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Corrected IPA for Marathi example and added references for other Indian languages.
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| Devoiced approximant allophone of {{IPA|/r/}}.{{sfnp|Árnason|2011|p=115}} See [[Faroese phonology]]
| Devoiced approximant allophone of {{IPA|/r/}}.{{sfnp|Árnason|2011|p=115}} See [[Faroese phonology]]
|-
|-
| [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] || [[Hindi]] || {{lang|hi|[[Devanagari|कष्ट]]}}||[[Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu|[ˈkəʂʈ]]]|| 'trouble' || see [[Hindi phonology]]
| [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] || [[Hindi]] || {{lang|hi|[[Devanagari|कष्ट]]}}||{{IPA|[ˈkəʂʈ]}} || 'trouble' ||
|-
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Kannada]]
| colspan="2" |[[Kannada]]
|[[Kannada script|ಕಷ್ಟ]]
|[[Kannada script|ಕಷ್ಟ]]
|[[Help:IPA/Kannada|[kaʂʈa]]]
|{{IPA|[kaʂʈa]}}
|'difficult'
|'difficult'
|
|see [[Kannada phonology]]
|-
|-
| [[Khanty language|Khanty]]||Most northern dialects||{{lang|kca|'''ш'''а'''ш'''}}||{{IPA|[ʂɑʂ]}}||'knee'||Corresponds to a [[voiceless retroflex affricate]] {{IPA|/ʈ͡ʂ/}} in the southern and eastern dialects.
| [[Khanty language|Khanty]]||Most northern dialects||{{lang|kca|'''ш'''а'''ш'''}}||{{IPA|[ʂɑʂ]}}||'knee'||Corresponds to a [[voiceless retroflex affricate]] {{IPA|/ʈ͡ʂ/}} in the southern and eastern dialects.
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| colspan="2" | [[Lower Sorbian language|Lower Sorbian]]<ref name="Šewc">{{harvp|Šewc-Schuster|1984|pp=40–41}}</ref>{{sfnp|Zygis|2003|pp=180–181, 190–191}} || {{lang|dsb|gla'''ž'''k}} || {{IPA|[ˈɡläʂk]}} || 'glass' ||
| colspan="2" | [[Lower Sorbian language|Lower Sorbian]]<ref name="Šewc">{{harvp|Šewc-Schuster|1984|pp=40–41}}</ref>{{sfnp|Zygis|2003|pp=180–181, 190–191}} || {{lang|dsb|gla'''ž'''k}} || {{IPA|[ˈɡläʂk]}} || 'glass' ||
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] || {{lang|ml|[[Malayalam script|കഷ്ടം]]}} || [[Help:IPA/Malayalam|[kɐʂʈɐm]]]|| 'difficult' || Only occurs in loanwords.
| colspan="2" | [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] || {{lang|ml|[[Malayalam script|കഷ്ടം]]}} || {{IPA|[kɐʂʈɐm]}} || 'difficult' || Only occurs in loanwords.
See [[Malayalam phonology]]
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Mapuche language|Mapudungun]]{{sfnp|Sadowsky|Painequeo|Salamanca|Avelino|2013|p=90}} || {{lang|arn|[[Mapudungun alphabet|truku'''r''']]}} || {{IPA|[ʈ͡ʂʊ̝ˈkʊʂ]}} || 'fog' || Possible allophone of {{IPA|/ʐ/}} in post-nuclear position.{{sfnp|Sadowsky|Painequeo|Salamanca|Avelino|2013|p=90}}
| colspan="2" | [[Mapuche language|Mapudungun]]{{sfnp|Sadowsky|Painequeo|Salamanca|Avelino|2013|p=90}} || {{lang|arn|[[Mapudungun alphabet|truku'''r''']]}} || {{IPA|[ʈ͡ʂʊ̝ˈkʊʂ]}} || 'fog' || Possible allophone of {{IPA|/ʐ/}} in post-nuclear position.{{sfnp|Sadowsky|Painequeo|Salamanca|Avelino|2013|p=90}}
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Marathi language|Marathi]] || {{lang|mr|[[Devanagari|ऋ'''षी''']]}} || [[Help:IPA/Marathi|[ɾuʂiː]]]|| 'sage' ||see [[Marathi phonology]]
| colspan="2" | [[Marathi language|Marathi]] || {{lang|mr|[[Devanagari|ऋ'''षी''']]}} || {{IPA|[ruʂiː]}} || 'sage' ||
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Nepali language|Nepali]] || {{lang|ne|[[Devanāgarī|षष्ठी]]}}||[[Help:IPA/Nepali|[sʌʂʈʰi]]]|| '[[Shashthi (day)]]' ||Allophone of /s/ in neighbourhood of retroflex consonants.
| colspan="2" | [[Nepali language|Nepali]] || {{lang|ne|[[Devanāgarī|षष्ठी]]}}||{{IPA|[sʌʂʈʰi]}}|| '[[Shashthi (day)]]' ||Allophone of /s/ in neighbourhood of retroflex consonants.
See [[Nepali phonology]]
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] || {{lang|no|[[Norwegian alphabet|no'''rs'''k]]}} || {{IPA|[nɔʂk]}} || 'Norwegian' || Allophone of the sequence {{IPA|/ɾs/}} in many dialects, including [[Urban East Norwegian]]. See [[Norwegian phonology]]
| colspan="2" | [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] || {{lang|no|[[Norwegian alphabet|no'''rs'''k]]}} || {{IPA|[nɔʂk]}} || 'Norwegian' || Allophone of the sequence {{IPA|/ɾs/}} in many dialects, including [[Urban East Norwegian]]. See [[Norwegian phonology]]
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|-
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || {{lang|ta|[[Tamil script|கஷ்டம்]]}} || rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[kɐʂʈɐm]}} || rowspan="2" | 'difficult' || Only occurs in loanwords, often replaced with /s/.
| colspan="2" | [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || {{lang|ta|[[Tamil script|கஷ்டம்]]}} || rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[kɐʂʈɐm]}} || rowspan="2" | 'difficult' || Only occurs in loanwords, often replaced with /s/.
See [[Tamil phonology]]
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || {{lang|te|[[Telugu script|కష్టం]]}} || Only occurs in loanwords.
| colspan="2" | [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || {{lang|te|[[Telugu script|కష్టం]]}} || Only occurs in loanwords.
See [[Telugu phonology]]
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Toda language|Toda]]{{sfnp|Ladefoged|2005|p=168}} || || {{IPA|[pɔʂ]}} || '(clan name)' || [[Subapical consonant|Subapical]], contrasts /θ s̪ s̠ ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ/.{{sfnp|Krishnamurti|2003|p=66}}
| colspan="2" | [[Toda language|Toda]]{{sfnp|Ladefoged|2005|p=168}} || || {{IPA|[pɔʂ]}} || '(clan name)' || [[Subapical consonant|Subapical]], contrasts /θ s̪ s̠ ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ/.{{sfnp|Krishnamurti|2003|p=66}}

Revision as of 14:18, 5 January 2023

Voiceless retroflex fricative
ʂ
IPA number136
Audio sample
Encoding
Entity (decimal)&#642;
Unicode (hex)U+0282
X-SAMPAs`
Braille⠲ (braille pattern dots-256)⠎ (braille pattern dots-234)
Voiceless retroflex approximant
ɻ̊
IPA number152 402A
Encoding
X-SAMPAr\`_0

The voiceless retroflex sibilant fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʂ⟩ which is a Latin letter s combined with a retroflex hook. Like all the retroflex consonants, the IPA letter is formed by adding a rightward-pointing hook to the bottom of ⟨s⟩ (the letter used for the corresponding alveolar consonant). A distinction can be made between laminal, apical, and sub-apical articulations. Only one language, Toda, appears to have more than one voiceless retroflex sibilant, and it distinguishes subapical palatal from apical postalveolar retroflex sibilants; that is, both the tongue articulation and the place of contact on the roof of the mouth are different.

Some scholars also posit the voiceless retroflex approximant distinct from the fricative. The approximant may be represented in the IPA as ⟨ɻ̊⟩.

Features

Schematic mid-sagittal section

Features of the voiceless retroflex fricative:

  • Its manner of articulation is sibilant fricative, which means it is generally produced by channeling air flow along a groove in the back of the tongue up to the place of articulation, at which point it is focused against the sharp edge of the nearly clenched teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
  • Its place of articulation is retroflex, which prototypically means it is articulated subapical (with the tip of the tongue curled up), but more generally, it means that it is postalveolar without being palatalized. That is, besides the prototypical subapical articulation, the tongue can be apical (pointed) or, in some fricatives, laminal (flat).
  • Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
  • It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
  • It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
  • Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

In the following transcriptions, diacritics may be used to distinguish between apical [ʂ̺] and laminal [ʂ̻].

The commonality of [ʂ] cross-linguistically is 6% in a phonological analysis of 2155 languages.[1]

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Abkhaz амш [amʂ] 'day' See Abkhaz phonology
Adyghe пшъашъэ [pʂ̻aːʂ̻a]ⓘ 'girl' Laminal.
Chinese Mandarin 石/shí [ʂ̺ɻ̩˧˥] 'stone' Apical. See Mandarin phonology
Emilian-Romagnol Romagnol sé [ˈʂĕ] 'yes' Apical; may be [s̺ʲ] or [ʃ] instead.
Faroese fýrs [fʊʂ] 'eighty'
bert [pɛɻ̊ʈ] 'only' Devoiced approximant allophone of /r/.[2] See Faroese phonology
Hindustani Hindi कष्ट [ˈkəʂʈ] 'trouble'
Kannada ಕಷ್ಟ [kaʂʈa] 'difficult'
Khanty Most northern dialects шаш [ʂɑʂ] 'knee' Corresponds to a voiceless retroflex affricate /ʈ͡ʂ/ in the southern and eastern dialects.
Lower Sorbian[3][4] glažk [ˈɡläʂk] 'glass'
Malayalam കഷ്ടം [kɐʂʈɐm] 'difficult' Only occurs in loanwords.
Mapudungun[5] trukur [ʈ͡ʂʊ̝ˈkʊʂ] 'fog' Possible allophone of /ʐ/ in post-nuclear position.[5]
Marathi ऋषी [ruʂiː] 'sage'
Nepali षष्ठी [sʌʂʈʰi] 'Shashthi (day)' Allophone of /s/ in neighbourhood of retroflex consonants.
Norwegian norsk [nɔʂk] 'Norwegian' Allophone of the sequence /ɾs/ in many dialects, including Urban East Norwegian. See Norwegian phonology
Oʼodham Cuk-Ṣon [tʃʊk ʂɔn] Tucson
Pashto Southern dialect ښودل [ ʂodəl] 'to show'
Polish Standard[6] szum [ʂ̻um]ⓘ 'rustle' After voiceless consonants it is also represented by ⟨rz⟩. When written so, it can be instead pronounced as the voiceless raised alveolar non-sonorant trill by few speakers.[7] It is transcribed /ʃ/ by most Polish scholars. See Polish phonology
Southeastern Cuyavian dialects[8] schowali [ʂxɔˈväli] 'they hid' Some speakers. It's a result of hypercorrecting the more popular merger of /ʂ/ and /s/ into [s] (see szadzenie).
Suwałki dialect[9]
Romanian Moldavian dialects[10] șură ['ʂurə] 'barn' Apical.[10] See Romanian phonology
Transylvanian dialects[10]
Russian[6] шут [ʂut̪] 'jester' See Russian phonology
Serbo-Croatian[11][12] шал / šal [ʂȃ̠l] 'scarf' Typically transcribed as /ʃ/. See Serbo-Croatian_phonology
Slovak[13] šatka [ˈʂätkä] 'kerchief'
Swedish fors [fɔʂ] 'rapids' Allophone of the sequence /rs/ in many dialects, including Central Standard Swedish. See Swedish phonology
Tamil கஷ்டம் [kɐʂʈɐm] 'difficult' Only occurs in loanwords, often replaced with /s/.
Telugu కష్టం Only occurs in loanwords.
Toda[14] [pɔʂ] '(clan name)' Subapical, contrasts /θ s̪ s̠ ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ/.[15]
Torwali[16] ݜیݜ [ʂeʂ] 'thin rope'
Ubykh [ʂ̺a] 'head' See Ubykh phonology
Upper Sorbian Some dialects[17][18] [example needed] — — Used in dialects spoken in villages north of Hoyerswerda; corresponds to [ʃ] in standard language.[3] See Upper Sorbian phonology
Vietnamese Southern dialects[19] sữa [ʂɨə˧ˀ˥] 'milk' See Vietnamese phonology
Yi ꏂ/shy [ʂ̺ɹ̩˧] 'gold'
Yurok[20] segep [ʂɛɣep] 'coyote'
Zapotec Tilquiapan[21] [example needed] — — Allophone of /ʃ/ before [a] and [u].

Voiceless retroflex non-sibilant fricative

Voiceless retroflex non-sibilant fricative
ɻ̝̊
ɻ̊˔
IPA number152 402B 429
Encoding
X-SAMPAr\`_0_r

Features

Features of the voiced retroflex non-sibilant fricative:

  • Its place of articulation is retroflex, which prototypically means it is articulated subapical (with the tip of the tongue curled up), but more generally, it means that it is postalveolar without being palatalized. That is, besides the prototypical subapical articulation, the tongue can be apical (pointed) or, in some fricatives, laminal (flat).
  • Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
  • It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
  • It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
  • Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Ormuri[22] [example needed]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Phoible.org. (2018). PHOIBLE Online - Segments. [online] Available at: http://phoible.org/parameters.
  2. ^ Árnason (2011), p. 115.
  3. ^ a b Šewc-Schuster (1984), pp. 40–41
  4. ^ Zygis (2003), pp. 180–181, 190–191.
  5. ^ a b Sadowsky et al. (2013), p. 90.
  6. ^ a b Hamann (2004), p. 65
  7. ^ Karaś, Halina. "Gwary polskie - Frykatywne rż (ř)". Archived from the original on 2013-11-13. Retrieved 2013-11-06.
  8. ^ Taras, Barbara. "Gwary polskie - Gwara regionu". Archived from the original on 2013-11-13.
  9. ^ Karaś, Halina. "Gwary polskie - Szadzenie". Archived from the original on 2013-11-13.
  10. ^ a b c Pop (1938), p. 31.
  11. ^ Kordić (2006), p. 5.
  12. ^ Landau et al. (1999), p. 67.
  13. ^ Hanulíková & Hamann (2010), p. 374.
  14. ^ Ladefoged (2005), p. 168.
  15. ^ Krishnamurti (2003), p. 66.
  16. ^ Lunsford (2001), pp. 16–20.
  17. ^ Šewc-Schuster (1984), p. 41.
  18. ^ Zygis (2003), p. 180.
  19. ^ Thompson (1959), pp. 458–461.
  20. ^ "Yurok consonants". Yurok Language Project. UC Berkeley. Retrieved 7 January 2017.
  21. ^ Merrill (2008), p. 109.
  22. ^ Novák, Ľubomír (2013). "Other Eastern Iranian Languages". Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages (PhD). Prague: Charles University. p. 59.

References

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