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{{Short description|Extinct language of Venezuela}}
{{Short description|Extinct language of Venezuela}}
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name=Mapoyo
| name = Mapoyo
|nativename=''Mapoyo–Yavarana''
| nativename = {{lang|mul|Mapoyo–Yavarana}}
|states=[[Venezuela]]
| states = [[Venezuela]]
|region=[[Suapure River]]
| region = [[Suapure River]]
|ethnicity=520 Mapoyo & Yabarana (2007)<ref name=e18/>
| ethnicity = 520 Mapoyo & Yabarana (2007)<ref name=e18/>
|extinct=Last speaker of Pemono after 1998. A few semi-speakers of Mapoyo proper (2007), 20 Yabarana (1977)
| extinct = Last speaker of Pemono after 1998. A few semi-speakers of Mapoyo proper (2007), 20 Yabarana (1977)
|ref=e18
| ref = e18
|familycolor=American
| familycolor = cariban
|fam1=[[Carib languages|Carib]]
| fam1 = [[Carib languages|Carib]]
|fam2=Venezuelan Carib
| fam2 = Venezuelan Carib
|fam3=Mapoyo–Tamanaku
| fam3 = Mapoyo–Tamanaku
|lc1=mcg|ld1=Mapoyo
| lc1 = mcg
| ld1 = Mapoyo
|lc2=yar|ld2=Yabarana
| lc2 = yar
|lc3=pev|ld3=Pémono
| ld2 = Yabarana
⚫
|glotto=mapo1245
| lc3 = pev
⚫
|glottorefname=Mapoyo–Yawarana
| ld3 = Pémono
⚫
|notice=IPA
⚫
| glotto = mapo1245
⚫
| glottorefname = Mapoyo–Yawarana
⚫
| notice = IPA
}}
}}


Revision as of 03:18, 16 December 2024

Mapoyo
Mapoyo–Yavarana
Native toVenezuela
RegionSuapure River
Ethnicity520 Mapoyo & Yabarana (2007)[1]
ExtinctLast speaker of Pemono after 1998. A few semi-speakers of Mapoyo proper (2007), 20 Yabarana (1977)[1]
Carib
  • Venezuelan Carib
    • Mapoyo–Tamanaku
      • Mapoyo
Language codes
ISO 639-3Variously:
mcg – Mapoyo
yar – Yabarana
pev – Pémono
Glottologmapo1245
ELPYawarana
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Mapoyo, or Mapoyo–Yavarana, is a Carib language spoken along the Suapure and Parguaza Rivers, Venezuela. The ethnic population of Mapoyo proper is about 365. Yabarana dialect is perhaps extinct; 20 speakers were known in 1977.[1] An additional dialect, Pémono,[2] was discovered in 1998. It was spoken by an 80-year-old woman and has since gone extinct.

Phonology

Consonants

Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Stop p t k ʔ
Nasal m n ɲ
Fricative β s h
Rhotic ɾ
Approximant w j
  • /h/ can be heard as a palatal [ç] when preceding a voiceless plosive.
  • /n/ can be heard as a velar [ŋ] when preceding a velar /k/.
  • /β/ can be heard as a voiced stop [b], when after a voiceless plosive or glottal /ʔ/.
  • /s/ can be heard with an allophone of [ts] when word-initially, or after a glottal /ʔ/.
  • /j/ can be heard as a voiced fricative [ʝ], when before a back vowel.

Vowels

Front Central Back
High i ɨ u
Mid e ɘ o
Low a
  • Sounds /i, u/ are reduced to [ɪ, ʊ] in syllable-final position.
  • /ɘ/ is heard as a lower [ə] sound when preceding /h/, or following /β/.
  • /a/ is heard as [ɑ] when occurring after an initial bilabial sound.[3]

References

  1. ^ a b c Mapoyo at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
    Yabarana at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
    Pémono at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^ Not the same as Pemon
  3. ^ Medina, Francia (1997). Introducción a la Fonética y a la Fonología Mapoyo (Caribe). Caracas: Universidad Central de Venezuela.


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