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===Family, early life and political experience===
===Family, early life and political experience===
Amari was the son of Ferdinando (d. 1850) and Giulia Venturelli. His paternal grandfather Michele was a wealthy attorney,{{sfn|Gabrieli|Romeo|1960}} and his cousin, also named Michele, was {{ill|Count Amari of Sant'Adriano|it|Michele Amari (1803-1877)}}.{{sfn|Mack Smith|1954|p=12}} Amari's father was an accountant in the Bank of Palermo and a gambling man, whose marriage was opposed by his family. Due to his father's financial troubles, Amari lived with his grandfather from 1814. He completed his education in Palermo, where most of his teachers were clerics but the institutions were permeated by the intellectual influence of English [[empiricism]], which in combination with the [[Voltaire|Voltairianism]] of his father prompted Amari to abandon the [[Catholic Church|church]] by the age of twelve and embrace [[Materialism|materialist]] philosophy by the age of thirteen. His father introduced him to the Francophile democratic circles of Sicily. In February 1820 Amari was admitted through his father's efforts as an apprentice at the Ministry of the Interior, but his economic situation took a downward turn with the death of his grandfather. Shortly afterwards, he took part alongside his father in the [[Carbonari#1820 and 1821 uprisings|Palermo uprising of July 1820]] which demanded Sicilian independence and a liberal constitution. His father was initially sentenced to death in 1822 and only released from prison in 1834. Amari spent the subsequent years working as a clerk to support his family, publishing translations from English, and reading widely with political intent.{{sfn|Gabrieli|Romeo|1960}} By continuing to pursue education and involvement in governmental affairs, he rose above the typical aspirations of the Sicilian noble class.{{sfn|Mack Smith|1997|p=35–37}}
Amari was the son of Ferdinando (d. 1850) and Giulia Venturelli. His paternal grandfather Michele was a wealthy attorney,{{sfn|Gabrieli|Romeo|1960}} and his cousin, also named Michele, was {{ill|Count Amari of Sant'Adriano|it|Michele Amari (1803-1877)}}.{{sfn|Mack Smith|1954|p=12}} Amari's father was an accountant in the Bank of Palermo and a gambling man, whose marriage was opposed by his family. Due to his father's financial troubles, Amari lived with his grandfather from 1814. He completed his education in Palermo, where most of his teachers were clerics but the institutions were permeated by the intellectual influence of English [[empiricism]], which in combination with the [[Voltaire|Voltairianism]] of his father prompted Amari to abandon the [[Catholic Church|church]] by the age of twelve and embrace [[Materialism|materialist]] philosophy by the age of thirteen. His father introduced him to the Francophile democratic circles of Sicily. In February 1820 Amari was admitted through his father's efforts as an apprentice at the Ministry of the Interior, but his economic situation took a downward turn with the death of his grandfather. Shortly afterwards, he took part alongside his father in the [[Carbonari#1820 and 1821 uprisings|Palermo uprising of July 1820]] which demanded Sicilian independence and a liberal constitution. His father was initially sentenced to death in 1822 and only released from prison in 1834. Amari spent the subsequent years working as a clerk to support his family, publishing translations from English, and reading widely with political intent.{{sfn|Gabrieli|Romeo|1960}} By continuing to pursue education and involvement in governmental affairs, he rose above the typical aspirations of the Sicilian noble class.{{sfn|Mack Smith|1997|p=35–37}}
[[File:Palermo, Villa Amari di S. Adriano.jpg|thumb|right|The baroque residence in Palermo built by one Michele Amari, Count of Sant'Adriano, in 1720)]]
[[File:Palermo, Villa Amari di S. Adriano.jpg|thumb|right|The baroque residence in Palermo built by one Michele Amari, Count of Sant'Adriano, in 1720]]


===''History of the War of the Sicilian Vespers'' and first exile===
===''History of the War of the Sicilian Vespers'' and first exile===

Revision as of 18:17, 12 March 2023

Michele Amari
Michele Amari
Michele Amari
Born(1806-07-07)7 July 1806
Palermo
Died16 July 1889(1889-07-16) (aged 83)
Florence
Occupation(s)Sicilian historian and orientalist
Notable workHistory of the War of the Sicilian Vespers (1842)

Michele Benedetto Gaetano Amari (7 July 1806 in Palermo – 16 July 1889 in Florence) was a Sicilian patriot, liberal revolutionary and politician of aristocratic background, historian and orientalist. He rose to prominence as a champion of Sicilian independence from the Neapolitan Bourbon rule when he published his history of the War of the Sicilian Vespers in 1842. He was a minister in the Sicilian revolutionary government of 1848–9 and in Garibaldi's revolutionary cabinet in Sicily in 1860. Having embraced the cause of Italian unification, he helped prepare the annexation of Sicily by the Kingdom of Sardinia and was active in his later years as a senator of the Kingdom of Italy.

Biography

Family, early life and political experience

Amari was the son of Ferdinando (d. 1850) and Giulia Venturelli. His paternal grandfather Michele was a wealthy attorney,[1] and his cousin, also named Michele, was Count Amari of Sant'Adriano [it].[2] Amari's father was an accountant in the Bank of Palermo and a gambling man, whose marriage was opposed by his family. Due to his father's financial troubles, Amari lived with his grandfather from 1814. He completed his education in Palermo, where most of his teachers were clerics but the institutions were permeated by the intellectual influence of English empiricism, which in combination with the Voltairianism of his father prompted Amari to abandon the church by the age of twelve and embrace materialist philosophy by the age of thirteen. His father introduced him to the Francophile democratic circles of Sicily. In February 1820 Amari was admitted through his father's efforts as an apprentice at the Ministry of the Interior, but his economic situation took a downward turn with the death of his grandfather. Shortly afterwards, he took part alongside his father in the Palermo uprising of July 1820 which demanded Sicilian independence and a liberal constitution. His father was initially sentenced to death in 1822 and only released from prison in 1834. Amari spent the subsequent years working as a clerk to support his family, publishing translations from English, and reading widely with political intent.[1] By continuing to pursue education and involvement in governmental affairs, he rose above the typical aspirations of the Sicilian noble class.[3]

The baroque residence in Palermo built by one Michele Amari, Count of Sant'Adriano, in 1720

History of the War of the Sicilian Vespers and first exile

By 1837 he had prepared the outline of his principal work, a detailed investigation of the war of the Sicilian Vespers (1282–1302), which was conceived as a call to overthrowing the Bourbon rule in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. The publication was delayed by Amari's involvement in health administration during an outbreak of cholera in 1837 and by his subsequent transfer to Naples in 1838–40 where he carried out additional research in the state archives. The book, first released in 1842 with a title that understated its message to bypass censorship, rapidly won a mass audience in Sicily and on the Italian mainland, and caused concern in the Neapolitan government. Amari went into exile in Paris where he studied Arabic with Joseph Toussaint Reinaud. He moved in the French liberal elite circles, where his acquaintances included Alexandre Dumas, Jules Michelet, Jean Alexandre Buchon, Abel-François Villemain, Augustin Thierry and Adolphe Thiers.[1]

Revolution of 1848 and renewed exile

During the Sicilian revolution of 1848, he travelled back to the island to take up the chair of public law at the University of Palermo. Elected a deputy to the Sicilian Parliament, he was subsequently nominated the Minister of Finance in the revolutionary government. From August 1848 to April 1849, he lobbied for the recognition of the Sicilian state in Paris and London. After an abortive return to Sicily in April 1849, he pursued scholarly work in Paris until May 1859, when he accepted a position at the University of Pisa.[1]

Role in the annexation of Sicily

In January 1860 he moved to the Istituto di studi superiori in Florence, where he joined a committee of support for the Sicilian revolution and headed for the island in the wake of Giuseppe Garibaldi's Expedition of the Thousand,[1] arriving in late June 1860.[4] In July 1860, he became the Minister of Education and Public Works and then briefly Minister of External Affairs in Garibaldi's wartime government, before resigning in September over the dictator's refusal to pursue annexation of the island by the Kingdom of Sardinia as demanded by its Prime Minister Camillo Cavour.[1] In the political conflicts surrounding the incorporation of Sicily into Piedmont, Amari sided with Cavour against Garibaldi.[5] Although he opposed Giuseppe La Farina's early plan for immediate annexation and retained his own aspirations for Sicilian autonomy, he accepted (ostensibly due to his fear of the return of Neapolitan influence) that this self-government should be granted unilaterally by Piedmont only after Italian unification, rejected the notion of reviving the Sicilian parliament, and campaigned among the Sicilians for the unconditional approval of the annexation,[6] while acting as an intermediary between King Victor Emmanuel II and Garibaldi.[7] On 4 September, Amari drafted a proclamation of the plebiscite for approving annexation, along with an outline of special concessions to be awarded to Sicily from Turin.[8] He resigned after Garibaldi appointed Antonio Mordini as the new head of the cabinet (prodictator, Garibaldi's deputy) on 17 September, refused the post of Sicilian historiographer offered to him by Mordini, and voiced his animosity towards Sicilian autonomists and independentists and Garibaldi's republicans in his letters.[9][10] Against the background of Garibaldi's absence, the advance of Piedmontese troops into the Papal States, and the impatience of the Sicilian elites with the revolution,[11] however, it was Amari's monarchist option that prevailed in December 1860 as the Sardinian king arrived in Palermo. Amari was appointed a senator of the Kingdom of Sardinia in January 1861, two months before the proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy,[12] as was his cousin and frequent correspondent Count Amari, who had remained in Turin, several weeks later.

Death

He died at Florence in 1889 and was buried in Palermo.

Scholarship

Amari's historical works trace the formation of Sicily's national characteristics from the period of Muslim rule down to the nineteenth century. He viewed the arrival of the Muslims as a positive development in that it freed Sicily from the Byzantine rule that over nearly three centuries had impoverished the island through excessive taxation. He attributed much of modern Sicily's cultural and social legacy to the Islamic rule.[13]

Having mastered Arabic in Paris, Amari acted as a forerunner of Oriental studies in Italy. His efforts earned him the recognition as one of 19th-century Europe's finest translators of medieval Arabic writings. His Storia dei musulmani di Sicilia (History of the Muslims of Sicily, 1854) has been translated into many languages, including into Arabic by a group of Egyptian scholars as recently as 2004. He left his collection of Oriental studies books and manuscripts to the Accademia dei Lincei.[14]

In 1851, Amari published a translation into Italian of an Arabic work of the mirror for princes genre, which includes a biography of its author, the 12th-century medieval Sicilian Arab philosopher Ibn Zafar al Siqilli, considered a precursor of Machiavelli. Amari's version was translated into English by Bentley under the title Solwan, or Waters of Comfort in the following year.

His work proved influential with later historians of Islam: among them, in Italy, Leone Caetani, Francesco Gabrieli, Umberto Rizzitano and Paolo Minganti.

Heinrich Leberecht Fleischer of the University of Leipzig, in publishing two supplements to Amari's Siculo-Arabic Library, credited him with reviving Oriental studies in Italy[citation needed].

Views

A rationalist and a positivist, Amari exhibited a strong ethical sensibility, commitment to secularism and a notion of civic virtues, and indifference to religious disputes. He cited the works of Antoine Destutt de Tracy and Adam Smith as decisive in his intellectual formation.[1]

Principal works

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Gabrieli & Romeo 1960.
  2. ^ Mack Smith 1954, p. 12.
  3. ^ Mack Smith 1997, p. 35–37.
  4. ^ Mack Smith 1954, p. 83.
  5. ^ Amari 1896b, p. 141.
  6. ^ Mack Smith 1954, p. 73–4.
  7. ^ Mack Smith 1954, p. 101, 233.
  8. ^ Mack Smith 1954, p. 184.
  9. ^ Amari 1896b, p. 134–41.
  10. ^ Mack Smith 1954, p. 265.
  11. ^ Mack Smith 1954, p. 285–92.
  12. ^ "Amari, Michele", senato.it, Senato della Repubblica, retrieved 10 March 2023
  13. ^ Amari, Michele; Nallino, Carlo Alfonso (1933). Storia dei Musulmani di Sicilia. Oxford University. Catania, R. Prampolini.
  14. ^ "Biblioteca dell'Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei e Corsiniana", lincei.it, Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, retrieved 11 March 2023

Sources

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