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* The ''[[Tekken]]'' and ''[[Grand Theft Auto]]'' games were killer apps for the Sony PlayStation and PlayStation 2 consoles.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Stevens |first1=Chris |title=Designing for the iPad: Building Applications that Sell |date=4 January 2011 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-0-470-97693-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QUUfc9Z06D4C&pg=PA100 |language=en}}</ref>
* The ''[[Tekken]]'' and ''[[Grand Theft Auto]]'' games were killer apps for the Sony PlayStation and PlayStation 2 consoles.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Stevens |first1=Chris |title=Designing for the iPad: Building Applications that Sell |date=4 January 2011 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-0-470-97693-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QUUfc9Z06D4C&pg=PA100 |language=en}}</ref>
*''[[Super Mario 64]]'',<ref name="hutchinson20130113">{{Cite web |last=Hutchinson |first=Lee |date=2013-01-13 |title=How I launched 3 consoles (and found true love) at Babbage's store no. 9 |url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2013/01/how-i-launched-3-consoles-and-found-true-love-at-babbages-store-no-9/ |access-date=2020-06-20 |website=Ars Technica |language=en-us}}</ref> as well as ''[[GoldenEye 007 (1997 video game)|GoldenEye 007]]'',<ref>{{cite magazine |title=The 52 Most Important Video Games of All Time (page 5 of 8) |url=http://www.gamepro.com/article/features/110069/the-52-most-important-video-games-of-all-time-page-5-of-8/ |magazine=[[GamePro]] |date=April 24, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100404032903/http://www.gamepro.com/article/features/110069/the-52-most-important-video-games-of-all-time-page-5-of-8/ |access-date=17 May 2021 |archive-date=4 April 2010}}</ref> were considered killer apps for the [[Nintendo 64]].
*''[[Super Mario 64]]'',<ref name="hutchinson20130113">{{Cite web |last=Hutchinson |first=Lee |date=2013-01-13 |title=How I launched 3 consoles (and found true love) at Babbage's store no. 9 |url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2013/01/how-i-launched-3-consoles-and-found-true-love-at-babbages-store-no-9/ |access-date=2020-06-20 |website=Ars Technica |language=en-us}}</ref> as well as ''[[GoldenEye 007 (1997 video game)|GoldenEye 007]]'',<ref>{{cite magazine |title=The 52 Most Important Video Games of All Time (page 5 of 8) |url=http://www.gamepro.com/article/features/110069/the-52-most-important-video-games-of-all-time-page-5-of-8/ |magazine=[[GamePro]] |date=April 24, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100404032903/http://www.gamepro.com/article/features/110069/the-52-most-important-video-games-of-all-time-page-5-of-8/ |access-date=17 May 2021 |archive-date=4 April 2010}}</ref> were considered killer apps for the [[Nintendo 64]].
*''[[Virtua Fighter 3]]'', ''[[Sonic Adventure]]'', and ''[[The House of the Dead 2]]'' were the killer app for the [[Dreamcast]].<ref>https://www.ign.com/articles/1999/03/02/a-brief-history-of-dreamcast</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/games/2018/nov/28/sega-dreamcast-at-20-futuristic-console|title = Sega Dreamcast at 20: The futuristic games console that came too soon|website = [[TheGuardian.com]]|date = 28 November 2018}}</ref><ref>https://www.ign.com/articles/2009/05/15/sega-needs-back-on-iphone</ref>
*''[[Virtua Fighter 3]]'', ''[[Sonic Adventure]]'', and ''[[The House of the Dead 2]]'' were the killer apps for the [[Dreamcast]].<ref>https://www.ign.com/articles/1999/03/02/a-brief-history-of-dreamcast</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/games/2018/nov/28/sega-dreamcast-at-20-futuristic-console|title = Sega Dreamcast at 20: The futuristic games console that came too soon|website = [[TheGuardian.com]]|date = 28 November 2018}}</ref><ref>https://www.ign.com/articles/2009/05/15/sega-needs-back-on-iphone</ref>
*''[[Gran Turismo 3]]'' is considered the killer app for the [[Sony PlayStation 2]].<ref name=GT3sales>{{cite journal |title=Final Reality | author=Nicholson, Zy |issue=11 |date=September 2001 |pages=49, 50 |journal=[[PlayStation Official Magazine – UK#Official UK PlayStation 2 Magazine|Official UK PlayStation 2 Magazine]] }}</ref>
*''[[Gran Turismo 3]]'' is considered the killer app for the [[Sony PlayStation 2]].<ref name=GT3sales>{{cite journal |title=Final Reality | author=Nicholson, Zy |issue=11 |date=September 2001 |pages=49, 50 |journal=[[PlayStation Official Magazine – UK#Official UK PlayStation 2 Magazine|Official UK PlayStation 2 Magazine]] }}</ref>
* ''[[Halo: Combat Evolved]]'' and ''[[Halo 2]]'' are considered the killer apps for the original [[Xbox (console)|Xbox]],<ref>Craig Glenday, ed (2008-03-11). "Hardware History II". Guinness World Records Gamer's Edition 2008. Guinness World Records. Guinness. p. 27. {{ISBN|978-1-904994-21-3}}.</ref> and the subsequent series entries went on to become killer apps for the [[Xbox 360]] and [[Xbox One]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.fool.com/investing/general/2014/07/01/why-halo-the-master-chief-collection-will-save-the.aspx|title=Why 'Halo: The Master Chief Collection' Will Save the Xbox One -- The Motley Fool|last=Sun|first=Leo|date=2016-12-15|newspaper=The Motley Fool|access-date=2016-12-15}}</ref>
* ''[[Halo: Combat Evolved]]'' and ''[[Halo 2]]'' are considered the killer apps for the original [[Xbox (console)|Xbox]],<ref>Craig Glenday, ed (2008-03-11). "Hardware History II". Guinness World Records Gamer's Edition 2008. Guinness World Records. Guinness. p. 27. {{ISBN|978-1-904994-21-3}}.</ref> and the subsequent series entries went on to become killer apps for the [[Xbox 360]] and [[Xbox One]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.fool.com/investing/general/2014/07/01/why-halo-the-master-chief-collection-will-save-the.aspx|title=Why 'Halo: The Master Chief Collection' Will Save the Xbox One -- The Motley Fool|last=Sun|first=Leo|date=2016-12-15|newspaper=The Motley Fool|access-date=2016-12-15}}</ref>

Revision as of 22:49, 29 November 2022

In marketing terminology, a killer application (commonly shortened to killer app) is any computer program or software that is so necessary or desirable that it proves the core value of some larger technology, such as computer hardware, a video game console, software, a programming language, a software platform, or an operating system.[1] In other words, consumers would buy the (usually expensive) hardware just to run that application. A killer app can substantially increase sales of the platform on which it runs.[2][3]

Examples

One mark of a good computer is the appearance of a piece of software specifically written for that machine that does something that, for a while at least, can only be done on that machine.

— Steven Levy, 1985[4]
VisiCalc, the earliest generally agreed-upon example of a killer application

One of the first recognized examples of a killer application is generally agreed to be the VisiCalc spreadsheet for the Apple II series.[4][5] Because it was not available on other computers for 12 months, people spent $100 for the software first, then $2,000 to $10,000 on the Apple computer they needed to run it.[6] BYTE wrote in 1980, "VisiCalc is the first program available on a microcomputer that has been responsible for sales of entire systems",[7] while Creative Computing's VisiCalc review was subtitled "reason enough for owning a computer".[8] Others also chose to develop software, such as EasyWriter, for the Apple II first because of its increasing sales.

Lotus 1-2-3 similarly benefited sales of the IBM PC.[4] Noting that computer purchasers did not want PC compatibility as much as compatibility with certain PC software, InfoWorld suggested "let's tell it like it is. Let's not say 'PC compatible,' or even 'MS-DOS compatible.' Instead, let's say '1-2-3 compatible.'"[6][9] Another killer app is WordStar, the most popular word processor during much of the 1980s.[10]

The UNIX Operating System served as a killer application for the DEC PDP-11 and VAX-11 minicomputers during roughly 1975–1985. Many of the PDP-11 and VAX-11 processors never ran DEC's operating systems (RSTS or VAX/VMS), but instead, they ran UNIX, which was first licensed in 1975. To get a virtual-memory UNIX (BSD 3.0), a VAX-11 computer must be purchased. Many universities wanted a general-purpose timesharing system that would meet the needs of students and researchers (early versions of UNIX included free compilers for C, Fortran, and Pascal; at the time, offering even one free compiler was unprecedented). From its inception UNIX could drive high-quality typesetting equipment and later PostScript printers using the nroff/troff typesetting language, and this was also unprecedented for its time. UNIX was the first operating system offered in source-license form (a university license cost only $10,000, less than a PDP-11), allowing it to run on an unlimited number of machines, and allowing the machines to interface to any type of hardware because the UNIX I/O system was extensible.

Usage

The first recorded use of the term in print was 1988, in PC Week 24 May. 39/1. "Everybody has only one killer application. The secretary has a word processor. The manager has a spreadsheet."[11]

The definition of "killer app" came up during Bill Gates' questioning in the United States v. Microsoft Corp. antitrust case. Bill Gates had written an email in which he described Internet Explorer as a killer app. In the questioning, he said that the term meant "a popular application", and did not connote an application that would fuel sales of a larger product or one that would supplant its competition, as the Microsoft Computer Dictionary defined it.

Introducing the iPhone in 2007, Steve Jobs said that "the killer app is making calls."[12] Reviewing the iPhone's first decade, David Pierce for Wired wrote that although Jobs did indeed prioritize a good experience making calls in the phone's development, other features of the phone soon turned out to be more important, such as its data connectivity and ability to install third-party software (which was added later).[13]

The World Wide Web, through the web browsers Mosaic and Netscape Navigator were killer apps that popularized the Internet,[14] as was the music-sharing program Napster.[15]

Killer apps for computers and operating systems

Killer app games for video game hardware

The term has also been applied to computer and video games that persuade consumers to buy a particular video game console or other video game hardware product over a competing one, by virtue of being exclusive to that platform. Such a game is also known in video game parlance as a "system seller". Examples of video game killer applications include:

See also

Notes

  1. ^ While Tomb Raider released for the Sega Saturn first and for MS-DOS at the same time, and Resident Evil was later ported for the Saturn and Microsoft Windows, both games contributed substantially to the original PlayStation's early success. (see Blache Fabian & Lauren Fielder and NG Alphas)

References

  1. ^ "Killer app". Merrian-Webmaster. Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. Retrieved 14 January 2015.
  2. ^ Scannell, Ed (February 20, 1989). "OS/2: Waiting for the Killer Applications". InfoWorld. Vol. 11, no. 8. Menlo Park, CA: InfoWorld Publications. pp. 41–45. ISSN 0199-6649. Early use of the term "Killer Application".
  3. ^ Kask, Alex (September 18, 1989). "Revolutionary Products Are Not in the Industry's Near Future". InfoWorld. Vol. 11, no. 38. Menlo Park, CA: InfoWorld Publications. p. 68. ISSN 0199-6649. Early use of the term "Killer App".
  4. ^ a b c Levy, Steven (January 1985). "The Life and Times of PC junior". Popular Computing. p. 92. Retrieved 2020-03-12.
  5. ^ D.J. Power, A Brief History of Spreadsheets, DSSResources.COM, v3.6, 30 August 2004
  6. ^ a b McMullen, Barbara E. and John F. (1984-02-21). "Apple Charts The Course For IBM". PC Magazine. p. 122. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
  7. ^ Ramsdell, Robert E (November 1980). "The Power of VisiCalc". BYTE. pp. 190–192. Retrieved 18 October 2013.
  8. ^ Green, Doug (August 1980). "VisiCalc: Reason Enough For Owning A Computer". Creative Computing. p. 26. Retrieved 18 October 2013.
  9. ^ Clapp, Doug (1984-02-27). "PC compatibility". InfoWorld. p. 22. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
  10. ^ Bergin, Thomas J. (Oct–Dec 2006). "The Origins of Word Processing Software for Personal Computers: 1976-1985". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 28 (4): 32–47. doi:10.1109/MAHC.2006.76. S2CID 18895790.
  11. ^ Earliest usage cited in Oxford English Dictionary
  12. ^ Newton, Cal (25 January 2019). "Steve Jobs Never Wanted Us to Use Our iPhones Like This". New York Times. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
  13. ^ Pierce, David. "Even Steve Jobs Didn't Predict the iPhone Decade". Wired. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
  14. ^ John Markoff (1993-12-08). "BUSINESS TECHNOLOGY; A Free and Simple Computer Link". New York Times.
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  16. ^ a b Vaughan-Nichols, Steven (May 14, 2013). "Goodbye, Lotus 1-2-3". Retrieved 2022-01-24.
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  42. ^ Hickman, Sam (March 1996). "The Thrill of the Chase!". Sega Saturn Magazine. No. 5. Emap International Limited. p. 36. And if there was one game that sold Playstation on launch, it was WipEout
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  49. ^ https://www.ign.com/articles/1999/03/02/a-brief-history-of-dreamcast
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  51. ^ https://www.ign.com/articles/2009/05/15/sega-needs-back-on-iphone
  52. ^ Nicholson, Zy (September 2001). "Final Reality". Official UK PlayStation 2 Magazine (11): 49, 50.
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  69. ^ "Microsoft Flight Simulator review: The killer app". August 17, 2020.
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