Staurozoa: Difference between revisions
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'''Staurozoa''' is a [[class (biology)|class]] of [[Medusozoa]], jellyfishes and hydrozoans. It has one extant order: [[Stauromedusae]] (stalked jellyfishes). A fossil group called [[Conulariida]] has been proposed as a second order,<ref name="Marques and Collins">{{cite journal |last1=Marques and Allen |title=Cladistic analysis of Medusozoa and cnidarian evolution |journal=Invertebrate Biology |date=2004 |volume=123 |issue=1 |pages=23–42 |doi=10.1111/j.1744-7410.2004.tb00139.x |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279907248 |accessdate=29 September 2020}}</ref> although this is highly speculative. The extinct order is largely unknown and described as a possibly [[cnidaria]]n clade of marine life with shell-like structures, the [[Conulariida]]. Staurozoans are small animals ({{cvt|1-4|cm|1|disp=or}}) that live in marine environments, usually attached to seaweeds, rocks, or gravel.<ref name="Collins">Collins, A. G. (n.d.). Staurozoa. ''AccessScience''. doi:10.1036/1097-8542.652700</ref> They have a large antitropical distribution, a majority found in boreal or polar, near-shore, and shallow waters. Few staurozoans are found in warmer tropical and subtropical water environments of the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Ocean basins, but most are known from the Northern Hemisphere.<ref name="Collins" /> Over the years their number of species has increased, thus right now it is said to have an estimated 50 species.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Miranda|first1=Lucília S.|last2=Mills|first2=Claudia E.|last3=Hirano|first3=Yayoi M.|last4=Collins|first4=Allen G.|last5=Marques|first5=Antonio C.|date=2018-12-01|title=A review of the global diversity and natural history of stalked jellyfishes (Cnidaria, Staurozoa)|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-017-0721-4|journal=Marine Biodiversity|language=en|volume=48|issue=4|pages=1695–1714|doi=10.1007/s12526-017-0721-4|s2cid=11242035|issn=1867-1624}}</ref> Information on Staurozoa, is one of the least studied groups within Cnidaria. It is often neglected, but correctly recognizing the characters of this class is crucial for understanding cnidarian evolution. |
'''Staurozoa''' is a [[class (biology)|class]] of [[Medusozoa]], jellyfishes and hydrozoans. It has one extant order: [[Stauromedusae]] (stalked jellyfishes) with a total of 50 known species. A fossil group called [[Conulariida]] has been proposed as a second order,<ref name="Marques and Collins">{{cite journal |last1=Marques and Allen |title=Cladistic analysis of Medusozoa and cnidarian evolution |journal=Invertebrate Biology |date=2004 |volume=123 |issue=1 |pages=23–42 |doi=10.1111/j.1744-7410.2004.tb00139.x |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279907248 |accessdate=29 September 2020}}</ref> although this is highly speculative. The extinct order is largely unknown and described as a possibly [[cnidaria]]n clade of marine life with shell-like structures, the [[Conulariida]]. Staurozoans are small animals ({{cvt|1-4|cm|1|disp=or}}) that live in marine environments, usually attached to seaweeds, rocks, or gravel.<ref name="Collins">Collins, A. G. (n.d.). Staurozoa. ''AccessScience''. doi:10.1036/1097-8542.652700</ref> They have a large antitropical distribution, a majority found in boreal or polar, near-shore, and shallow waters. Few staurozoans are found in warmer tropical and subtropical water environments of the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Ocean basins, but most are known from the Northern Hemisphere.<ref name="Collins" /> Over the years their number of species has increased, thus right now it is said to have an estimated 50 species.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Miranda|first1=Lucília S.|last2=Mills|first2=Claudia E.|last3=Hirano|first3=Yayoi M.|last4=Collins|first4=Allen G.|last5=Marques|first5=Antonio C.|date=2018-12-01|title=A review of the global diversity and natural history of stalked jellyfishes (Cnidaria, Staurozoa)|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-017-0721-4|journal=Marine Biodiversity|language=en|volume=48|issue=4|pages=1695–1714|doi=10.1007/s12526-017-0721-4|s2cid=11242035|issn=1867-1624}}</ref> Information on Staurozoa, is one of the least studied groups within Cnidaria. It is often neglected, but correctly recognizing the characters of this class is crucial for understanding cnidarian evolution. |
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== Morphology[edit] == |
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* During the metamorphosis of a stauropolyp into an adult stauromedusa, the eight primary tentacles <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Miranda |first1=Lucília Souza |last2=Collins |first2=Allen Gilbert |date=2019-04-01 |title=Eyes in Staurozoa (Cnidaria): a review |url=https://peerj.com/articles/6693 |journal=PeerJ |language=en |volume=7 |pages=e6693 |doi=10.7717/peerj.6693 |issn=2167-8359 |pmc=6448553 |pmid=30972259}}</ref> |
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During the metamorphosis of a stauropolyp into an adult stauromedusa, is the eight primary tentacles: |
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# Disappear by resorption. |
# Disappear by resorption. |
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# Remain as primary tentacles but with a modified shape. |
# Remain as primary tentacles but with a modified shape. |
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# Migrate and cluster together with the secondary tentacles. |
# Migrate and cluster together with the secondary tentacles. |
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Their life cycle is not well known, but is simplistic. They have a lifespan of less than a year and the planua larva attaches to the substrate, developing into a primary (interstitial) polyp that undergoes an apical transformation to develop into its adult body. The bodies consist of a calyx or cup, where they take in their prey with tentacles that contain cnidocysts- stinging cells. The tentacles are clusters on the edge of the body that lie on a stalk that attaches to a benthic substrate with their adhesive basal disk. The color of a Staurozoan depends on where they've attached in their environment. |
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== Ecology[edit] == |
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Staurozoans are predators and eat crustaceans such as, harpacticoid copepods for the smaller of the species and gammarid amphipods for the larger of the species. They also eat chironomid fly larvae, as well as plankton and when they're done with their food they eject it from their bodies. They are also preyed upon by fish as well as mollusks. |
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==Gallery== |
==Gallery== |
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{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
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{{Cnidaria}} |
{{Cnidaria}} |
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q4050073}} |
{{Taxonbar|from=Q4050073}} |
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Revision as of 17:45, 6 December 2022
| Staurozoa Temporal range:
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Cnidaria |
| Subphylum: | Medusozoa |
| Class: | Staurozoa Marques & Collins, 2004 |
| Orders | |
Staurozoa is a class of Medusozoa, jellyfishes and hydrozoans. It has one extant order: Stauromedusae (stalked jellyfishes) with a total of 50 known species. A fossil group called Conulariida has been proposed as a second order,[2] although this is highly speculative. The extinct order is largely unknown and described as a possibly cnidarian clade of marine life with shell-like structures, the Conulariida. Staurozoans are small animals (1–4 cm or 0.4–1.6 in) that live in marine environments, usually attached to seaweeds, rocks, or gravel.[3] They have a large antitropical distribution, a majority found in boreal or polar, near-shore, and shallow waters. Few staurozoans are found in warmer tropical and subtropical water environments of the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Ocean basins, but most are known from the Northern Hemisphere.[3] Over the years their number of species has increased, thus right now it is said to have an estimated 50 species.[4] Information on Staurozoa, is one of the least studied groups within Cnidaria. It is often neglected, but correctly recognizing the characters of this class is crucial for understanding cnidarian evolution.
Morphology[edit]
During the metamorphosis of a stauropolyp into an adult stauromedusa, is the eight primary tentacles:
- Disappear by resorption.
- Metamorphose into adhesive interradial and perradial rhopalioids.
- Remain as primary tentacles but with a modified shape.
- Migrate and cluster together with the secondary tentacles.
Their life cycle is not well known, but is simplistic. They have a lifespan of less than a year and the planua larva attaches to the substrate, developing into a primary (interstitial) polyp that undergoes an apical transformation to develop into its adult body. The bodies consist of a calyx or cup, where they take in their prey with tentacles that contain cnidocysts- stinging cells. The tentacles are clusters on the edge of the body that lie on a stalk that attaches to a benthic substrate with their adhesive basal disk. The color of a Staurozoan depends on where they've attached in their environment.
Ecology[edit]
Staurozoans are predators and eat crustaceans such as, harpacticoid copepods for the smaller of the species and gammarid amphipods for the larger of the species. They also eat chironomid fly larvae, as well as plankton and when they're done with their food they eject it from their bodies. They are also preyed upon by fish as well as mollusks.
Gallery
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Haliclystus sp. -
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References
- ^ Liu, A. G.; Matthews, J. J.; Menon, L. R.; McIlroy, D.; Brasier, M. D. (22 October 2014). "Haootia quadriformis n. gen., n. sp., interpreted as a muscular cnidarian impression from the Late Ediacaran period (approx. 560 Ma)". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 281 (1793): 20141202. doi:10.1098/rspb.2014.1202. PMC 4173675. PMID 25165764.
- ^ Marques and Allen (2004). "Cladistic analysis of Medusozoa and cnidarian evolution". Invertebrate Biology. 123 (1): 23–42. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7410.2004.tb00139.x. Retrieved 29 September 2020.
- ^ a b Collins, A. G. (n.d.). Staurozoa. AccessScience. doi:10.1036/1097-8542.652700
- ^ Miranda, Lucília S.; Mills, Claudia E.; Hirano, Yayoi M.; Collins, Allen G.; Marques, Antonio C. (2018-12-01). "A review of the global diversity and natural history of stalked jellyfishes (Cnidaria, Staurozoa)". Marine Biodiversity. 48 (4): 1695–1714. doi:10.1007/s12526-017-0721-4. ISSN 1867-1624. S2CID 11242035.
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