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'''''Choerolophodon''''' is an extinct genus of [[proboscidea]]n that lived during the [[Miocene]] of [[Eurasia]] and Africa. Fossils of ''Choerolophodon'' have been found in Africa, Southeast Europe, Turkey, Iraq, Iran, the Indian subcontinent, and China.<ref>Chunxiao Li, Shi-Qi Wang, Dimila Mothé & Xijun Ni (2019) New fossils of early and middle Miocene Choerolophodon from northern China reveal a Holarctic distribution of Choerolophodontidae, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, DOI: 10.1080/02724634.2019.1618864</ref><ref>Sankhyan, Anek R. and Chavasseau, Olivier. 2018. New proboscidean fossils from Middle Siwaliks of Haritalyangar area, Himachal Pradesh, India. Palaeontologia Electronica 21.1.15A 1-12. https://doi.org/10.26879/844 palaeo-electronica.org/content/2018/2200-haritalyangar-proboscideans</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=S. |last2=Deng |first2=T. |year=2011 |title=The first Choerolophodon (Proboscidea, Gomphotheriidae) skull from China |journal=Science China Earth Sciences |volume=54 |issue=9 |pages=1326 |doi=10.1007/s11430-011-4201-6|s2cid=131674259 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=28 August 2019 |title=Tek parça halinde ve 7.5 milyon yıllık! Kayseri'de bulundu - Habertürk |url=https://www.haberturk.com/kayseri-de-tek-parca-halinde-mamut-fosili-bulundu-2517111 |access-date=9 September 2019 |website=Haberturk.com |publisher=[[Habertürk]] |language=tr}}</ref> ''Choerolophodon'' has a single pair of tusks growing from the upper jaw, which are long and strongly curved.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Konidaris |first1=George E. |last2=Koufos |first2=George D. |orig-date=March 2013 |title=Late Miocene Proboscidea (Mammalia) from Macedonia and Samos Island, Greece: preliminary results |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12542-012-0147-z |journal=Paläontologische Zeitschrift |year=2013 |language=en |volume=87 |issue=1 |pages=121–140 |doi=10.1007/s12542-012-0147-z |s2cid=128764592 |issn=0031-0220}}</ref>
'''''Choerolophodon''''' is an extinct genus of [[proboscidea]]n that lived during the [[Miocene]] of [[Eurasia]] and Africa. Fossils of ''Choerolophodon'' have been found in Africa, Southeast Europe, Turkey, Iraq, Iran, the Indian subcontinent, and China.<ref name=":0">Chunxiao Li, Shi-Qi Wang, Dimila Mothé & Xijun Ni (2019) New fossils of early and middle Miocene Choerolophodon from northern China reveal a Holarctic distribution of Choerolophodontidae, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, DOI: 10.1080/02724634.2019.1618864</ref><ref>Sankhyan, Anek R. and Chavasseau, Olivier. 2018. New proboscidean fossils from Middle Siwaliks of Haritalyangar area, Himachal Pradesh, India. Palaeontologia Electronica 21.1.15A 1-12. https://doi.org/10.26879/844 palaeo-electronica.org/content/2018/2200-haritalyangar-proboscideans</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=S. |last2=Deng |first2=T. |year=2011 |title=The first Choerolophodon (Proboscidea, Gomphotheriidae) skull from China |journal=Science China Earth Sciences |volume=54 |issue=9 |pages=1326 |doi=10.1007/s11430-011-4201-6|s2cid=131674259 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=28 August 2019 |title=Tek parça halinde ve 7.5 milyon yıllık! Kayseri'de bulundu - Habertürk |url=https://www.haberturk.com/kayseri-de-tek-parca-halinde-mamut-fosili-bulundu-2517111 |access-date=9 September 2019 |website=Haberturk.com |publisher=[[Habertürk]] |language=tr}}</ref> ''Choerolophodon'' has a single pair of tusks growing from the upper jaw, which are long and strongly curved.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Konidaris |first1=George E. |last2=Koufos |first2=George D. |orig-date=March 2013 |title=Late Miocene Proboscidea (Mammalia) from Macedonia and Samos Island, Greece: preliminary results |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12542-012-0147-z |journal=Paläontologische Zeitschrift |year=2013 |language=en |volume=87 |issue=1 |pages=121–140 |doi=10.1007/s12542-012-0147-z |s2cid=128764592 |issn=0031-0220}}</ref>

== Description ==
The teeth are considered trilophodont. The half-lophids are chevroned. The accessory conules are multiplied (choerodont), and the enamel is corrugated (ptychodont).<ref name=":1">{{Citation |last=Konidaris |first=George E. |title=The Fossil Record of the Neogene Proboscidea (Mammalia) in Greece |date=2022 |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-68398-6_12 |work=Fossil Vertebrates of Greece Vol. 1 |pages=299–344 |editor-last=Vlachos |editor-first=Evangelos |access-date=2023-03-25 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-68398-6_12 |isbn=978-3-030-68397-9 |last2=Tsoukala |first2=Evangelia}}</ref> The lower jaw lacks tusks/incisors.<ref name=":0" />


==Taxonomy==
==Taxonomy==
[[File:Choerolophodon.jpg|thumb|left|Restoration]]
[[File:Choerolophodon.jpg|thumb|left|Restoration]]
Numerous species of ''Choerolophodon'' are known: ''C. pentelicus'', ''C. anatolicus'' and ''C. chioticus'' from [[Southeast Europe]] (Turkey (Yamula Dam in [[Kayseri]]), Greece, Bulgaria) and the [[Middle East]], ''C. palaeindicus'' and ''C. corrugatus'' from the [[Indian subcontinent]], ''C. guangheensis'' from China, and ''C. ngorora'' and ''C. zaltaniensis'' from Africa.<ref>George E. Konidaris, George D. Koufos, Dimitris S. Kostopoulos & Gildas Merceron (2016) Taxonomy, biostratigraphy and palaeoecology of Choerolophodon (Proboscidea, Mammalia) in the Miocene of SE Europe-SW Asia: implications for phylogeny and biogeography, Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 14:1, 1-27, DOI: 10.1080/14772019.2014.985339</ref> The name ''Choerolophodon'' was erected for ''"Mastodon" pentelicus'' from Greece by Schlesinger (1917) based on the discovery of new material from the ''pentelicus'' type locality.<ref>Schlesinger, G., 1917. Die Mastodonten des K. K. Naturhistorischen Hofmuseums. ''Denkschriften des K. K. Naturhistorischen Hofmuseums'' '''1''':1-230.</ref> A 2022 study considered ''Choerolophodon'' to be the most basal member of [[Elephantida]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Baleka |first=Sina |last2=Varela |first2=Luciano |last3=Tambusso |first3=P. Sebastián |last4=Paijmans |first4=Johanna L.A. |last5=Mothé |first5=Dimila |last6=Stafford |first6=Thomas W. |last7=Fariña |first7=Richard A. |last8=Hofreiter |first8=Michael |date=January 2022 |title=Revisiting proboscidean phylogeny and evolution through total evidence and palaeogenetic analyses including Notiomastodon ancient DNA |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2589004221015297 |journal=iScience |language=en |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=103559 |doi=10.1016/j.isci.2021.103559 |pmc=8693454 |pmid=34988402}}</ref>[[File:Choerolophodon molar.jpg|thumb|left|Molar]]
Numerous species of ''Choerolophodon'' are known: ''C. pentelicus'', ''C. anatolicus'' and ''C. chioticus'' from [[Southeast Europe]] (Turkey (Yamula Dam in [[Kayseri]]), Greece, Bulgaria) and the [[Middle East]], ''C. palaeindicus'' and ''C. corrugatus'' from the [[Indian subcontinent]], ''C. guangheensis'' from China, and ''C. ngorora'' and ''C. zaltaniensis'' from Africa.<ref>George E. Konidaris, George D. Koufos, Dimitris S. Kostopoulos & Gildas Merceron (2016) Taxonomy, biostratigraphy and palaeoecology of Choerolophodon (Proboscidea, Mammalia) in the Miocene of SE Europe-SW Asia: implications for phylogeny and biogeography, Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 14:1, 1-27, DOI: 10.1080/14772019.2014.985339</ref> The name ''Choerolophodon'' was erected for ''"Mastodon" pentelicus'' from Greece by Schlesinger (1917) based on the discovery of new material from the ''pentelicus'' type locality.<ref>Schlesinger, G., 1917. Die Mastodonten des K. K. Naturhistorischen Hofmuseums. ''Denkschriften des K. K. Naturhistorischen Hofmuseums'' '''1''':1-230.</ref> A 2022 study considered ''Choerolophodon'' to be the most basal member of [[Elephantida]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Baleka |first=Sina |last2=Varela |first2=Luciano |last3=Tambusso |first3=P. Sebastián |last4=Paijmans |first4=Johanna L.A. |last5=Mothé |first5=Dimila |last6=Stafford |first6=Thomas W. |last7=Fariña |first7=Richard A. |last8=Hofreiter |first8=Michael |date=January 2022 |title=Revisiting proboscidean phylogeny and evolution through total evidence and palaeogenetic analyses including Notiomastodon ancient DNA |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2589004221015297 |journal=iScience |language=en |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=103559 |doi=10.1016/j.isci.2021.103559 |pmc=8693454 |pmid=34988402}}</ref>

== Evolution ==
The genus is first known during the Early Miocene in Africa and South Asia. They subsequently dispersed across Asia and into Europe. The genus became extinct at the end of the Miocene.<ref name=":1" />[[File:Choerolophodon molar.jpg|thumb|left|Molar]]


== References ==
== References ==

Revision as of 23:50, 25 March 2023

Choerolophodon
Temporal range: Miocene, 11.6–5.3 Ma
Skull
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Mammalia
Order:
Proboscidea
Family:
†Choerolophodontidae
Genus:
†Choerolophodon

Species
  • C. pentelici (Gaudry and Lartet, 1856) (type)
  • C. anatolicus (Ozansoy 1965)
  • C. palaeindicus (Lydekker, 1894)
  • C. corrugatus (Pilgrim, 1913)
  • C. chioticus Tobien, 1980
  • C. guangheensis Wang and Deng, 2011
  • C. ngorora (Maglio, 1974)
  • C. zaltaniensis Gaziry, 1987
Synonyms
  • Mastodon pentelicus Gaudry and Lartet, 1856

Choerolophodon is an extinct genus of proboscidean that lived during the Miocene of Eurasia and Africa. Fossils of Choerolophodon have been found in Africa, Southeast Europe, Turkey, Iraq, Iran, the Indian subcontinent, and China.[1][2][3][4] Choerolophodon has a single pair of tusks growing from the upper jaw, which are long and strongly curved.[5]

Description

The teeth are considered trilophodont. The half-lophids are chevroned. The accessory conules are multiplied (choerodont), and the enamel is corrugated (ptychodont).[6] The lower jaw lacks tusks/incisors.[1]

Taxonomy

Restoration

Numerous species of Choerolophodon are known: C. pentelicus, C. anatolicus and C. chioticus from Southeast Europe (Turkey (Yamula Dam in Kayseri), Greece, Bulgaria) and the Middle East, C. palaeindicus and C. corrugatus from the Indian subcontinent, C. guangheensis from China, and C. ngorora and C. zaltaniensis from Africa.[7] The name Choerolophodon was erected for "Mastodon" pentelicus from Greece by Schlesinger (1917) based on the discovery of new material from the pentelicus type locality.[8] A 2022 study considered Choerolophodon to be the most basal member of Elephantida.[9]

Evolution

The genus is first known during the Early Miocene in Africa and South Asia. They subsequently dispersed across Asia and into Europe. The genus became extinct at the end of the Miocene.[6]

Molar

References

  1. ^ a b Chunxiao Li, Shi-Qi Wang, Dimila Mothé & Xijun Ni (2019) New fossils of early and middle Miocene Choerolophodon from northern China reveal a Holarctic distribution of Choerolophodontidae, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, DOI: 10.1080/02724634.2019.1618864
  2. ^ Sankhyan, Anek R. and Chavasseau, Olivier. 2018. New proboscidean fossils from Middle Siwaliks of Haritalyangar area, Himachal Pradesh, India. Palaeontologia Electronica 21.1.15A 1-12. https://doi.org/10.26879/844 palaeo-electronica.org/content/2018/2200-haritalyangar-proboscideans
  3. ^ Wang, S.; Deng, T. (2011). "The first Choerolophodon (Proboscidea, Gomphotheriidae) skull from China". Science China Earth Sciences. 54 (9): 1326. doi:10.1007/s11430-011-4201-6. S2CID 131674259.
  4. ^ "Tek parça halinde ve 7.5 milyon yıllık! Kayseri'de bulundu - Habertürk". Haberturk.com (in Turkish). Habertürk. 28 August 2019. Retrieved 9 September 2019.
  5. ^ Konidaris, George E.; Koufos, George D. (2013) [March 2013]. "Late Miocene Proboscidea (Mammalia) from Macedonia and Samos Island, Greece: preliminary results". Paläontologische Zeitschrift. 87 (1): 121–140. doi:10.1007/s12542-012-0147-z. ISSN 0031-0220. S2CID 128764592.
  6. ^ a b Konidaris, George E.; Tsoukala, Evangelia (2022), Vlachos, Evangelos (ed.), "The Fossil Record of the Neogene Proboscidea (Mammalia) in Greece", Fossil Vertebrates of Greece Vol. 1, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 299–344, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-68398-6_12, ISBN 978-3-030-68397-9, retrieved 2023-03-25
  7. ^ George E. Konidaris, George D. Koufos, Dimitris S. Kostopoulos & Gildas Merceron (2016) Taxonomy, biostratigraphy and palaeoecology of Choerolophodon (Proboscidea, Mammalia) in the Miocene of SE Europe-SW Asia: implications for phylogeny and biogeography, Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 14:1, 1-27, DOI: 10.1080/14772019.2014.985339
  8. ^ Schlesinger, G., 1917. Die Mastodonten des K. K. Naturhistorischen Hofmuseums. Denkschriften des K. K. Naturhistorischen Hofmuseums 1:1-230.
  9. ^ Baleka, Sina; Varela, Luciano; Tambusso, P. Sebastián; Paijmans, Johanna L.A.; Mothé, Dimila; Stafford, Thomas W.; Fariña, Richard A.; Hofreiter, Michael (January 2022). "Revisiting proboscidean phylogeny and evolution through total evidence and palaeogenetic analyses including Notiomastodon ancient DNA". iScience. 25 (1): 103559. doi:10.1016/j.isci.2021.103559. PMC 8693454. PMID 34988402.
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