Names of Indonesia: Difference between revisions
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==History== |
==History== |
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On identifying geographical names of their lands, the [[Native Indonesian|Indonesian natives]] seldom transcend their traditional boundaries, which is relatively small confined in their tribal environs. There are around [[Ethnic groups in Indonesia|300 distinct native ethnic groups]] in Indonesia, and [[Languages of Indonesia|742 different languages]],<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Expat Web Site Association|title=''An Overview of Indonesia''|work=Living in Indonesia, A Site for Expatriates|url=http://www.expat.or.id/info/overview.html|access-date=5 October 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Merdekawaty|first=E.|title=''"Bahasa Indonesia" and languages of Indonesia''|work=UNIBZ – Introduction to Linguistics|publisher=Free University of Bolzano|date=6 July 2006|url=http://www.languagestudies.unibz.it/Bahasa%20Indonesia_Merdekawaty.pdf|access-date=17 July 2006|page=5|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060921074359/http://www.languagestudies.unibz.it/Bahasa%20Indonesia_Merdekawaty.pdf|archive-date=21 September 2006|df=dmy-all}}</ref> which add to the complexity and nonconformity on the naming of the region. The concept of identifying the whole archipelagic region that today forms Indonesia with a single name was unknown then. Geographical names usually applied to individual islands, such as [[Java]], one of the earliest identified islands in the Indonesian archipelago. It was foreign traders and explorers from [[India]], [[China]], the [[Middle East]], and [[Europe]] who finally chose the names of this region. |
On identifying geographical names of their lands, the [[Native Indonesian|Indonesian natives]] seldom transcend their traditional boundaries, which is relatively small confined in their tribal environs. There are around [[Ethnic groups in Indonesia|300 distinct native ethnic groups]] in Indonesia, and [[Languages of Indonesia|742 different languages]],<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Expat Web Site Association|title=''An Overview of Indonesia''|work=Living in Indonesia, A Site for Expatriates|url=http://www.expat.or.id/info/overview.html|access-date=5 October 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Merdekawaty|first=E.|title=''"Bahasa Indonesia" and languages of Indonesia''|work=UNIBZ – Introduction to Linguistics|publisher=Free University of Bolzano|date=6 July 2006|url=http://www.languagestudies.unibz.it/Bahasa%20Indonesia_Merdekawaty.pdf|access-date=17 July 2006|page=5|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060921074359/http://www.languagestudies.unibz.it/Bahasa%20Indonesia_Merdekawaty.pdf|archive-date=21 September 2006|df=dmy-all}}</ref> which add to the complexity and nonconformity on the naming of the region. The concept of identifying the whole archipelagic region that today forms Indonesia with a single name was unknown then. Geographical names usually applied to individual islands, such as [[Sumatra]] and [[Java]], one of the earliest identified islands in the Indonesian archipelago. It was foreign traders and explorers from [[India]], [[China]], the [[Middle East]], and [[Europe]] who finally chose the names of this region. |
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George Samuel Windsor Earl, a British ethnologist, who first coined the term ''Indonesia'' and introduced it into scientific discourse in 1850, ''Indus'' was dereved from the ''Indies'' while ''nesia'' is Greek for ''islands'' (nesos). James Richardson Logan, a Scottish scholar, substituted the ''u'' in ''Indonesia'' with ''o''<ref name='asia'>https://theculturetrip.com/asia/indonesia/articles/indonesia-get-name/</ref>. But during early independence movements around 1920s, Indonesia scholars, most of whom had acquired their education overseas, advocated embracing the name ''Indonesia'' to replace the Dutch-imposed label for their homeland<ref name='asia'/>. It's important to remember that before this, before the foreign traders and explorers set foot later set camp on the archipelago, the region that now constitutes Indonesia was home to hundreds of native ethnic groups with their own societal systems and authorities<ref name='asia'/>. And when independence was gained from the Netherlands in 1945, all those regions, despite their cultural and ethnic differences, plied allegiances to a common identity by the name of Indonesia<ref name='asia'/>. |
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== Names recorded in ancient scriptures== |
== Names recorded in ancient scriptures== |
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Revision as of 17:17, 1 December 2022
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Indonesia is the common and official name to refer to the Republic of Indonesia or Indonesian archipelago; however, other names, such as Nusantara and East Indies are also known. Some names are considered obsolete and confined to certain periods of history, while some might be more geographically specific or general.
History
On identifying geographical names of their lands, the Indonesian natives seldom transcend their traditional boundaries, which is relatively small confined in their tribal environs. There are around 300 distinct native ethnic groups in Indonesia, and 742 different languages,[1][2] which add to the complexity and nonconformity on the naming of the region. The concept of identifying the whole archipelagic region that today forms Indonesia with a single name was unknown then. Geographical names usually applied to individual islands, such as Sumatra and Java, one of the earliest identified islands in the Indonesian archipelago. It was foreign traders and explorers from India, China, the Middle East, and Europe who finally chose the names of this region.
George Samuel Windsor Earl, a British ethnologist, who first coined the term Indonesia and introduced it into scientific discourse in 1850, Indus was dereved from the Indies while nesia is Greek for islands (nesos). James Richardson Logan, a Scottish scholar, substituted the u in Indonesia with o[3]. But during early independence movements around 1920s, Indonesia scholars, most of whom had acquired their education overseas, advocated embracing the name Indonesia to replace the Dutch-imposed label for their homeland[3]. It's important to remember that before this, before the foreign traders and explorers set foot later set camp on the archipelago, the region that now constitutes Indonesia was home to hundreds of native ethnic groups with their own societal systems and authorities[3]. And when independence was gained from the Netherlands in 1945, all those regions, despite their cultural and ethnic differences, plied allegiances to a common identity by the name of Indonesia[3].
Names recorded in ancient scriptures
The following ancient names were originally the names for some of the islands in present-day Indonesia (as pars pro toto).
Yavadvipa
The island of Java was the earliest island within Indonesia to be identified by the geographers of the outside world. "Yavadvipa" is mentioned in India's earliest epic, the Ramayana. It was mentioned that Sugriva, the chief of Rama's army dispatched his men to Yawadvipa, the island of Java, in search of Sita.[4]
Suvarnadvipa
Suvarnadvipa, "Golden Island", may have been used as a vague general designation of an extensive region in Southeast Asia, but over time, different parts of that area came to be designated by the additional epithets of island, peninsula or city.[5] In contrast the ancient name for the Indian subcontinent is Bhāratavarsha or Bharatakhanda.[6] In ancient Indonesia, the name Suvarnadvipa is used to designate Sumatra island; as counterpart of neighbouring Javadvipa or Bhumijava (Java island). Both Java and Sumatra are the principal islands in Indonesian history.
Iabadiu
The great island of Iabadiu or Jabadiu was mentioned in Ptolemy's Geographia composed around 150 CE in the Roman Empire. Iabadiu is said to mean "barley island", to be rich in gold, and have a silver town called Argyra at the west end. The name indicated Java,[7] and seems to be derived from the Hindu name Java-dvipa (Yawadvipa). Despite the name's indicating Java, many suggest that it refers to Sumatra instead.[7]
Exonym names
The following names were originally the names present day Indonesia and several other surrounding states (as totum pro parte). They are mostly exonyms.
Jawi
Eighth-century Arab geographers identified the whole Maritime Southeast Asian region as "Jawi" (Arabic:جاوي). The word "Jawi" (جاوي) is an adjective for the Arabic noun Jawah (جاوة). Both terms may originate from an Indian source, the term "Javadvipa", the ancient name for Java. "Jawah" and "Jawi" may have been used by the Arabs as catch-all terms referring to the entire Maritime Southeast Asia and its peoples.[8] Today, the term Jawi is also used to describe the Jawi alphabet, the Arabic script that has been used and modified to write in Southeast Asian languages, especially Malay.
In native Javanese, the term also means Java (geographically: tanah Jawi ꦠꦤꦃꦗꦮꦶ, or ethnically: tiyang Jawi ꦠꦶꦪꦁꦗꦮꦶ).
Nanyang
Nanyang (南洋) (literally meaning "Southern Ocean"), is a Chinese term denoting the greater Maritime Southeast Asia region not only Indonesia, but also including Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Brunei, but usually excluding other mainland Southeast Asian nations, especially the other nations on the Indochinese peninsula. It came into common usage in self-reference to the large ethnic Chinese migrant population in Southeast Asia. Nanyang is contrasted with Dongyang (Eastern Ocean), which refers to Japan.
Insulindia
Insulindia or Insulinde, is an archaic geographical term[9][10][11] for Maritime Southeast Asia, encompassing the entire area situated between Australasia and Indochina.[12] More common in Portuguese and Spanish,[13][14][15] it is a combined word (portmanteau) from insula ("island") and india (India).
Endonym names
The following names were endonym alternatives to "Indonesia".
Sunda Islands
The Sunda Islands are a group of islands in the Indonesian Archipelago.[16] They consist of the Greater Sunda Islands (roughly western part of present Indonesia) and the Lesser Sunda Islands (roughly southeastern part of present Indonesia).
The Sunda Islands are divided between four countries, namely Brunei, East Timor, Indonesia and Malaysia. The majority of these islands fall under the jurisdiction of Indonesia. Borneo is divided between Brunei, Indonesia and Malaysia. Timor Island is divided between East Timor and Indonesia. Two small islands also belong to East Timor.
Sunda is the name of the ethnic group living in western part of Java Island. Today the Sundanese are the second largest such group in Indonesia after the Javanese.
Nusantara
Nusantara is an Indonesian word for the Indonesian archipelago.[17] It originated from Old Javanese and literally means "archipelago".[18] The name derived from the Old Javanese words of Sanskrit origin nusa ("island") and antara ("in between") or antero ("the whole of" or "the collection of"); the combined word therefore connotes "collection of islands" or "archipelago".
The word Nusantara was taken from an oath by Gajah Mada in 1336, as written on an old Javanese manuscript Pararaton and Negarakertagama.[19] Gajah Mada was a powerful military leader and prime minister of the Majapahit Empire who was credited with bringing the empire to its peak of glory. Gajah Mada delivered an oath called Sumpah Palapa, in which he vowed not to eat any food containing spices until he had conquered all of Nusantara under Majapahit.
In 1920, Ernest Francois Eugene Douwes Dekker (1879–1950), proposed "Nusantara" as a new name for this country instead of "Indonesia". He argued that the name was more indigenously developed, which did not contain any words etymologically inherited from the name Indies, Indus or India.[20] This is the first instance of the term Nusantara appearing after it had been written in Pararaton manuscript.
The definition of Nusantara introduced by Douwes Dekker is different from its 14th century definition. During the Majapahit era, Nusantara was described as vassal areas to be conquered, the overseas possessions of Majapahit, in contrast with Negara Agung or the core of Majapahit. However, Douwes Dekker did not want this aggressive connotation, so he defined Nusantara as all the Indonesian regions from Sabang as far as Merauke. Although Douwes Dekker's proposal did not succeed, and the name "Indonesia" remained in use for the nation's name, the name "Nusantara" has been widely used in literature, printed and broadcast news materials and popular publications, thus it has become the synonym for Indonesia.
Modern names
Starting with Hindia-Belanda, academicians began to refer the present day Indonesia with a single term. After the 1945 independence, the country officially adopted Indonesia as its formal name.
Dutch East Indies (Oost-Indië / Hindia Belanda)
The term "the Indies" derived from the Indus River flowing through modern-day Pakistan, India and western Tibet. It was applied by the ancient Greeks to most of the regions of Asia to the east of Persia. This usage dates at least from the time of Herodotus, in the 5th century BC (see Names of India). The term "Indies" was first used by European geographers to identify the geographic region of the Indian Subcontinent, and the islands beyond.
After the discovery of America, the term was modified to include "east", to distinguish the area from the area associated with Columbus' discoveries, called the West Indies. During the age of exploration in the 16th century, "East Indies" became a term used by Europeans to identify what is now known as Indian subcontinent or South Asia, Southeastern Asia, and the islands of Oceania and Maritime Southeast Asia.[21] During that era, the East Indies portion now called "Indonesia" fell under Dutch colonial control and therefore was referred to as Dutch East Indies.
Indonesia
Indonesia derives from the Latin and Greek Indus (Ἰνδός), meaning "Indian", and the Greek nésos (νῆσος), meaning "island".[22] The name dates to the 18th century, far predating the formation of independent Indonesia.[23] In 1850, George Windsor Earl, an English ethnologist, proposed the terms Indunesians — and, his preference, Malayunesians — for the inhabitants of the "Indian Archipelago or Malayan Archipelago".[24] In the same publication, a student of Earl's, James Richardson Logan, used Indonesia as a synonym for Indian Archipelago.[24][25] However, Dutch academics writing in East Indies publications were reluctant to use Indonesia. Instead, they used the terms Malay Archipelago (Maleische Archipel); the Netherlands East Indies (Nederlandsch Oost Indië), popularly Indië; the East (de Oost); and Insulinde.[26]
After 1900, the name Indonesia became more common in academic circles outside the Netherlands, and Indonesian nationalist groups adopted it for political expression.[26] Adolf Bastian, of the University of Berlin, popularised the name through his book Indonesien oder die Inseln des Malayischen Archipels, 1884–1894. The first Indonesian scholar to use the name was Suwardi Suryaningrat (Ki Hajar Dewantara), when he established a press bureau in the Netherlands, Indonesisch Pers-bureau, in 1913.[23] Between 1910 and 1915, Swiss linguist, Renward Brandstetter wrote An Introduction to Indonesian Linguistics in 4 essays, which was translated into English in 1916. It talked about the various similarities between languages in the region, and pioneered the concept of Common Indonesian [words] and Original Indonesian [words].
Although the name was originally meant for scientific purposes, on 28 October 1928, the name "Indonesia" gained more political significance when the native pro-independence nationalist youth in the Dutch East Indies declared the Youth Pledge, acknowledging Indonesia as one motherland, one nation, and upholding Indonesian as the language of unity.[27]
Malayunesia
Malayunesia is another name next to Indunesia that was proposed by George Samuel Windsor Earl to identify the archipelago.[28] It was a Greek translation of the Malay Archipelago also connected to the concept of Malay race, the inhabitant of the archipelago. It was said that Windsor Earl prefer the name Malayunesia (Malay Archipelago) instead of Indunesia (Indian Archipelago), because Malayunesia is an appropriate name for the Malay archipelago, while Indunesia can also refer to Ceylon (Sri Lanka) and Maldives. He also argues that Malay language is spoken throughout the archipelago.[citation needed]
Nicknames
Equatorial Emerald
Some literature works and poems describe Indonesia in eloquent poetic names, such as Zamrud Khatulistiwa ("Equatorial Emerald"), which refers to Indonesian green and lush tropical rainforest as the emeralds, as well as the geographic position of Indonesia, along the equator. It was originally from the Dutch phrase Gordel van Smaragd ("Emerald of the Tropic") which coined by Multatuli (a pen name used by Eduard Douwes Dekker, a 19th-century Dutch writer, who described Dutch East Indies as "'t prachtig ryk van Insulinde dat zich daar slingert om den evenaar, als een gordel van smaragd" ("the beautiful empire of Insulinde that girdles the equator like a belt of emerald").[29]
Bumi Pertiwi and Tanah Air
Other local epithets such as Bumi Pertiwi ("Land of Earth or Mother Earth"), refer to Indonesia through its national personification, Ibu Pertiwi, and Tanah Air (Indonesian lit: "soil and water"), an Indonesian word for "homeland", motherland, or mother country.
See also
References
- ^ "An Overview of Indonesia". Living in Indonesia, A Site for Expatriates. Expat Web Site Association. Retrieved 5 October 2006.
- ^ Merdekawaty, E. (6 July 2006). ""Bahasa Indonesia" and languages of Indonesia" (PDF). UNIBZ – Introduction to Linguistics. Free University of Bolzano. p. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 September 2006. Retrieved 17 July 2006.
- ^ a b c d https://theculturetrip.com/asia/indonesia/articles/indonesia-get-name/
- ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=9ic4BjWFmNIC&pg=PA465 History of Ancient India Kapur, Kamlesh
- ^ Ancient India's Colonies in the Far East Vol 2, Dr. R. C. Majumdar, Asoke Kumar Majumdar (1937) p. 46
- ^ "Puranas - What is the Story behind Jambudweep?".
- ^ a b J. Oliver Thomson (2013). History of Ancient Geography. Cambridge University Press. pp. 316–317. ISBN 9781107689923. Retrieved 25 August 2015.
- ^ Shahrizal bin Mahpol (2002). "Penguasaan tulisan jawi di kalangan pelajar Melayu : suatu kajian khusus di UiTM cawangan Kelantan (Competency in Jawi among Malay students: A specific study in UiTM, Kelantan campus)". Digital Repository, Universiti Malaya. Retrieved 8 July 2012.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Reptiles in the East and West Indies- and Some Digression. T. Barbour, The American Naturalist, Vol. 57, No. 649 (Mar. - Apr. 1923), pp. 125-128
- ^ Review: The Tongking Delta and the Annamite House. Geographical Review, Vol. 27, No. 3 (Jul. 1937), pp. 519-520
- ^ Pottery Braziers of Mohenjo-Daro. A. Aiyappan, Man, Vol. 39, (May 1939), pp. 71-72
- ^ Asia in the making of Europe: Volume III, A century of advance. Donald F. Lach, Edwin J. Van Kley (eds.), University of Chicago Press (1993). ISBN 978-0-226-46757-3 pp. 1301-1396
- ^ Portugal, Embaixada (Indonesia), Sukarno and Portugal. Embaixada de Portugal em Jacarta (2002) pp. 61-62
- ^ Timor português: contribuïções para o seu estudo antropológico, António Augusto Mendes Correa. Vol. 1 of Memórias: Série antropológica e etnológica, Portugal Junta de Investigações do Ultramar. Imprensa Nacional de Lisboa (1944)
- ^ Asia monzónica: India, Indochina, Insulindia, Jules Sion, Luis Villanueva López-Moreno (tr.). Vol. 13 of Geografía Universal. Montaner y Simón (1948)
- ^ For an early English-language account see "Account of the Sunda Islands and Japan : discourse of the Hon. T.S. Raffles" pp. [190]-198, from the Quarterly journal of science articles, vol. 2 (1817); or Journal of science and the arts, Vol. 2 (1817).
- ^ Echols, John M.; Shadily, Hassan (1989), Kamus Indonesia Inggris (An Indonesian-English Dictionary) (1st,6th ed.), Jakarta: Gramedia, ISBN 979-403-756-7
- ^ Friend, T. (2003). Indonesian Destinies. Harvard University Press. p. 601. ISBN 0-674-01137-6.
- ^ Prapanca, Mpu; Robson, S. O.; Owen, Stuart (1995), Nagarakrtagama, Mpu Prapanca (Stuart Robson, tr.), Leiden: KITLV, ISBN 90-6718-094-7
- ^ Vlekke, Bernard H.M. (1943), Nusantara: A History of the East Indian Archipelago (1st ed.), Netherlands: Ayer Co Pub, pp. 303–470, ISBN 978-0-405-09776-8
- ^ http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50071685?single=1&query_type=word&queryword=east+indies&first=1&max_to_show=10 East Indies, Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed. (1989)
- ^ Tomascik, T.; Mah, JA; Nontji, A.; Moosa, M.K. (1996). The Ecology of the Indonesian Seas – Part One. Hong Kong: Periplus Editions. ISBN 962-593-078-7.
- ^ a b Anshory, Irfan (16 August 2004). "Asal Usul Nama Indonesia" (in Indonesian). Pikiran Rakyat. Archived from the original on 15 December 2006. Retrieved 5 October 2006.
- ^ a b Earl, George S.W. (1850). "On The Leading Characteristics of the Papuan, Australian and Malay-Polynesian Nations". Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia (JIAEA): 119, 254, 277–278.
- ^ Logan, James Richardson (1850). "The Ethnology of the Indian Archipelago: Embracing Enquiries into the Continental Relations of the Indo-Pacific Islanders". Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia (JIAEA): 4:252–347.
- ^ a b Justus M. van der Kroef (1951). "The Term Indonesia: Its Origin and Usage". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 71 (3): 166–71. doi:10.2307/595186. JSTOR 595186.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 16 May 2013. Retrieved 15 October 2012.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Youth Pledge Museum website (Indonesian) - ^ "George Windsor Earl — 'a single glance is sufficient'".
- ^ "Multatuli by Max Havelaar (full text)" (in Dutch). Project Gutenberg. Retrieved 19 January 2016.
