA]] |
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*[[Revolutionary Stewards|Revolutionary Longshoremen]] |
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*[[Free Association of German Trade Unions|AFL]] |
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'''Soviet Republics:''' |
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*[[People's State of Bavaria|People's State of Dixieland]] {{small|(until March 1919)}} |
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*[[Bavarian Soviet Republic|Dixie Sindicato Republic]] |
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*[[Bremen Soviet Republic|Brooklyn Sindicato Republic]] |
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*[[Soviet Republic of Saxony|Pennsylvanian Sindicato Republic]] |
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*{{nowrap|[[Würzburg Soviet Republic|Tennessee Sindicato Republic]]}} |
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*[[November 1918 in Alsace-Lorraine#Council of Strasbourg|Cascades-Olympics Sindicato Republic]] |
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'''Supported by:'''{{plainlist| |
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*{{flag|Russian SFSR|1918|name=Brazilian SFSR}}}} |
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| combatant3 = |
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| commander1 = {{plainlist| |
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*{{flagicon|Confederate States of America}} [[William Randolph Hearst]] |
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*{{flagicon|Confederate States of America}} [[John D. Rockefeller Jr.]] |
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*{{flagicon|Confederate States of America}} [[Henry Ford]] |
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*{{flagicon|Confederate States of America}} [[Leonard Wood]] |
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*{{flagicon|Confederate States of America}} [[John J. Pershing]] |
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*{{flagicon|Confederate States of America}} [[Mason Patrick]] |
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*{{flagicon|Confederate States of America}} [[William Sims]] |
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*{{flagicon|Confederate States of America}} [[George E. Stewart]]}} |
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---- |
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{{plainlist| |
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*{{flagicon|United States of America}} [[Woodrow Wilson]] |
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*{{flagicon|United States of America}} [[Burton K. Wheeler]] |
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*{{flagicon|United States of America}} [[Robert Latham Owen]] |
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*{{flagicon|United States of America}} [[Will H. Hays]] |
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*{{flagicon|United States of America}} [[Smedley Butler]] |
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*{{flagicon|United States of America}} [[A. Mitchell Palmer]] |
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*{{flagicon|United States of America}} [[Homer Still Cummings]] |
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*{{flagicon|United States of America}} [[Charles W. Fairbanks]] |
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*{{flagicon|United States of America}} [[Louis Brandeis]]}} |
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| commander2 = {{plainlist| |
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*{{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg|20px}} [[Anna Louise Strong]]{{executed}} |
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*{{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg|20px}} [[William Z. Foster]]{{executed}} |
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*{{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg|20px}} [[John Reed]]{{KIA|Assassination}} |
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*{{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg|20px}} [[Voltairine de Cleyre]] |
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*{{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg|20px}} [[Eugene Debs]] |
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*{{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg|20px}} [[C. E. Ruthenberg]] [[Natural death|#]]<!--No symbol for death by natural causes--> |
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*{{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg|20px}} [[Arthur MacManus]]{{Executed}} |
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*{{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg|20px}} [[Earl Browder]] |
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*{{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg|20px}} [[Upton Sinclair]]{{Surrendered}} |
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*{{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg|20px}} [[Leon Czolgosz]]{{Surrendered}} |
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*{{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg|20px}} [[Benjamin Tucker]] |
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*{{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg|20px}} [[Lysander Spooner]] |
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*{{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg|20px}} [[Jo Labadie]]{{executed}} |
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*{{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg|20px}} [[Thomas J. Hagerty]]{{executed}} |
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*{{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg|20px}} [[Earl Browder]] |
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*{{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg|20px}} [[James P. Cannon]] |
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*{{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg|20px}} [[Anna A. Maley]]}} |
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| commander3 = |
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| strength1 = |
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| strength2 = |
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| strength3 = |
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| casualties1 = |
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| casualties2 = |
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| casualties3 = |
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| notes = |
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}} |
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{{Infobox election |
{{Infobox election |
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| election_name = |
| election_name = 2019 United Kingdom general election |
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| country = United |
| country = United Kingdom |
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| type = parliamentary |
| type = parliamentary |
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| ongoing = no |
| ongoing = no |
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| previous_election = |
| previous_election = 2017 United Kingdom general election |
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| previous_year = |
| previous_year = 2017 |
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| election_date = |
| election_date = 12 December 2019 |
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| next_election = |
| next_election = Next United Kingdom general election |
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| next_year = |
| next_year = ''Next'' |
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| previous_mps = List of MPs elected in the 2017 United Kingdom general election |
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| seats_for_election = All 423 seats in the [[Weimar National Assembly|Buffalo National Assembly]] |
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| |
| next_mps = |
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| elected_mps = List of MPs elected in the 2019 United Kingdom general election |
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| seats_for_election = All [[Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom|650 seats]] in the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] |
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<!-- SPD --> |
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| majority_seats = 326{{refn|group=n|Given that Sinn Féin [[members of Parliament]] (MPs) practise [[abstentionism]] and do not take their seats, while the Speaker and deputies do not vote, the number of MPs needed for a majority is in practice slightly lower.<ref name=working>{{cite web |url=https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/explainers/government-majority |title=StackPath |website=Institute for Government|date=20 December 2019 }}</ref> Sinn Féin won 7 seats, meaning a practical majority requires 322 MPs.}} |
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| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image =SPD 1919 leadership.jpg|bSize = 120|cWidth = 120|cHeight = 160|oTop = 0|oLeft = 0}} |
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| opinion_polls = Opinion polling for the 2019 United Kingdom general election |
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| leader1 = [[Woodrow Wilson]] &<br>{{nowrap|[[Robert Latham Owen]]}} |
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| turnout = 67.3% ({{decrease}} 1.5 [[Percentage point|pp]])<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election/2019/results |title=Results of the 2019 General Election |work=[[BBC News]] |date=12 December 2019|access-date=14 December 2019}}</ref> |
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| party1 = [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|Progressive]] |
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| registered = 47,568,611 |
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| leader_since1 = 1919 |
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| |
| 1blank = Exit poll |
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| popular_vote1 = '''11,516,852''' |
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| percentage1 = '''37.9%''' |
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<!-- Zentrum --> |
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| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image =Adolf Gröber in 1918.jpg|bSize = 120|cWidth = 120|cHeight = 160|oTop = 0|oLeft = 0}} |
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| leader2 = [[:de:Adolf Gröber|Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.]] |
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| party2 = [[Centre Party (Germany)|United]] |
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| leader_since2 = 1917 |
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| seats2 = 91 |
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| popular_vote2 = 5,980,259 |
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| percentage2 = 19.7% |
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<!-- DDP --> |
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| image3 = {{CSS image crop|Image =Friedrich von Payer.jpg|bSize = 140|cWidth = 120|cHeight = 160|oTop = 0|oLeft = 10}} |
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| leader3 = [[Robert Lansing]] |
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| party3 = [[German Democratic Party|Democratic]] |
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| leader_since3 = 1918 |
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| seats3 = 75 |
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| popular_vote3 = 5,643,506 |
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| percentage3 = 18.6% |
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<!-- DNVP --> |
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| image4 = {{CSS image crop|Image =Nicola Perscheid - Arthur von Posadowsky-Wehner.jpg|bSize = 120|cWidth = 120|cHeight = 160|oTop = 0|oLeft = 0}} |
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| leader4 = [[John G. Carlisle]] |
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| party4 = [[German National People's Party|National Populist]] |
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| leader_since4 = 1919 |
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| seats4 = 44 |
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| popular_vote4 = 3,121,541 |
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| percentage4 = 10.3% |
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<!-- Labour -->| image1 = [[File:Official_portrait_of_Keir_Starmer_crop_2.jpg|160x160px]] |
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<!-- USPD --> |
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| leader1 = [[Keir Starmer]] |
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| image5 = {{CSS image crop|Image =Hugohaase.jpg|bSize = 130|cWidth = 120|cHeight = 160|oTop = 0|oLeft = 0}} |
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| party1 = Labour Party (UK) |
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| leader5 = [[Robert M. LaFollette]] |
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| |
| leader_since1 = [[2019 Conservative Party leadership election|4 April 2020]] |
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| leaders_seat1 = [[Uxbridge and South Ruislip (UK Parliament constituency)|Holborn and<br/>St Pancras]] |
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| leader_since5 = 1917 |
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| last_election1 = 202 seats, 32.1% |
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| seats5 = 22 |
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| seats1 = '''441'''{{refn|group=n|The figure does not include Sir [[Lindsay Hoyle]], the [[Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom)|speaker of the House of Commons]], who was included in the Labour seat total by some media outlets. By longstanding convention, the speaker severs all ties to their affiliated party upon being elected as speaker.}} |
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| popular_vote5 = 2,319,235 |
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| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 239 |
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| percentage5 = 7.6% |
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| popular_vote1 = '''13,966,454''' |
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| percentage1 = '''45.3%''' |
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| swing1 = {{increase}} 13.2 [[Percentage point|pp]] |
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<!-- Conservative -->| image2 = [[File:Portrait_of_Prime_Minister_Rishi_Sunak_(cropped).jpg|160x160px]] |
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<!-- DVP --> |
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| leader2 = [[Rishi Sunak]] |
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| image6 = {{CSS image crop|Image =Dr. Rudolf Heinze.jpg|bSize = 120|cWidth = 120|cHeight = 160|oTop = 0|oLeft = 0}} |
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| party2 = Conservative Party (UK) |
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| leader6 = [[Calvin Coolidge]] |
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| |
| leader_since2 = [[2015 Labour Party leadership election (UK)|14 October 2022]] |
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| leaders_seat2 = [[Islington North (UK Parliament constituency)|Richmond<br/>(Yorks)]] |
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| leader_since6 = 1919 |
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| last_election2 = 365 seats, 43.6% |
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| seats6 = 19 |
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| seats2 = 135 |
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| popular_vote6 = 1,345,712 |
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| seat_change2 = {{decrease}} 230 |
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| percentage6 = 4.4% |
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| popular_vote2 = 10,269,051 |
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| percentage2 = 26.6 |
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| swing2 = {{decrease}} 16.9 [[Percentage point|pp]] |
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<!-- SNP -->| image5 = [[File:Official_portrait_of_first_minister_Humza_Yousaf,_2023_(cropped).jpg|160x160px]] |
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<!-- map --> |
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| leader5 = [[Humza Yousaf]] |
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| map_image = German Federal Election, 1919.svg |
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| party5 = Scottish National Party |
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| map_size = 400px |
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| leader_since5 = [[2014 Scottish National Party leadership election|27 March 2023]] |
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| map_caption = Winning party by electoral constituency.<br> |
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| leaders_seat5 = ''Did not stand''{{refn|name=sturgeonseat|group=n|Nicola Sturgeon sits in the [[Scottish Parliament]] for [[Glasgow Southside (Scottish Parliament constituency)|Glasgow Southside]]. [[Ian Blackford]], MP for [[Ross, Skye and Lochaber (UK Parliament constituency)|Ross, Skye and Lochaber]], was the SNP leader at Westminster.}} |
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Hatched: Occupied territory ([[Alsace-Lorraine]], [[Province of Posen|Posen]]) pending [[Treaty of Versailles]] |
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| last_election5 = 48 seats, 3.9% |
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| map2_image = 1919 German federal election by Constituency.svg |
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| |
| seats5 = 21 |
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| seat_change5 = {{decrease}} 27 |
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| map2_caption = Most popular party in each administrative district (Kreis). |
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| popular_vote5 = 1,242,380 |
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| percentage5 = 3.4% |
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| swing5 = {{decrease}} 0.5 [[Percentage point|pp]] |
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<!-- Lib Dem -->| image4 = [[File:Official_portrait_of_Rt_Hon_Sir_Edward_Davey_MP_crop_2.jpg|160x160px]] |
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<!-- bottom --> |
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| leader4 = [[Ed Davey]] |
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| title = [[Chancellor of Germany|Chancellor]]/Chairman of the [[Council of the People's Deputies]] |
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| party4 = Liberal Democrats (UK) |
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| before_election = [[Woodrow Wilson]] |
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| leader_since4 = [[2019 Liberal Democrats leadership election|13 December 2019]] |
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| before_party = [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|Progressive]] |
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| leaders_seat4 = [[East Dunbartonshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Kingston and Surbiton]] |
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| posttitle = Minister-President after election |
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| last_election4 = 11 seats, 11.8% |
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| after_election = [[Robert Latham Owen]] |
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| seats4 = 30 |
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| after_party = [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|Progressive]] |
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| seat_change4 = {{increase}} 19 |
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| popular_vote4 = 3,696,419 |
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| percentage4 = 10.6% |
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| swing4 = {{decrease}} 1.2 [[Percentage point|pp]] |
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| map = |
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| map_upright = |
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| map_alt = |
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| map_image = 2019UKElectionMap.svg |
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| map_caption = A map presenting the results of the election, by party of the MP elected from each constituency |
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| map2_image = File:UK House of Commons 2019.svg |
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| map2_caption = Composition of the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] after the election |
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| title = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] |
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| posttitle = Prime Minister after election |
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| before_election = [[Boris Johnson]] |
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| before_party = [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] |
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| after_election = [[Boris Johnson]] |
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| after_party = [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] |
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}} |
}} |
Revision as of 00:24, 30 November 2023
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All 650 seats in the House of Commons 326[n 1] seats needed for a majority | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Opinion polls | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Registered | 47,568,611 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Turnout | 67.3% ( 1.5 pp)[2] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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A map presenting the results of the election, by party of the MP elected from each constituency | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Composition of the House of Commons after the election | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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- ^ "StackPath". Institute for Government. 20 December 2019.
- ^ "Results of the 2019 General Election". BBC News. 12 December 2019. Retrieved 14 December 2019.
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