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[[Burmese honorific|Maung]] Pho born into minor nobility who served in the newly conquered kingdom of [[Rakhine State|Arakan]] since the reign of King [[Bodawpaya]]. His father, Maha Mingyi Kyawswa, was governor of [[Thandwe|Sandoway]] (Thandwe). His date of birth is not known. He was appointed to the position of {{ill|royal tea official|my|လက်ဖက်ရည်တော်}} (လက်ဖက်ရည်တော်) shortly after King Mindon ascended to the throne. Later he held several positions, such as second-in-command of the military unit for [[Salin, Myanmar|Salin]], Saku, Kyapin, and Legaing; governor of [[Mindon, Myanmar|Mindon]] and seven hill districts, commander of the Southern Tavoy Regiment, count of {{ill|Monglon|my|မိုင်းလုံမြို့}}.<ref name="full bio">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.th/books?id=diANAAAAIAAJ&q=%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8&dq=%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwie4aXzxKP7AhWL-jgGHYTaBkMQ6AF6BAgCEAI |title=Mranʻ māʹ lvatʻ lapʻ reʺ kruiʺ pamʻʺ mhu samuiṅʻʺ: Mranʻ mā tuiṅʻʺ raṅʻʺ sāʺ tuiʹ e* lakʻ nakʻ cvai kuiṅʻ toʻ lhanʻ reʺ, 1885-1895 |date=1986 |publisher=ʾA chaṅʻʹ mraṅʻʹ Paññā Ūʺ cīʺ Ṭhāna |language=my}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Preschez |first=Philippe |url=https://books.google.co.th/books?id=mXQzAAAAMAAJ&q |title=Kunʻʺ bhoṅʻ khetʻ praṅʻ sacʻ mranʻ mā chakʻ chaṃ reʺ samuiṅʻʺ |date=1976 |publisher=Cā pe Bimānʻ |language=my}}</ref> |
[[Burmese honorific|Maung]] Pho born into minor nobility who served in the newly conquered kingdom of [[Rakhine State|Arakan]] since the reign of King [[Bodawpaya]]. His father, Maha Mingyi Kyawswa, was governor of [[Thandwe|Sandoway]] (Thandwe). His date of birth is not known. He was appointed to the position of {{ill|royal tea official|my|လက်ဖက်ရည်တော်}} (လက်ဖက်ရည်တော်) shortly after King Mindon ascended to the throne. Later he held several positions, such as second-in-command of the military unit for [[Salin, Myanmar|Salin]], Saku, Kyapin, and Legaing; governor of [[Mindon, Myanmar|Mindon]] and seven hill districts, commander of the Southern Tavoy Regiment, count of {{ill|Monglon|my|မိုင်းလုံမြို့}}.<ref name="full bio">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.th/books?id=diANAAAAIAAJ&q=%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8&dq=%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwie4aXzxKP7AhWL-jgGHYTaBkMQ6AF6BAgCEAI |title=Mranʻ māʹ lvatʻ lapʻ reʺ kruiʺ pamʻʺ mhu samuiṅʻʺ: Mranʻ mā tuiṅʻʺ raṅʻʺ sāʺ tuiʹ e* lakʻ nakʻ cvai kuiṅʻ toʻ lhanʻ reʺ, 1885-1895 |date=1986 |publisher=ʾA chaṅʻʹ mraṅʻʹ Paññā Ūʺ cīʺ Ṭhāna |language=my}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Preschez |first=Philippe |url=https://books.google.co.th/books?id=mXQzAAAAMAAJ&q |title=Kunʻʺ bhoṅʻ khetʻ praṅʻ sacʻ mranʻ mā chakʻ chaṃ reʺ samuiṅʻʺ |date=1976 |publisher=Cā pe Bimānʻ |language=my}}</ref> |
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When King Mindon died in 1878, U Pho felt powerful enough to offer the throne to the late king's son, [[Thibaw Min|Prince Thibaw]]. He played a major role in the massacre of over 100 members of the royal family. He was an ally of Queen [[Hsinbyumashin]] who ordered almost all possible heirs to the throne to be killed, so that her daughter [[Supayalat]] and son-in-law [[Thibaw Min]] would become queen and king. In return, King Thibaw soon after his accession to the throne appointed him as the ''{{ill|Thuye |
When King Mindon died in 1878, U Pho felt powerful enough to offer the throne to the late king's son, [[Thibaw Min|Prince Thibaw]]. He played a major role in the massacre of over 100 members of the royal family. He was an ally of Queen [[Hsinbyumashin]] who ordered almost all possible heirs to the throne to be killed, so that her daughter [[Supayalat]] and son-in-law [[Thibaw Min]] would become queen and king. In return, King Thibaw soon after his accession to the throne appointed him as the ''{{ill|Thuye Wun|my|သူရဲဝန်}}'' (Minister of the Elite Infantry) with the title of '''Mingyi Minkhaung Maha Kyawhtin''' on 23 November 1878.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.th/books?id=qEEPAQAAIAAJ&q=%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8+%E1%80%99%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8&dq=%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8+%E1%80%99%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjkjcjIxaP7AhU-8jgGHSndDksQ6AF6BAgGEAI |title=Takkasuilʻ paññā padesā |date=1969 |publisher=Takkasuilʻ Myāʺ ʼUpʻ Khyupʻ Reʺ Ruṃʺ |language=my}}</ref> On 22 January 1879, he was appointed as the Minister of the Interior (''atwin wun'') and granted the [[appanage]] of {{ill|Taingda|my|တိုင်တားရွာ၊ မင်းတုန်းမြို့နယ်}} (a town between [[Sidoktaya]] and [[Minbu]]) and became known as ''Taingda Mingyi'' (Lord of Taingda).<ref name=mmt-3-337>(Maung Maung Tin Vol. 3 2004: 337): 1st waxing of Tabodwe 1240 ME = 22 January 1879</ref> On 23 March 1883,<ref name=mmt-3-391>(Maung Maung Tin Vol. 3 2004: 391): 1st waning of [[Tagu|Late Tagu]] 1244 ME = 23 March 1883</ref> he was promoted to ''Agga Maha Thenapati Wungyi'' (Minister of Defense), while also serving as ''{{ill|Thamidaw Wun|my|သမီးတော်ဝန်}}'' (lit. "Minister of the Royal Daughter").<ref name="full bio"/> |
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Right after the [[Third Anglo-Burmese War]], Taingda briefly served in the incoming British admistration.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.th/books?id=q_YMAAAAIAAJ&q=%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8+%E1%80%99%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8&dq=%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8+%E1%80%99%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiT2PWOx6P7AhUa-DgGHVi5AOI4ChDoAXoECA0QAg |title=Ṅve tā rī maggajaṅʻʺ |date=1979|publisher=Ūʺ Ēi Moṅʻ. |language=my}}</ref> He and Kinwun were the first two Burmese to be appointed to the [[Legislative Council of Burma]]. However, the British soon detained Taingda, charging him with creating unrest in the country, and exiled him to [[Cuttack]], [[Odisha State]], India.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Blackburn |first1=Terence R. |title=Executions by the Half-dozen: The Pacification of Burma |date=2008 |publisher=APH Publishing |isbn=978-81-313-0403-7 |url=https://books.google.co.th/books?id=2fWX6nQZyoYC&pg=PA107&lpg=PA107&dq=taingda+mingyi+india&source=bl&ots=4xRAtEOyv2&sig=ACfU3U1_gn4Wd8ykojSRKRf_SvrFHay2MQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi6tuzg36P7AhUUFrcAHc0tAyYQ6AF6BAgkEAI#v=onepage&q=taingda%20mingyi%20india&f=false |language=en}}</ref> In 1890, the British sent him back to Burma. He died on 31 May 1896 (Sunday, 6th waning of Nayon 1258 ME) in [[Yangon|Rangoon]] (Yangon).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kyan | first=Daw |url=https://books.google.co.th/books?id=1JMBAAAAMAAJ | title=Padetharit Myanmar Naingngan Ei Zat-thein (Padesarājʻ Mranʻ mā nuiṅʻ ṅaṃ e* jātʻ simʻʺ) | date=1978 | publisher=Department of Historical Research, Ministry of Culture | language=my}}</ref> |
Right after the [[Third Anglo-Burmese War]], Taingda briefly served in the incoming British admistration.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.th/books?id=q_YMAAAAIAAJ&q=%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8+%E1%80%99%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8&dq=%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8+%E1%80%99%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiT2PWOx6P7AhUa-DgGHVi5AOI4ChDoAXoECA0QAg |title=Ṅve tā rī maggajaṅʻʺ |date=1979|publisher=Ūʺ Ēi Moṅʻ. |language=my}}</ref> He and Kinwun were the first two Burmese to be appointed to the [[Legislative Council of Burma]]. However, the British soon detained Taingda, charging him with creating unrest in the country, and exiled him to [[Cuttack]], [[Odisha State]], India.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Blackburn |first1=Terence R. |title=Executions by the Half-dozen: The Pacification of Burma |date=2008 |publisher=APH Publishing |isbn=978-81-313-0403-7 |url=https://books.google.co.th/books?id=2fWX6nQZyoYC&pg=PA107&lpg=PA107&dq=taingda+mingyi+india&source=bl&ots=4xRAtEOyv2&sig=ACfU3U1_gn4Wd8ykojSRKRf_SvrFHay2MQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi6tuzg36P7AhUUFrcAHc0tAyYQ6AF6BAgkEAI#v=onepage&q=taingda%20mingyi%20india&f=false |language=en}}</ref> In 1890, the British sent him back to Burma. He died on 31 May 1896 (Sunday, 6th waning of Nayon 1258 ME) in [[Yangon|Rangoon]] (Yangon).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kyan | first=Daw |url=https://books.google.co.th/books?id=1JMBAAAAMAAJ | title=Padetharit Myanmar Naingngan Ei Zat-thein (Padesarājʻ Mranʻ mā nuiṅʻ ṅaṃ e* jātʻ simʻʺ) | date=1978 | publisher=Department of Historical Research, Ministry of Culture | language=my}}</ref> |
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Revision as of 20:22, 12 November 2022
U Pho ဦးဘိုး | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Member of the Legislative Council of Burma | |
| In office December 1885 – 1886? | |
| Preceded by | Position established |
| Succeeded by | ? |
| Senior Minister of the Hluttaw | |
| In office 23 March 1883 – 30 November 1885 | |
| Monarch | Thibaw Min |
| Preceded by | ? |
| Succeeded by | Position disestablished |
| Lord of Taingda Minister of the Interior | |
| In office 22 January 1879 – 30 November 1885 | |
| Monarch | Thibaw Min |
| Preceded by | Taingda Princess |
| Succeeded by | Position disestablished |
| Personal details | |
| Born | c. 1820s Konbaung Burma |
| Died | 31 May 1896 Sunday, 6th waning of Nayon 1258 ME Rangoon, British Burma |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | Konbaung Dynasty |
| Branch/service | Royal Burmese armed forces |
| Years of service | ?–1885 |
| Rank | Agga Maha Thenapati (Commander in chief) |
| Commands | Southern Tavoy Regiment |
Taingda Mingyi U Pho (Template:Lang-my, pronounced [táiɰ̃dà mɪ́ɰ̃dʑí ʔú pʰó]; ? – 31 May 1896) was an influential Burmese official of the royal courts of King Mindon and King Thibaw during the Konbaung dynasty.[1][2] He became the most powerful official at King Thibaw's court, and held several key positions, including Minister of the Interior, Minister of Defense, and Senior Minister of the Hluttaw. Taingda was seen as an opponent of Kinwun Mingyi U Kaung and the leader of the conservative faction that advocated for war with the British.[3]
Life
Maung Pho born into minor nobility who served in the newly conquered kingdom of Arakan since the reign of King Bodawpaya. His father, Maha Mingyi Kyawswa, was governor of Sandoway (Thandwe). His date of birth is not known. He was appointed to the position of royal tea official (လက်ဖက်ရည်တော်) shortly after King Mindon ascended to the throne. Later he held several positions, such as second-in-command of the military unit for Salin, Saku, Kyapin, and Legaing; governor of Mindon and seven hill districts, commander of the Southern Tavoy Regiment, count of Monglon.[4][5]
When King Mindon died in 1878, U Pho felt powerful enough to offer the throne to the late king's son, Prince Thibaw. He played a major role in the massacre of over 100 members of the royal family. He was an ally of Queen Hsinbyumashin who ordered almost all possible heirs to the throne to be killed, so that her daughter Supayalat and son-in-law Thibaw Min would become queen and king. In return, King Thibaw soon after his accession to the throne appointed him as the Thuye Wun (Minister of the Elite Infantry) with the title of Mingyi Minkhaung Maha Kyawhtin on 23 November 1878.[6] On 22 January 1879, he was appointed as the Minister of the Interior (atwin wun) and granted the appanage of Taingda (a town between Sidoktaya and Minbu) and became known as Taingda Mingyi (Lord of Taingda).[7] On 23 March 1883,[8] he was promoted to Agga Maha Thenapati Wungyi (Minister of Defense), while also serving as Thamidaw Wun (lit. "Minister of the Royal Daughter").[4]
Right after the Third Anglo-Burmese War, Taingda briefly served in the incoming British admistration.[9] He and Kinwun were the first two Burmese to be appointed to the Legislative Council of Burma. However, the British soon detained Taingda, charging him with creating unrest in the country, and exiled him to Cuttack, Odisha State, India.[10] In 1890, the British sent him back to Burma. He died on 31 May 1896 (Sunday, 6th waning of Nayon 1258 ME) in Rangoon (Yangon).[11]
References
- ^ Wills, Arthur Winkler (1905). Sunny Days in Burma. Midland Counties Herald Press.
- ^ Shah, Sudha (2012-06-14). The King In Exile: The Fall Of The Royal Family Of Burma. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-93-5029-598-4.
- ^ Fielding, Harold (1899). Thibaw's Queen. Harper.
- ^ a b Mranʻ māʹ lvatʻ lapʻ reʺ kruiʺ pamʻʺ mhu samuiṅʻʺ: Mranʻ mā tuiṅʻʺ raṅʻʺ sāʺ tuiʹ e* lakʻ nakʻ cvai kuiṅʻ toʻ lhanʻ reʺ, 1885-1895 (in Burmese). ʾA chaṅʻʹ mraṅʻʹ Paññā Ūʺ cīʺ Ṭhāna. 1986.
- ^ Preschez, Philippe (1976). Kunʻʺ bhoṅʻ khetʻ praṅʻ sacʻ mranʻ mā chakʻ chaṃ reʺ samuiṅʻʺ (in Burmese). Cā pe Bimānʻ.
- ^ Takkasuilʻ paññā padesā (in Burmese). Takkasuilʻ Myāʺ ʼUpʻ Khyupʻ Reʺ Ruṃʺ. 1969.
- ^ (Maung Maung Tin Vol. 3 2004: 337): 1st waxing of Tabodwe 1240 ME = 22 January 1879
- ^ (Maung Maung Tin Vol. 3 2004: 391): 1st waning of Late Tagu 1244 ME = 23 March 1883
- ^ Ṅve tā rī maggajaṅʻʺ (in Burmese). Ūʺ Ēi Moṅʻ. 1979.
- ^ Blackburn, Terence R. (2008). Executions by the Half-dozen: The Pacification of Burma. APH Publishing. ISBN 978-81-313-0403-7.
- ^ Kyan, Daw (1978). Padetharit Myanmar Naingngan Ei Zat-thein (Padesarājʻ Mranʻ mā nuiṅʻ ṅaṃ e* jātʻ simʻʺ) (in Burmese). Department of Historical Research, Ministry of Culture.
Bibliography
- Maung Maung Tin, U (1905). Konbaung Set Yazawin (in Burmese). Vol. 1–3 (2004 ed.). Yangon: Department of Universities History Research, University of Yangon.