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The first recorded references to cuju in Chinese literature dates back to the Warring States Period (475-221 BC). Following this period came the rule of the Han dynasty from 202 BC to 220 AD. The Han dynasty brought wealth and cultural sophistication to China and allowed for cuju to flourish. However, after the falling out of the Han dynasty in 220 AD, cuju began to slowly decline in popularity. Despite its brief disappearance, the sport was revived during the Tang dynasty (618-907) where it was no longer restricted to nobility, but instead became a part of folk tradition and played at Chinese festivals. Cuju continued to cement itself in Chinese culture during the Song dynasty (960-1279) when China had reached new heights in economic, cultural and social development.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-24 |title=Origins - Cuju in China |url=https://www.fifamuseum.com/en/blog-stories/editorial/origins-cuju-in-china/ |access-date=2023-03-06 |website=www.fifamuseum.com |language=en}}</ref> There were many written records of Cuju and its influence in ancient China. A book called the Splendours of the Eastern Capital recorded the history of Cuju. Players of Cuju were usually men that came from wealthy families, some of whom played professionally. However, Cuju was not only limited to men, and other writers in the Tang Dynasty (618 to 907 AD) recorded stories of women playing alongside men. The sport was often played as entertainment for banquets and ceremonies, and even the Emperor Taizu of the Song Dynasty was seen in a painting playing Cuju.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-01-26 |title=Did China invent football? |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-35409594 |access-date=2023-03-06}}</ref>
The first recorded references to cuju in Chinese literature dates back to the Warring States Period (475-221 BC). Following this period came the rule of the Han dynasty from 202 BC to 220 AD. The Han dynasty brought wealth and cultural sophistication to China and allowed for cuju to flourish. However, after the falling out of the Han dynasty in 220 AD, cuju began to slowly decline in popularity. Despite its brief disappearance, the sport was revived during the Tang dynasty (618-907) where it was no longer restricted to nobility, but instead became a part of folk tradition and played at Chinese festivals. Cuju continued to cement itself in Chinese culture during the Song dynasty (960-1279) when China had reached new heights in economic, cultural and social development.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-24 |title=Origins - Cuju in China |url=https://www.fifamuseum.com/en/blog-stories/editorial/origins-cuju-in-china/ |access-date=2023-03-06 |website=www.fifamuseum.com |language=en}}</ref> There were many written records of Cuju and its influence in ancient China. A book called the Splendours of the Eastern Capital recorded the history of Cuju. Players of Cuju were usually men that came from wealthy families, some of whom played professionally. However, Cuju was not only limited to men, and other writers in the Tang Dynasty (618 to 907 AD) recorded stories of women playing alongside men. The sport was often played as entertainment for banquets and ceremonies, and even the Emperor Taizu of the Song Dynasty was seen in a painting playing Cuju.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-01-26 |title=Did China invent football? |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-35409594 |access-date=2023-03-06}}</ref>
However, cuju again lost its importance during the Ming dynasty (1368-1644). The first Ming ruler even banned cuju all together because it was believed to be a distraction from work and military training. After this disappearance, there never was another revival of cuju because western influences, like association football, officially got rid of cuju altogether.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-24 |title=Origins - Cuju in China |url=https://www.fifamuseum.com/en/blog-stories/editorial/origins-cuju-in-china/ |access-date=2023-03-06 |website=www.fifamuseum.com |language=en}}</ref>
However, cuju again lost its importance during the Ming dynasty (1368-1644). The first Ming ruler even banned cuju altogether because it was believed to be a distraction from work and military training. After this disappearance, there never was another revival of cuju because western influences, like association football, officially got rid of cuju altogether.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-24 |title=Origins - Cuju in China |url=https://www.fifamuseum.com/en/blog-stories/editorial/origins-cuju-in-china/ |access-date=2023-03-06 |website=www.fifamuseum.com |language=en}}</ref>


=== Modern ===
=== Modern ===

Revision as of 16:19, 28 April 2023

A 2006 football game in Mong Kok Stadium

Football in China includes the practice of American football, arena football, association football, paper football, and other "football"-termed sports in the territory of the People's Republic of China that does not include Hong Kong and Macau.

American football

See also: Chinese National Football League

History

Ancient

A version of soccer called “cuju” was already practiced more than 2300 years ago in the city of Lin Zi as a military sport that served to train the troops and check the physical condition of the soldiers.[1] What does cuju mean? CU means “to kick” and JU “a type of leather ball”. Cuju is regarded as an ancient Chinese ball game. It is a competitive game involving kicking the ball through a large opening and into a net, and just like modern-day American football, hands can be used when playing Cuju.This sport was quite popular in medieval China, and it was also more pervasive among the higher ranks and classes in ancient China. It was also played and enjoyed by the intellectuals, royalty, soldiers, and even the peasants.[2] There were two forms of cuju. One served as a competition, in which teams played each other trying to score as many goals as possible with goals and keepers. The other type of exhibition was more for entertainment, which even had live music in the background and female players were allowed, with its main purpose was to demonstrate technique and dexterity.

The first recorded references to cuju in Chinese literature dates back to the Warring States Period (475-221 BC). Following this period came the rule of the Han dynasty from 202 BC to 220 AD. The Han dynasty brought wealth and cultural sophistication to China and allowed for cuju to flourish. However, after the falling out of the Han dynasty in 220 AD, cuju began to slowly decline in popularity. Despite its brief disappearance, the sport was revived during the Tang dynasty (618-907) where it was no longer restricted to nobility, but instead became a part of folk tradition and played at Chinese festivals. Cuju continued to cement itself in Chinese culture during the Song dynasty (960-1279) when China had reached new heights in economic, cultural and social development.[3] There were many written records of Cuju and its influence in ancient China. A book called the Splendours of the Eastern Capital recorded the history of Cuju. Players of Cuju were usually men that came from wealthy families, some of whom played professionally. However, Cuju was not only limited to men, and other writers in the Tang Dynasty (618 to 907 AD) recorded stories of women playing alongside men. The sport was often played as entertainment for banquets and ceremonies, and even the Emperor Taizu of the Song Dynasty was seen in a painting playing Cuju.[4] However, cuju again lost its importance during the Ming dynasty (1368-1644). The first Ming ruler even banned cuju altogether because it was believed to be a distraction from work and military training. After this disappearance, there never was another revival of cuju because western influences, like association football, officially got rid of cuju altogether.[5]

Modern

A Chinese Olympic football team at the 1936 Summer Olympics

The Chinese Football Association Super League (referred to as "Chinese Super League" or "Chinese Super League") is the highest-level professional football league in mainland China (Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan have football associations and leagues directly under FIFA and AFC). Its lower leagues are the Chinese Football Association League A, the Chinese Football Association League B, and the Chinese Football Association Member Association Champions League.

The Chinese Super League started in 2004 and was formerly known as the Chinese Football League A, established in 1989. It is organized by the Chinese Football Association and operated by the Chinese Super League Co., Ltd. It is one of the most competitive football leagues in Asia with the highest average attendance rate. The champion will receive the Vulcan Cup. According to the latest ranking of the International Federation of Football History and Statistics in 2017, the Chinese Super League ranks 36th in the world and 3rd in the Asian League.

Since 2006, the number of participating clubs in the Chinese Super League has been stable at 16; on December 29, 2020, the Chinese Football Association confirmed that the Chinese Super League will expand to 18 teams in the 2022 season. The policy of “up 3 down 3”[clarification needed] will be implemented in the 2022 season.

On July 6, 2022, the Chinese Football Association held a meeting to confirm that the Chinese Super League will resume home and away games from the 11th round (second stage) on August 5, 2022. On October 14, the "restart" time of the Chinese Super League was finally confirmed. The Chinese Super League officially announced the 19th round, the 20th round of supplementary matches and the 23rd-25th rounds.

Association football

Association football in China
Governing bodyCFA
National team(s)China
National competitions
Chinese FA Cup
Chinese FA Super Cup
Chinese FA Women's Cup
Club competitions
Chinese Super League
China League One
China League Two
CMCL
Member Football Association Leagues
Chinese Women's Super League
Chinese Women's Football League
Chinese Futsal League
International competitions

The Chinese Super League (CSL; Chinese: 中超联赛) is the highest tier of professional association football in Mainland China, operating under the auspices of the Chinese Football Association (CFA).[6] The Super League was created by the re-branding of the former top division, Chinese Football Association Jia-A League, in 2004. While the league originally consisted of 12 teams, 16 teams now compete in it. The league has witnessed match-fixing, illegal betting, and violence on and off the pitch[7][8] which the government of the People's Republic of China has promised to fix.[9] Two former top executives of the Football Association of China were arrested and prosecuted for taking bribes.[10] The Super League is criticized for overusing of foreign players in clubs, including some record-breaking transfers of foreign players.[11][12] The racist sentiment against foreign players, including African ones, has been seen.[13][14]

The sport is covered by the media.[15] National competitions are generally televised on CCTV-5 and CCTV-5+. Guangdong Television reserves rights, however, for the Premier League and the UEFA Champions League. Since 1996, CCTV-5 has had weekly programmes televising live games in the Italian Serie A and German Bundesliga to Football Night (足球之夜). Serie A, Bundesliga and La Liga are broadcast on CCTV-5. Shanghai's Dongfang Sports channel also has coverage.

Initiatives have been developed, including Vision China, a part FIFA Vision Asia. The program covers marketing, development, training, sports medicine, competitions, media, and fans. It also includes assessments on association football in China, planning matches, and monitoring them. Goal Project for China, a part of FIFA Goal Project, invested in China to help build the new headquarters of CFA.[16] The government has created at least 70,000 fields and 24,000 schools.[17]

Competition system

The Chinese Super League is carried out in a double-round way of home and away games. There are 34 rounds in the whole season. The Chinese Super League implements the "up 3 down 3" policy, that is, the 16th, 17th and 18th places in the Chinese Super League are directly relegated to the A League. The 1st, 2nd, and 3rd places in the A League are directly promoted to the Chinese Super League.

Points rule

Each team has 3 points for a win, 1 point for a draw, and 0 points for a loss.

After all the competitions of the Chinese Super League in the current year are completed, the player with the most points will rank first. If two or more teams have an equal number of points, they will be ranked in the following order:

1. Teams with equal points and more points in each other's competitions will be ranked first;

2. Teams with equal points and more goal difference in each other's games will be ranked first;

3. The team with the same score and the highest number of goals in each other's games will be ranked first;

4. The reserve team of the club to which it belongs is ranked first in the reserve team league this season, and it ranks first;

5. Teams with equal points that have the most goal difference in all competitions of the Chinese Super League in that year will rank first;

6. The team with equal points that scored the most goals in all the competitions of the Chinese Super League in that year will be ranked first;

7. The player with the highest fair play points is in the front (red and yellow cards will be deducted, 1 point will be deducted for each yellow card, and 3 points will be deducted for each red card);

8. Ranking will be determined by drawing lots.

Youth football

Main article: Youth football in China
A football school in Qinhuangdao

There are three main pathways for Chinese youth to play football:[18]: 7–8 

  • The school-based system, which is itself divided by age into primary school, middle school, and high school
  • The "National Youth Football Training Centre" (led by the CFA), which supports 12 men's and 14 women's youth training centers as of 2020
  • The professional football club system

Chinese football stadiums with a +60,000 capacity

Stadium Capacity City Province Tenants
Beijing National Stadium 91,000[19] Beijing Beijing 2008 Summer Olympics, 2015 World Championships in Athletics, 2022 Winter Olympics
Guangdong Olympic Stadium 80,012 Guangzhou Guangdong 2001 National Games of China, 2009 Asian Athletics Championships, 2010 Asian Games
Hangzhou Sports Park 80,000 Hangzhou Zhejiang 2022 Asian Games
Workers Stadium 68,000 Beijing Beijing Beijing Guoan, 1990 Asian Games, 1991 National Games of China, 2004 AFC Asian Cup, football at the 2008 Summer Olympics, former venue of 2023 AFC Asian Cup[a]
Shanxi Sports Centre Stadium 62,000 Taiyuan Shanxi Shanxi Metropolis
Nanjing Olympic Sports Center 61,443 Nanjing Jiangsu Jiangsu Suning, 2005 National Games of China, 2014 Summer Youth Olympic Games
Dalian Sports Center Stadium 61,000 Dalian Liaoning Dalian Yifang
Shenzhen Universiade Sports Centre 60,334 Shenzhen Guangdong Shenzhen Kaisa, 2011 Summer Universiade
Haixia Olympic Center Stadium 60,000 Fuzhou Fujian Fujian Tianxin
Hefei Olympic Sports Center Stadium 60,000 Hefei Anhui
Guangxi Sports Center 60,000 Nanning Guangxi
Ordos Sports Centre Stadium 60,000 Ordos Inner Mongolia
Shenyang Olympic Sports Center Stadium 60,000 Shenyang Liaoning football at the 2008 Summer Olympics, 2013 National Games of China
Nanchang International Sport Center 60,000 Nanchang Jiangxi
Xi'an Olympic Sports Centre Stadium 60,000 Xi'an Shaanxi

Notes

  1. ^ Originally, the tournament was held in China, with the Beijing venue was Workers Stadium. But on 14 May 2022, due to COVID-19 in China and Zero-COVID, China had to withdraw from being the host and gave the host to Qatar on 17 October.

References

  1. ^ "The Origin of Soccer is Chinese; the Cuju".
  2. ^ "What is Cuju Sport?-First Football Game in History | Son of China". 19 December 2021.
  3. ^ "Origins - Cuju in China". www.fifamuseum.com. 24 February 2022. Retrieved 6 March 2023.
  4. ^ "Did China invent football?". BBC News. 26 January 2016. Retrieved 6 March 2023.
  5. ^ "Origins - Cuju in China". www.fifamuseum.com. 24 February 2022. Retrieved 6 March 2023.
  6. ^ Sheringham, Sam (8 January 2013). "BBC Sport - Didier Drogba & Nicolas Anelka put Chinese football on the map". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 28 October 2013.
  7. ^ Osnos, Evan. "Corruption in Chinese Soccer". The New Yorker. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
  8. ^ Reuters in Beijing (13 June 2012). "China soccer match-fixing: former football chief and top players jailed | World news | guardian.co.uk". London: Guardian. Retrieved 20 September 2012. {{cite news}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  9. ^ Barboza, David (13 June 2012). "Lengthy Prison Terms in Chinese Soccer Corruption Case". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
  10. ^ Barboza, David. "Soccer Officials Sentenced in China", The New York Times. Retrieved 2013-10-9
  11. ^ Price, Steve (5 January 2017). "Why Chinese clubs are breaking transfer records – and why players are wise to go". The Guardian – via www.theguardian.com.
  12. ^ "Shock new foreign player rules could burst China football bubble". South China Morning Post. 16 January 2017.
  13. ^ "Demba Ba enraged by alleged racism during Chinese Super League match - SupChina". 6 August 2018.
  14. ^ Sui, Celine. "China's Racism Is Wrecking Its Success in Africa".
  15. ^ "Let professionals run Chinese soccer | South China Morning Post". Scmp.com. 19 February 2012. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
  16. ^ "AFC to support Chinese football". English.people.com.cn. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
  17. ^ Turner, Greg (18 March 2021). "Why Chinese soccer has to die before it can really learn to live". SportsPro. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
  18. ^ Peng, Qi; Chen, Zhisheng; Li, Juan; Houlihan, Barrie; Scelles, Nicolas (6 June 2022). "The new hope of Chinese football? Youth football reforms and policy conflicts in the implementation process". European Sport Management Quarterly: 1–23. doi:10.1080/16184742.2022.2083649. ISSN 1618-4742. S2CID 249444192.
  19. ^ "The official website of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games". Archived from the original on 27 August 2008. Retrieved 1 February 2023.
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