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== Distribution and habitat ==
== Distribution and habitat ==
''Agathis robusta'' occurs in two locations, a southern population on [[K'gari (Fraser Island)|K'gari]] (Fraser Island) and around [[Maryborough, Queensland|Maryborough]], and a northern population in the [[Cairns]] region, including the [[Atherton Tableland]]s. The northern population was formerly distinguished as ''Agathis palmerstonii'', but does not differ from the southern population and is no longer considered distinct.<ref>Whitmore, T. C. (1980). A monograph of ''Agathis''. ''Pl. Syst. Evol''. 135: 41-69.</ref>
''Agathis robusta'' occurs in three distinct locations — a southern population in southeast Queensland in the regions around [[Gympie]], [[Maryborough, Queensland|Maryborough]], and [[K'gari (Fraser Island)|K'gari]] (Fraser Island); another population in northeast Queensland in the regions from [[Ingham, Queensland|Ingham]] to [[Cooktown, Queensland|Cooktown]], including the [[Atherton Tableland]]s; and the third in [[New Guinea]].{{R|WMIC|AVH}} The north Queensland population was formerly recognised as ''Agathis palmerstonii'', but is now considered to be synonymous with the southern grouping.{{R|WHITMORE}}

The species grows in [[rainforest]] on well drained soils of various types, at altitudes up to {{cvt|1100|m}} and where the rainfall is between {{cvt|1100|and|1500|mm}}.{{R|WMIC|RFK}}


==Uses==
==Uses==
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<ref name="COOPER2">{{Cite book |last1=Cooper |first1=Wendy |last2=Cooper |first2=William T. |author-link2=William T. Cooper |date=June 2004 |title=Fruits of the Australian Tropical Rainforest |publication-place=Clifton Hill, Victoria, Australia |publisher=Nokomis Editions |isbn=9780958174213 |url=https://www.nokomis.com.au/product/nokomis-published-books/fruits-australian-tropical-rainforest/ |page=4}}</ref>
<ref name="COOPER2">{{Cite book |last1=Cooper |first1=Wendy |last2=Cooper |first2=William T. |author-link2=William T. Cooper |date=June 2004 |title=Fruits of the Australian Tropical Rainforest |publication-place=Clifton Hill, Victoria, Australia |publisher=Nokomis Editions |isbn=9780958174213 |url=https://www.nokomis.com.au/product/nokomis-published-books/fruits-australian-tropical-rainforest/ |page=4}}</ref>

<ref name="RFK">{{cite web |url=https://apps.lucidcentral.org/rainforest/text/entities/Agathis_robusta.htm |title=''Agathis robusta'' |author1=F.A.Zich |author2=B.P.M.Hyland |author3=T.Whiffen |author4=R.A.Kerrigan |author2-link=Bernard Hyland |year=2020 |website=[[Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants]] Edition 8 (RFK8) |publisher=Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research (CANBR), [[Australian Government]] |access-date=19 January 2023}}</ref>


<ref name="WMIC">{{cite web |title=Araucariaceae in Queensland |url=https://www.woodworksmuseum.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Araucariaceae-in-Queensland-Web.pdf |website=Woodworks Museum & Interpretive Centre |access-date=21 December 2022}}</ref>
<ref name="WMIC">{{cite web |title=Araucariaceae in Queensland |url=https://www.woodworksmuseum.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Araucariaceae-in-Queensland-Web.pdf |website=Woodworks Museum & Interpretive Centre |access-date=21 December 2022}}</ref>

<ref name="AVH">{{cite web |title=Search: species: Agathis robusta {{!}} Occurrence records {{!}} The Australasian Virtual Herbarium |url=https://avh.ala.org.au/occurrences/search?taxa=Agathis%20robusta#tab_mapView |website=[[Australasian Virtual Herbarium]] |publisher=[[Australian Government]] |access-date=19 January 2023}}</ref>

<ref name="WHITMORE">Whitmore, T. C. (1980). A monograph of ''Agathis''. ''Pl. Syst. Evol''. 135: 41-69.</ref>
}}
}}


Revision as of 09:09, 19 January 2023

Agathis robusta
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Gymnospermae
Division: Pinophyta
Class: Pinopsida
Order: Araucariales
Family: Araucariaceae
Genus: Agathis
Species:
A. robusta
Binomial name
Agathis robusta
Synonyms[3]
  • Dammara robusta C.Moore ex F.Muell.

Agathis robusta, commonly known as the Queensland kauri (pine) or smooth-barked kauri, is a coniferous tree in the family Araucariaceae. Although sometimes called a pine it is not a true pine, having leaves rather than needles. It has a disjunct distribution, occurring in Papua New Guinea and Queensland, Australia. Populations in Papua New Guinea may be treated as the distinct species Agathis spathulata.[4]

Description

It is a large evergreen tree growing straight and tall to a height of 30–50 m (98–164 ft), with smooth, scaly bark. The leaves are up to 12 cm (4.7 in) long and 5 cm (2.0 in) wide, tough and leathery in texture, with no midrib. They are arranged in opposite pairs (rarely whorls of three) on the stem. The globose, green seed cones measure 8–13 cm (3.1–5.1 in) diameter and mature in 18–20 months after pollination. They disintegrate at maturity to release the seeds. The male (pollen) cones are cylindrical, 5–10 cm (2.0–3.9 in) long and 1–1.5 cm (0.39–0.59 in) thick.

Taxonomy

The Queensland kauri was first described as Dammara robusta in 1859 by the German born Australian botanist Ferdinand von Mueller and published in the journal Quarterly Journal and Transactions of the Pharmaceutical Society of Victoria. In 1883 the Colonial Botanist of Queensland Frederick Manson Bailey published a paper in which he gave the species its current binomial name Agathis robusta.[2][3]

Subspecies

There are two recognised subspecies as of January 2023, namely Agathis robusta ssp. nesophila Whitmore, which is restricted to New Guinea and New Britain,[5] and the autonymous subspecies Agathis robusta ssp. robusta.[3]

Etymology

The genus name Agathis is from the Ancient Greek word ἀγαθίς, "ball of thread", a reference to the appearance of the female cones (seed cones).[6][7] The species epithet is derived from the Latin word rōbustus meaning "robust".[7]

Distribution and habitat

Agathis robusta occurs in three distinct locations — a southern population in southeast Queensland in the regions around Gympie, Maryborough, and K'gari (Fraser Island); another population in northeast Queensland in the regions from Ingham to Cooktown, including the Atherton Tablelands; and the third in New Guinea.[6][8] The north Queensland population was formerly recognised as Agathis palmerstonii, but is now considered to be synonymous with the southern grouping.[9]

The species grows in rainforest on well drained soils of various types, at altitudes up to 1,100 m (3,600 ft) and where the rainfall is between 1,100 and 1,500 mm (43 and 59 in).[6][10]

Uses

The Queensland kauri was heavily logged in the past, and spectacular trees of prodigious size are much rarer than in pre-European times; despite this, the species as a whole is not endangered.

  • Foliage
    Foliage
  • Bark
    Bark
  • Harvested in the Eudlo district, Queensland, in 1905
    Harvested in the Eudlo district, Queensland, in 1905
  • Located in the Rose Garden at the Huntington Library and Gardens in San Marino, California
    Located in the Rose Garden at the Huntington Library and Gardens in San Marino, California
  • History and description of Agathis robusta tree at the Huntington Library and Gardens
    History and description of Agathis robusta tree at the Huntington Library and Gardens

References

  1. ^ Farjon, A. (2013). "Agathis robusta". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T16437966A2960124. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T16437966A2960124.en. Retrieved 19 January 2023.
  2. ^ a b "Agathis robusta". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI). Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. Retrieved 19 January 2023.
  3. ^ a b c d "Agathis robusta C.Moore ex F.Muell.". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 19 January 2023.
  4. ^ de Laubenfels, D. J. (1988). Coniferales. In van Steenis & de Wilde (eds.), Flora Malesiana 10: 337-453.
  5. ^ "Agathis robusta subsp. nesophila Whitmore". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 19 January 2023.
  6. ^ a b c "Araucariaceae in Queensland" (PDF). Woodworks Museum & Interpretive Centre. Retrieved 21 December 2022.
  7. ^ a b Cooper, Wendy; Cooper, William T. (June 2004). Fruits of the Australian Tropical Rainforest. Clifton Hill, Victoria, Australia: Nokomis Editions. p. 4. ISBN 9780958174213.
  8. ^ "Search: species: Agathis robusta | Occurrence records | The Australasian Virtual Herbarium". Australasian Virtual Herbarium. Australian Government. Retrieved 19 January 2023.
  9. ^ Whitmore, T. C. (1980). A monograph of Agathis. Pl. Syst. Evol. 135: 41-69.
  10. ^ F.A.Zich; B.P.M.Hyland; T.Whiffen; R.A.Kerrigan (2020). "Agathis robusta". Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants Edition 8 (RFK8). Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research (CANBR), Australian Government. Retrieved 19 January 2023.
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