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==Newspapers of public record==
==Newspapers of public record==
[[File:Le Figaro, boulevard Haussmann.JPG|thumb|upright|Paris headquarters of ''[[Le Figaro]]'', France's centre-right newspaper of record (public record and by reputation)]]
[[File:Le Figaro, boulevard Haussmann.JPG|thumb|upright|Paris headquarters of ''[[Le Figaro]]'', France's centre-right newspaper of record (public record and by reputation)]]
A "newspaper of public record", or [[government gazette]], refers to a publicly available newspaper that is authorized by a government to publish public or legal notices.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Martin |first1=Shannon E. |url=https://archive.org/details/newspapersofreco0000mart |title=Newspapers of Record in a Digital Age: From Hot Type to Hot Link |last2=Hansen |first2=Kathleen A. |publisher=Praeger Publishers |year=1998 |isbn=0-275-95960-0 |location=Westport, CT |page=[https://archive.org/details/newspapersofreco0000mart/page/5 5] |url-access=registration}}</ref> It is often established by [[statute]] or official action and publication of notices within it, whether by the government or a private party, is usually considered sufficient to comply with legal requirements for [[public notice]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/blackslawdiction0000blac_6edh1l9 |title=Black's Law Dictionary, 6th edn. |publisher=West Publishing |year=1990 |isbn=90-6544-631-1 |url-access=registration}}</ref> Such gazettes often have little editorial content (i.e. opinion articles), and are focused on transmission of information to the public regarding state services and state decisions; an example is [[Latvia]]'s ''[[Latvijas Vēstnesis]]''.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AsJlnVU4ipoC&q=newspaper+of+record&pg=PA342|title=Nations in Transit 2004: Democratization in East Central Europe and Eurasia|last=House|first=Freedom|date=13 September 2004|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=9781461731412|page=342|language=en}}</ref>
A "newspaper of public record", or [[government gazette]] or [[official journal]] refers to a publicly available newspaper that is authorized by a government to publish public or legal notices.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Martin |first1=Shannon E. |url=https://archive.org/details/newspapersofreco0000mart |title=Newspapers of Record in a Digital Age: From Hot Type to Hot Link |last2=Hansen |first2=Kathleen A. |publisher=Praeger Publishers |year=1998 |isbn=0-275-95960-0 |location=Westport, CT |page=[https://archive.org/details/newspapersofreco0000mart/page/5 5] |url-access=registration}}</ref> It is often established by [[statute]] or official action and publication of notices within it, whether by the government or a private party, is usually considered sufficient to comply with legal requirements for [[public notice]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/blackslawdiction0000blac_6edh1l9 |title=Black's Law Dictionary, 6th edn. |publisher=West Publishing |year=1990 |isbn=90-6544-631-1 |url-access=registration}}</ref> Such gazettes often have little editorial content (i.e. opinion articles), and are focused on transmission of information to the public regarding state services and state decisions; an example is [[Latvia]]'s ''[[Latvijas Vēstnesis]]''.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AsJlnVU4ipoC&q=newspaper+of+record&pg=PA342|title=Nations in Transit 2004: Democratization in East Central Europe and Eurasia|last=House|first=Freedom|date=13 September 2004|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=9781461731412|page=342|language=en}}</ref>


In some jurisdictions, privately owned newspapers may register with the public authorities to publish public and legal notices, or be otherwise eligible to publish said notices (terms used may include "newspaper of general circulation" among others).<ref>See, for example, L.N. 362 of 1997 of The Government of The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Gazette</ref><ref>For example, see [http://www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us/Docs/LG/htm/LG.52.htm#52.004 Texas Local Government Code - Section 52.004. Official Newspaper] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609190800/http://www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us/Docs/LG/htm/LG.52.htm#52.004 |date=9 June 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cityofmccleary.com/index.asp?SEC=%7B821D9B2C-D6B1-4D12-AB18-1A88DE86A30D%7D&Type=B_LIST|title=1.12 Official Newspaper - City of McCleary|website=cityofmccleary.com|access-date=20 July 2022|archive-date=27 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227132244/https://cityofmccleary.com/index.asp?SEC=%7B821D9B2C-D6B1-4D12-AB18-1A88DE86A30D%7D&Type=B_LIST|url-status=dead}}</ref> Likewise, a private newspaper may be designated by the [[court]]s for publication of legal notices, such as notices of [[trade name|fictitious business name]]s, if certain judicial and statutory standards are met.<ref>See, e.g., {{cite web |title=California Government Code, Sec. 6000 - 6008 |url=https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displayText.xhtml?lawCode=GOV&division=7.&title=1.&part=&chapter=1.&article=1. |website=California Legislative Information |publisher=California State Legislature |access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://codes.findlaw.com/ny/general-construction-law/gcn-sect-60.html|title=New York Consolidated Laws, General Construction Law - GCN § 60|website=Findlaw}}</ref> These are sometimes called "legally adjudicated newspapers".<ref>{{cite web|title=Fictitious Names: Adjudicated Newspapers|url=http://www.sonoma-county.org/Clerk/HTML_Documents/FictitiousNames/Newspapers.htm|work=County Clerk|publisher=[[Sonoma County, California|County of Sonoma]]|access-date=4 October 2012|archive-date=29 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029074233/http://sonoma-county.org/Clerk/HTML_Documents/FictitiousNames/Newspapers.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
In some jurisdictions, privately owned newspapers may register with the public authorities to publish public and legal notices, or be otherwise eligible to publish said notices (terms used may include "newspaper of general circulation" among others).<ref>See, for example, L.N. 362 of 1997 of The Government of The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Gazette</ref><ref>For example, see [http://www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us/Docs/LG/htm/LG.52.htm#52.004 Texas Local Government Code - Section 52.004. Official Newspaper] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609190800/http://www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us/Docs/LG/htm/LG.52.htm#52.004 |date=9 June 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cityofmccleary.com/index.asp?SEC=%7B821D9B2C-D6B1-4D12-AB18-1A88DE86A30D%7D&Type=B_LIST|title=1.12 Official Newspaper - City of McCleary|website=cityofmccleary.com|access-date=20 July 2022|archive-date=27 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227132244/https://cityofmccleary.com/index.asp?SEC=%7B821D9B2C-D6B1-4D12-AB18-1A88DE86A30D%7D&Type=B_LIST|url-status=dead}}</ref> Likewise, a private newspaper may be designated by the [[court]]s for publication of legal notices, such as notices of [[trade name|fictitious business name]]s, if certain judicial and statutory standards are met.<ref>See, e.g., {{cite web |title=California Government Code, Sec. 6000 - 6008 |url=https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displayText.xhtml?lawCode=GOV&division=7.&title=1.&part=&chapter=1.&article=1. |website=California Legislative Information |publisher=California State Legislature |access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://codes.findlaw.com/ny/general-construction-law/gcn-sect-60.html|title=New York Consolidated Laws, General Construction Law - GCN § 60|website=Findlaw}}</ref> These are sometimes called "legally adjudicated newspapers".<ref>{{cite web|title=Fictitious Names: Adjudicated Newspapers|url=http://www.sonoma-county.org/Clerk/HTML_Documents/FictitiousNames/Newspapers.htm|work=County Clerk|publisher=[[Sonoma County, California|County of Sonoma]]|access-date=4 October 2012|archive-date=29 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029074233/http://sonoma-county.org/Clerk/HTML_Documents/FictitiousNames/Newspapers.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>


===Official newspaper of record===
===Official newspapers of record as government communications===


In more extreme cases, some newspapers of public record are owned and operated by a Government that directs their entire editorial content (not just the legal and public notice content). Such newspapers, while pejoratively termed "[[State media|state mouthpieces]]", can also be called "official newspapers of record", as their entire editorial copy represents the official view and doctrine of the State. Inclusion of the word "official" can be used to separate them from "newspapers of record by reputation". Notable examples include Russia's ''[[Rossiyskaya Gazeta]]'',<ref>{{cite book |last=Zadorozhnii |first=Oleksandr |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lMokDwAAQBAJ |title=International Law in the Relations of Ukraine and the Russian Federation |date=July 2017 |publisher=K.I.S |isbn=978-6176841463 |page=144 |author-link=Oleksandr Zadorozhnii}}</ref> North Korea's ''[[Rodong Sinmun]]'',<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Em |first1=Pavel P. |last2=Ward |first2=Peter |date=January 2021 |title=City profile: Is Pyongyang a post-socialist city? |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0264275120312981 |journal=[[Cities (journal)|Cities]] |volume=108 |page=102950 |doi=10.1016/j.cities.2020.102950 |quote=... a line that appeared in Rodong Sinmun (Rodong Sinmun, 1999, 29) the official newspaper of record in North Korea. |s2cid=225116450}}</ref> and China's ''[[People's Daily]]''.<ref>{{cite web | website=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] | access-date=10 May 2022 | first= Ryan |last=Manuel | date=14 December 2017 | title=China is furious and Australia should expect more backlash after questioning its influence | quote=Most significantly, the People's Daily, China's official newspaper of record, had a special signed editorial attacking Australia's government and media.| url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-12-14/china-backlash-australia-questions-of-political-interference/9258462}}</ref>
The term "newspapers of public record" can also be used to denote those that are owned and operated by a Government that directs their entire editorial content. Such newspapers, while pejoratively termed "[[State media|state mouthpieces]]", can also be called "official newspapers of record", independently of whether or not it also publishes legal notices - distinguishing them from a gazette whose primary role is to publish notices, as their entire editorial copy represents the official view and doctrine of the State. This kind of official newspaper should not be confused with newspapers of record by reputation or for their reliability, and in fact are liable to fail the reputation criterial due to the level of governmental control involved. Inclusion of the word "official" can be used to separate them from "newspapers of record by reputation". Notable examples include Russia's ''[[Rossiyskaya Gazeta]]'',<ref>{{cite book |last=Zadorozhnii |first=Oleksandr |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lMokDwAAQBAJ |title=International Law in the Relations of Ukraine and the Russian Federation |date=July 2017 |publisher=K.I.S |isbn=978-6176841463 |page=144 |author-link=Oleksandr Zadorozhnii}}</ref> North Korea's ''[[Rodong Sinmun]]'',<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Em |first1=Pavel P. |last2=Ward |first2=Peter |date=January 2021 |title=City profile: Is Pyongyang a post-socialist city? |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0264275120312981 |journal=[[Cities (journal)|Cities]] |volume=108 |page=102950 |doi=10.1016/j.cities.2020.102950 |quote=... a line that appeared in Rodong Sinmun (Rodong Sinmun, 1999, 29) the official newspaper of record in North Korea. |s2cid=225116450}}</ref> and China's ''[[People's Daily]]''.<ref>{{cite web | website=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] | access-date=10 May 2022 | first= Ryan |last=Manuel | date=14 December 2017 | title=China is furious and Australia should expect more backlash after questioning its influence | quote=Most significantly, the People's Daily, China's official newspaper of record, had a special signed editorial attacking Australia's government and media.| url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-12-14/china-backlash-australia-questions-of-political-interference/9258462}}</ref>


==Newspapers of record by reputation==
==Newspapers of record by reputation==

Revision as of 16:36, 28 February 2023

For the horse, see Newspaperofrecord.
See also: Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Perennial sources

The New York Times Building in Midtown Manhattan; some meanings of the term "newspaper of record" originated in reference to The New York Times.

A newspaper of record is a major national newspaper with large circulation whose editorial and news-gathering functions are considered authoritative and independent; they are thus "newspapers of record by reputation" and include some of the oldest and most widely respected newspapers in the world. The level and trend in the number of "newspapers of record by reputation" is regarded as being related to the state of press freedom and political freedom in a country.[1][2]

It may also be a newspaper authorized to publish public or legal notices, thus serving as a newspaper of public record. A newspaper whose editorial content is largely directed by the state can be referred to as an official newspaper of record, but the lack of editorial independence means that it is not a "newspaper of record by reputation". Newspapers of record by reputation that focus on business can also be called newspapers of financial record.[1][2]

Newspapers of public record

Paris headquarters of Le Figaro, France's centre-right newspaper of record (public record and by reputation)

A "newspaper of public record", or government gazette or official journal refers to a publicly available newspaper that is authorized by a government to publish public or legal notices.[3] It is often established by statute or official action and publication of notices within it, whether by the government or a private party, is usually considered sufficient to comply with legal requirements for public notice.[4] Such gazettes often have little editorial content (i.e. opinion articles), and are focused on transmission of information to the public regarding state services and state decisions; an example is Latvia's Latvijas Vēstnesis.[5]

In some jurisdictions, privately owned newspapers may register with the public authorities to publish public and legal notices, or be otherwise eligible to publish said notices (terms used may include "newspaper of general circulation" among others).[6][7][8] Likewise, a private newspaper may be designated by the courts for publication of legal notices, such as notices of fictitious business names, if certain judicial and statutory standards are met.[9][10] These are sometimes called "legally adjudicated newspapers".[11]

Official newspapers of record as government communications

The term "newspapers of public record" can also be used to denote those that are owned and operated by a Government that directs their entire editorial content. Such newspapers, while pejoratively termed "state mouthpieces", can also be called "official newspapers of record", independently of whether or not it also publishes legal notices - distinguishing them from a gazette whose primary role is to publish notices, as their entire editorial copy represents the official view and doctrine of the State. This kind of official newspaper should not be confused with newspapers of record by reputation or for their reliability, and in fact are liable to fail the reputation criterial due to the level of governmental control involved. Inclusion of the word "official" can be used to separate them from "newspapers of record by reputation". Notable examples include Russia's Rossiyskaya Gazeta,[12] North Korea's Rodong Sinmun,[13] and China's People's Daily.[14]

Newspapers of record by reputation

First edition of Neue Zürcher Zeitung (1780), world's oldest newspaper of record by reputation.

The second type of "newspaper of record" (also known as a "journal of record", or by the French term presse de référence) is not defined by any formal criteria and their characteristics can vary. The category typically consists of those newspapers that are considered to meet higher standards of journalism than most print media, including editorial independence (particularly from the ruling government and from its owners), accountability (mistakes are acknowledged), attention to detail and accuracy, and comprehensiveness and balance of coverage;[15] they are often renowned internationally, and regarded as sources in their country and/or region by other global outlets.[16][17]

Some newspapers of record by reputation, while respected for the accuracy and quality of their reporting, can still be recognized as ideologically conservative (e.g. The Wall Street Journal and The Telegraph) or liberal (e.g. The Washington Post and The Guardian).[18]

While many countries are proud of their newspapers of record by reputation, in some countries, they face an openly hostile state or political system that tries to suppress their press freedoms. Examples include Turkey's Cumhuriyet, where many of the staff have been imprisoned,[19] Panama's La Prensa, where staff have been shot and the owners forced into exile,[20] and Venezuela's El Nacional,[21] which was effectively forced out of print by the state who seized all their assets.[22]

Despite changes in society, newspapers of record by reputation have historically tended to maintain a similar tone, coverage, style, and traditions; many newspapers of record are over a century old, with some close to, or over, two centuries old (e.g. Neue Zürcher Zeitung, The Times, The Guardian, Le Figaro, and The Sydney Morning Herald).[16]

Etymology

The term is believed to have originated among librarians who began referring to The New York Times as the "newspaper of record" when it became the first U.S. newspaper in 1913 to publish an index of the subjects covered in its pages.[18][23] In recognition of the usage, The New York Times held an essay contest in 1927 in which entrants had to demonstrate "The Value of The New York Times Index and Files as a Newspaper of Record". The New York Times, and other newspapers of its type, then sought to be chroniclers of events, acting as a record of the day's announcements, schedules, directories, proceedings, transcripts and appointments. The New York Times no longer considers itself a newspaper of record in the original, literal sense.[24]

Over time, historians relied on The New York Times and similar titles as a reliable archival and historical record of significant past events, and a gauge of societal opinions at the time of printing. The term "newspaper of record" evolved from its original literal sense to its currently understood meaning.[23]

The derived term "financial (or business) newspaper of record" is attributed to the Wall Street Journal,[25][26] the Financial Times,[27] and to the Nihon Keizai Shimbun (Nikkei).[28]

Examples of fallen newspapers

The former headquarters of El Nacional, Venezuela's long-standing newspaper of record,[21] which was seized by the state in 2018 and was forced to end newsprint production.[22]

Over time, some established newspapers of record by reputation have lost their status due to various factors including financial collapse, take-over or merger by another entity that did not have the same standards or allowed continued independence, and/or increased government control and suppression of the paper's editorial independence. The existence of newspapers of record by reputation is an aspect of the level of press freedom and political freedom in a country, with major first-world democracies having several such newspapers (e.g. United States, United Kingdom, Germany, France, Canada, Italy and Japan); in contrast, countries that have seen a decline in their newspapers of record by reputation can represent a decline in levels of personal and political freedom (e.g. Zimbabwe, Venezuela, and Cambodia).[1]

Examples include:

  • Zimbabwe's The Herald, lost its status as an established newspaper of record when it was eventually taken over by Robert Mugabe's Zanu-PF party.[29]
  • Venezuela's newspaper of record, El Nacional,[21] was forced out of print by the state in 2018, and its headquarters given to a high-ranking official.[22]
  • London-based pan-Arab newspaper of record, Al-Hayat, ceased in 2020 due to financial and political pressures.[30][31]
  • In Cambodia, the Hun Sen administration forced both of Cambodia's newspapers of record out of business using contrived tax fines that resulted in the closure of The Cambodia Daily in 2017,[32][33] and the sale of The Phnom Penh Post to a close ally of the Hun Sen administration in 2018.[34][35]
  • Latvian newspaper Diena saw its established status as a newspaper of record diminished post a 2010 takeover, with the Historical Dictionary of Latvia (2017) listing it as "holding tenuously to a popular newspaper-of-record sentiment at home and abroad" due to "questions of ownership and if said owners influence newspaper content".[36]

Selected existing examples

Country Region Newspaper City of publication Founded Language Refs.
Argentina Argentina South America La Nación La Nación Buenos Aires 1870 Spanish [21][37][38]
Australia Australia Oceania — The Age Melbourne 1854 English [15][18]
The Sydney Morning Herald logo The Sydney Morning Herald Sydney 1831 [39][15][18]
Austria Austria Europe Die Presse logo Die Presse Vienna 1848[a][40] German [41]
Der Standard logo Der Standard 1988 [42]
The Bahamas Bahamas Caribbean — The Nassau Guardian Nassau 1844 English [43]
Bangladesh Bangladesh South Asia — The Daily Star Dhaka 1991 English [44][45]
Belgium Belgium Europe Le Soir Le Soir Brussels 1887 French [46]
De Standaard De Standaard Groot-Bijgaarden 1918 Dutch [47]
Bolivia Bolivia South America — El Diario La Paz 1904 Spanish [48]
Brazil Brazil South America O Estado de S. Paulo Logo O Estado de S. Paulo São Paulo 1875 Portuguese [49][50][51]
Folha de S.Paulo Folha de S.Paulo 1921 [52]
O Globo O Globo Rio de Janeiro 1925 [21]
Canada Canada North America Le Devoir Le Devoir Montreal 1910 French [53]
The Globe and Mail The Globe and Mail Toronto 1844[b] English [54][55][56][57][18]
La Presse La Presse Montreal 1884 French [58][59]
Chile Chile South America El Mercurio El Mercurio Santiago 1900[c] Spanish [21][60]
Colombia Colombia South America El Tiempo El Tiempo Bogotá 1911 Spanish [21][61][62]
Czech Republic Czech Republic Europe Lidové noviny Lidové noviny Prague 1893 Czech [63]
Denmark Denmark Europe Berlingske Berlingske Copenhagen 1749[d] Danish [64][65]
Egypt Egypt Africa — Al-Ahram Cairo 1875 Arabic [66][67][68]
Finland Finland Europe Helsingin Sanomat Helsingin Sanomat Helsinki 1889 Finnish [69]
France France Europe Le Figaro Le Figaro Paris 1826[e] French [71][72][73]
Libération Libération 1973 [74]
Le Monde Le Monde 1944[f] [75][76][77][73]
Germany Germany Europe Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung Frankfurt 1949[g] German [78][60]
Logo-der spiegel Der Spiegel Hamburg 1947 [79]
[80][81]
Süddeutsche Zeitung Süddeutsche Zeitung Munich 1945 [82]
Die Zeit Die Zeit Hamburg 1946 [82][73]
Greece Greece Europe — Kathimerini Athens 1919 Greek [83][84]
Hong Kong Hong Kong East Asia The South China Morning Post South China Morning Post Hong Kong 1903 English [85][86]
India India South Asia — The Hindu Chennai 1878 English [87][88]
The Times of India The Times of India Mumbai 1838[h] [18][89][15]
The Statesman Kolkata 1875 English [90]
Indonesia Indonesia Southeast Asia Kompas Kompas Jakarta 1965 Indonesian [91][92]
Iran Iran West Asia Ettela'at Ettela'at Tehran 1926 Persian [93][94]
Republic of Ireland Ireland Europe The Irish Times The Irish Times Dublin 1859 English [15][95]
Israel Israel West Asia Haaretz Haaretz Tel Aviv 1919 Hebrew and English [96][97][98][99][18]
Italy Italy Europe Il Sole 24 Ore Il Sole 24 Ore Milan 1965 Italian [100][101][102]
Corriere della Sera Corriere della Sera Milan 1876 [103][104][105][73]
La Stampa La Stampa Turin 1867 [106][107][73]
La Repubblica la Repubblica Rome 1976 [105]
Jamaica Jamaica Caribbean — The Gleaner Kingston 1834 English [108] [109]
Japan Japan East Asia The Asahi Shimbun The Asahi Shimbun Osaka 1879 Japanese [110][111][112]
Mainichi Shimbun Mainichi Shimbun Tokyo 1872 [113]
Nihon Keizai Shimbun (Nikkei) Nihon Keizai Shimbun (Nikkei) 1876 [28]
Yomiuri Shimbun Yomiuri Shimbun 1874 [114][115]
Kenya Kenya Africa — Daily Nation Nairobi 1960[i] English [116][117]
Lebanon Lebanon West Asia — An-Nahar Beirut 1933 Arabic [118][119]
Malaysia Malaysia Southeast Asia New Straits Times New Straits Times[j] Kuala Lumpur 1965[k] English [120][121]
Mexico Mexico North America — Reforma Mexico City 1993 Spanish [21]
Netherlands Netherlands Europe — NRC Amsterdam 1970[l] Dutch [122]
New Zealand New Zealand Oceania New Zealand Herald The New Zealand Herald Auckland 1863 English [15]
Norway Norway Europe Aftenposten Aftenposten Oslo 1860 Norwegian
(Riksmål) 		[123]
Pakistan Pakistan South Asia Dawn Dawn Karachi 1941 English [124][125][126]
Panama Panama Central America La Prensa La Prensa Panama City 1980 Spanish [127][128][20]
Peru Peru South America El Comercio El Comercio Lima 1839 Spanish [21]
Philippines Philippines Southeast Asia Philippine Daily Inquirer Philippine Daily Inquirer Makati 1985 English [129][130][131]
Poland Poland Europe Gazeta Wyborcza Warsaw 1989 Polish [132][133]
— Rzeczpospolita 1920[m] [132][134]
Portugal Portugal Europe Diário de Notícias Lisbon 1864 Portuguese [135][136]
Publico Público Lisbon 1990 [137][138][139]
Serbia Serbia Europe Danas Danas Belgrade 1997 Serbian [140]
Singapore Singapore Southeast Asia The Straits Times The Straits Times[j] Singapore 1845 English [120][121]
South Africa South Africa Africa Mail & Guardian Johannesburg 1985 English [141][142]
South Korea South Korea East Asia The Chosun Ilbo The Chosun Ilbo Seoul 1920 Korean [143]
The Dong-a Ilbo The Dong-a Ilbo 1920 [143]
JoongAng Ilbo JoongAng Ilbo 1965 [143]
Spain Spain Europe ABC ABC Madrid 1903 Spanish [144][145][146]
El Mundo El Mundo 1989 [147][73]
El País El País 1976 [148][149][73]
Sweden Sweden Europe Dagens Nyheter Dagens Nyheter Stockholm 1864 Swedish [150]
Switzerland Switzerland Europe Neue Zürcher Zeitung Neue Zürcher Zeitung Zurich 1780 German [151][152][73]
Le Temps Le Temps Geneva 1998[n] French [152][153]
Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad and Tobago Caribbean — Trinidad and Tobago Guardian Port of Spain 1917 English [154][155]
Turkey Turkey West Asia Cumhuriyet Cumhuriyet Istanbul 1924 Turkish [19]
United Kingdom United Kingdom Europe The Daily Telegraph The Daily Telegraph London 1855 English [15][156][18]
The Financial Times The Financial Times 1888 [15][18][27][73]
The Guardian The Guardian 1821[o] [18][73][89]
— The Times 1785[p] [156][15][18]
United States United States North America Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times Los Angeles 1881 English [15][18]
The New York Times The New York Times New York City 1851 [15][18][157][158]
The Wall Street Journal The Wall Street Journal 1889 [15][18][73][159]
The washington Post The Washington Post Washington, D.C. 1877 [15][18][73][159]
Vatican City Vatican City Europe L'Osservatore Romano L'Osservatore Romano Rome 1861 Italian, English, French, Spanish, German, Polish, Portuguese [160][161]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Staff split in 1864 to form Neue Freie Presse, aryanized by the Nazis in 1938 and closed in 1939, reestablished as Die Presse in 1946.
  2. ^ Successor to The Globe (founded 1844), The Toronto Mail (1872) and Toronto Empire (1887); papers merged in 1895 and 1936.
  3. ^ Spun off from El Mercurio de Valparaíso (founded 1827).
  4. ^ Named Berlingske Tidende until 2011.
  5. ^ Le Figaro is France's oldest national newspaper still operating to this date.[70]
  6. ^ Founded as a successor to the discredited collaborationist Le Temps (founded 1861).
  7. ^ Considered a successor to the Frankfurter Zeitung (founded 1856), banned in 1943 by the Nazis.
  8. ^ Named The Bombay Times and Journal of Commerce until mergers in 1860–1.
  9. ^ Originated as the Swahili Taifa in 1958.
  10. ^ a b The Straits Times and New Straits Times were qualified as "semi-official newspapers of record" in the Encyclopedia of Journalism (2009) as "each is tightly connected to the dominant political party of their respective countries".[120]
  11. ^ Spun off from The Straits Times (founded 1845) upon Singapore's independence.
  12. ^ Merger of Algemeen Handelsblad (founded 1828) and Nieuwe Rotterdamsche Courant (1844).
  13. ^ Dissolved in 1931 and revived in 1944, second dissolution in 1951, revived again in 1982.
  14. ^ Merger of Journal de Genève (founded 1826), Gazette de Lausanne (1798), and Nouveau Quotidien (1991).
  15. ^ Founded as The Manchester Guardian, adopted its present name in 1959.
  16. ^ Named The Daily Universal Register until 1788.

References

  1. ^ a b c Christopher, H. Sterling (2009). Encyclopedia of Journalism. Vol. 3. SAGE Publishing. p. 1020. ISBN 978-0761929574.
  2. ^ a b Martin, Shannon E.; Hansen, Kathleen A. (1998). Newspapers of Record in a Digital Age: From Hot Type to Hot Link. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers. p. 1. ISBN 0-275-95960-0.
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  135. ^ Wheeler, Douglas L.; Opello, Walter C. Jr. (2010). Historical Dictionary of Portugal (3rd ed.). The Scarecrow Press. p. 189. ISBN 978-0810860889. The major Lisbon newspapers are Didrio de Noticias (daily and newspaper of record) ....
  136. ^ Eaman, Ross (2009). The A to Z of Journalism. The Scarecrow Press. p. 237. ISBN 978-0810871540. The most prestigious newspaper for print journalists is the Diario de noticias, Portugal's "newspaper of record," followed by the more popular Jornal de noticias and the staunchly independent Publico.
  137. ^ Cavanagh, Allison; Steel, John (November 2019). Letters to the Editor: Comparative and Historical Perspectives. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 17. ISBN 978-3030264796. Our case study of a Portuguese newspaper of record, Público, ....
  138. ^ Carter, Cynthia; Steiner, Linda; McLaughlin, Lisa (December 2013). The Routledge Companion to Media & Gender. Routledge. p. 435. ISBN 978-0415527699. The daily Público is Portugal's newspaper of record, with typical news and section divides.
  139. ^ Fishman, Robert M. (April 2019). Democratic Practice: Origins of the Iberian Divide in Political Inclusion. Oxford University Press. p. 234. ISBN 978-0190912888. .... with Portuguese journalists included José Manuel Fernandes, at the time director of Portugal's newspaper of record, Publico, Lisbon.
  140. ^ "Danas". Voxeurop. 18 January 2017. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
  141. ^ Christopher, H. Sterling (2009). "A–C". Encyclopedia of Journalism. Vol. 1. SAGE Publishing. p. 39. ISBN 978-0761929574.
  142. ^ Jones, Adam (1998). "From Rightist to 'Brightest'? The Strange Tale of South Africa's Citizen". Journal of Southern African Studies. 24 (2): 325–45. Bibcode:1998JSAfS..24..325J. doi:10.1080/03057079808708579. JSTOR 2637530. Retrieved 8 May 2022.
  143. ^ a b c Youm, Kyu Ho; Kwak, Nojin (August 2018). "3". Korean Communication, Media, and Culture: An Annotated Bibliography (1st ed.). Lexington Books. p. 71. ISBN 978-1498583329. The prominent "big three" publications — Chosun Ilbo, Dong-A Ilbo, and Joongang Ilbo — are newspapers of record with a combined three million subscribers.
  144. ^ Sklair, Leslie (May 2022). The Anthropocene in Global Media: Neutralizing the Risk. Routledge. p. 175. ISBN 978-0367641993. ABC, the third 'newspaper of record' in Spain ...
  145. ^ McCullough, Colin; Wilson, Nathan (15 September 2014). Violence, Memory, and History: Western Perceptions of Kristallnacht. Routledge. p. 88. ISBN 978-1-134-75777-0. As of July 1936, ABC in Madrid, a conservative newspaper of record and the largest Spanish daily, was seized by the Popular Front
  146. ^ Magnussen, Anne (2020). Spanish Comics: Historical and Cultural Perspectives. Berghahn. p. 63. ISBN 9781789209976. ABC, the newspaper of record in Franco's Spain
  147. ^ Sklair, Leslie (May 2022). The Anthropocene in Global Media: Neutralizing the Risk. Routledge. p. 174. ISBN 978-0367641993. Coverage in El Mundo, the second 'newspaper of record' in Spain (mainly in 2016) begins with two well-researched ...
  148. ^ Sachsman, David B; Myer Valenti, JoAnn (June 2022). Routledge Handbook of Environmental Journalism. Routledge. ISBN 978-1032336442. For this chapter, we analyzed the environmental information published by the newspaper of record in Spain, El País.
  149. ^ Enjuto-Rangel, Cecilia; Faber, Sebastiaan; García-Caro, Pedro; Newcomb, Robert Patrick (December 2019). Transatlantic Studies: Latin America, Iberia, and Africa. Liverpool University Press. p. 127. ISBN 978-1789620252. A few days later, a Spanish newspaper of record, El País, published an interview ...
  150. ^ "Immigrants outraged over Sweden's racial profiling". The Standard. 15 March 2013. Retrieved 10 October 2013. Dagens Nyheter, Sweden's paper of record.
  151. ^ "Neue Zürcher Zeitung". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 30 August 2012.
  152. ^ a b Schiller-Merkens, Simone; Balsiger, Philip (October 2019). The Contested Moralities of Markets. Emerald Group Publishing. ISBN 978-1787691209. In addition, we consulted all 302 newspaper articles in the Neue Zürcher Zeitung (the newspaper of record in the German-speaking part of Switzerland), and Le Temps (the newspaper of record in the German-speaking part of Switzerland), that covered...
  153. ^ The Quality of the Media Archived 24 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine, main findings, Research Department on Public Opinion and Society (FÖG) of the University of Zurich, 2012.
  154. ^ Breiner, Laurence (November 2006). "Laureate of nowhere". Caribbean Review of Books. 10. Retrieved 10 May 2022. ..that although the Guardian is the nation's [Trinidad and Tobago] newspaper of record...
  155. ^ Beezley, William H. (September 2021). Latin America 2020-2022 (54th ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. p. 394. ISBN 978-1475856439. The [Trinidad and Togabo] Guardian, founded in 1917, is the country's newspaper of record.
  156. ^ a b "The UK's 'other paper of record'". BBC News. 19 January 2004. Retrieved 21 March 2009.
  157. ^ "The New York Times". Encyclopædia Britannica. ... long the newspaper of record in the United States and one of the world's great newspapers.
  158. ^ Christopher, H. Sterling (2009). Encyclopedia of Journalism. Vol. 3. SAGE Publishing. p. 1020. ISBN 978-0761929574. The New York Times is widely recognised as the country's newspaper of record.
  159. ^ a b Doctor, Ken (12 March 2015). "On The Washington Post and the 'newspaper of record' epithet". Politico. Retrieved 8 May 2022.
  160. ^ Bohlen, Celestine (23 December 1996). "Vatican Newspaper of Record Best Read for What It Doesn't Record". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 14 November 2020.
  161. ^ "L'Osservatore Romano | newspaper | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Archived from the original on 24 September 2022.
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