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The '''Nikkei 225 Futures''', introduced at [[Singapore Exchange]] (SGX) in [[1986 in Japan|1986]], the [[Osaka Securities Exchange]] (OSE) in [[1988 in Japan|1988]], [[Chicago Mercantile Exchange]] (CME) in [[1990 in Japan|1990]], is now an internationally recognized [[Stock market index future|futures index]].<ref>[http://www.nni.nikkei.co.jp/FR/SERV/nikkei_indexes/nifaq225.html#gen4 Nikkei Net interactive] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081222020349/http://www.nni.nikkei.co.jp/FR/SERV/nikkei_indexes/nifaq225.html |date=22 December 2008 }}</ref>
The '''Nikkei 225 Futures''', introduced at [[Singapore Exchange]] (SGX) in [[1986 in Japan|1986]], the [[Osaka Securities Exchange]] (OSE) in [[1988 in Japan|1988]], [[Chicago Mercantile Exchange]] (CME) in [[1990 in Japan|1990]], is now an internationally recognized [[Stock market index future|futures index]].<ref>[http://www.nni.nikkei.co.jp/FR/SERV/nikkei_indexes/nifaq225.html#gen4 Nikkei Net interactive] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081222020349/http://www.nni.nikkei.co.jp/FR/SERV/nikkei_indexes/nifaq225.html |date=22 December 2008 }}</ref>


The Nikkei average has deviated sharply from the textbook model of stock averages, which grow at a steady exponential rate. The average hit its all-time high on 29 December 1989, during the peak of the [[Japanese asset price bubble]], when it reached an intra-day high of 38,957.44, before closing at 38,915.87, having grown sixfold during the decade. Subsequently, it lost nearly all these gains, closing at 7,054.98 on March 10, 2009 — 81.9% below its peak nearly twenty years earlier.{{fact|date=September 2019}}
The Nikkei average has deviated sharply from the textbook model of stock averages, which grow at a steady exponential rate. The average hit its all-time high on 29 December 1989, during the peak of the [[Japanese asset price bubble]], when it reached an intra-day high of 38,957.44, before closing at 38,915.87, having grown sixfold during the decade. Subsequently, it lost nearly all these gains, reaching a post-bubble intraday low of 6,994.90 on October 28, 2008 — 82% below its peak nearly 19 years earlier.


On March 15 [[2011 in Japan|2011]], the second working day after the [[2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami|massive earthquake in the northeast part of Japan]], the index dropped over 10% to finish at 8605.15, a loss of 1,015 points. The index continued to drop throughout 2011, bottoming out at 8160.01 on November 25, putting it at its lowest close since March 31st, 2009. The Nikkei fell over 17% in 2011, finishing the year at 8455.35, its lowest year-end closing value in nearly thirty years, when the index finished at 8016.70 in [[1982 in Japan|1982]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.FinFacts.com/Private/curency/nikkei225performance.htm|title=Finfacts: Irish business, finance news on economics|website=FinFacts.com|archive-date=28 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028235316/http://www.finfacts.com/Private/curency/nikkei225performance.htm|url-status=dead}}{{failed verification|date=October 2017}}{{unreliable source|date=October 2017}}</ref><!--how can a site that has not been updated since 2005 be used in a citation attempting to verify 2011 data?-->
On March 15 [[2011 in Japan|2011]], the second working day after the [[2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami|massive earthquake in the northeast part of Japan]], the index dropped over 10% to finish at 8605.15, a loss of 1,015 points. The index continued to drop throughout 2011, bottoming out at 8160.01 on November 25, putting it at its lowest close since March 31st, 2009. The Nikkei fell over 17% in 2011, finishing the year at 8455.35, its lowest year-end closing value in nearly thirty years, when the index finished at 8016.70 in [[1982 in Japan|1982]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.FinFacts.com/Private/curency/nikkei225performance.htm|title=Finfacts: Irish business, finance news on economics|website=FinFacts.com|archive-date=28 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028235316/http://www.finfacts.com/Private/curency/nikkei225performance.htm|url-status=dead}}{{failed verification|date=October 2017}}{{unreliable source|date=October 2017}}</ref><!--how can a site that has not been updated since 2005 be used in a citation attempting to verify 2011 data?-->

Revision as of 02:31, 5 June 2023

Nikkei 225
Foundation7 September 1950; 74 years ago (1950-09-07)
OperatorNihon Keizai Shimbun
(The Nikkei)
(Nikkei, Inc.)
ExchangesTokyo Stock Exchange (TSE)
Constituents225
Weighting methodPrice-weighted index
Related indicesTokyo Stock Price Index (TOPIX)
WebsiteNikkei 225
Nikkei 225 Index

The Nikkei 225, or the Nikkei Stock Average (日経平均株価, Nikkei heikin kabuka), more commonly called the Nikkei or the Nikkei index[1][2] (/ˈnɪkeɪ, ˈniː-, nɪˈkeɪ/), is a stock market index for the Tokyo Stock Exchange (TSE). It has been calculated daily by the Nihon Keizai Shimbun (The Nikkei) newspaper since 1950. It is a price-weighted index, operating in the Japanese Yen (JP¥), and its components are reviewed once a year. The Nikkei measures the performance of 225 large, publicly owned companies in Japan from a wide array of industry sectors.[3]

Another major index for the Tokyo Stock Exchange is the Tokyo Stock Price Index (TOPIX).

History

The Nikkei 225 began to be calculated on 9 July 1950; 74 years ago (1950-07-09), retroactively calculated back to May 16th 1949, when the average price of its component stocks was 176.21 yen. Since January 2010, the index is updated every 15 seconds during trading sessions.

The Nikkei 225 Futures, introduced at Singapore Exchange (SGX) in 1986, the Osaka Securities Exchange (OSE) in 1988, Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME) in 1990, is now an internationally recognized futures index.[4]

The Nikkei average has deviated sharply from the textbook model of stock averages, which grow at a steady exponential rate. The average hit its all-time high on 29 December 1989, during the peak of the Japanese asset price bubble, when it reached an intra-day high of 38,957.44, before closing at 38,915.87, having grown sixfold during the decade. Subsequently, it lost nearly all these gains, reaching a post-bubble intraday low of 6,994.90 on October 28, 2008 — 82% below its peak nearly 19 years earlier.

On March 15 2011, the second working day after the massive earthquake in the northeast part of Japan, the index dropped over 10% to finish at 8605.15, a loss of 1,015 points. The index continued to drop throughout 2011, bottoming out at 8160.01 on November 25, putting it at its lowest close since March 31st, 2009. The Nikkei fell over 17% in 2011, finishing the year at 8455.35, its lowest year-end closing value in nearly thirty years, when the index finished at 8016.70 in 1982.[5]

The Nikkei started 2013 near 10,600, hitting a peak of 15,942 in May. However, shortly afterward, it plunged by almost 10% before rebounding, making it the most volatile stock market index among the developed markets. By 2015, it has reached over 20,000 mark; marking a gain of over 10,000 in two years, making it one of the fastest growing stock market indexes in the world. However, by 2018, the index growth has been more moderate at around the 22,000 mark.[citation needed]

There is concern that the rise since 2013 is artificial and due to purchases by the Bank of Japan ("BOJ").[6][7] From a start in 2013, by end 2017, The BOJ owned circa 75%[8] of all Japanese Exchange Traded Funds ("ETFs"), and are a top 10 shareholder of 90% of the Nikkei 225 constituents.[9][10]

On February 15, 2021, the Nikkei average breached the 30,000 benchmark, its highest level in 30 years, due to the levels of monetary stimulus and asset purchase programs executed by the Bank of Japan to mitigate the financial effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.[11]

Weighting

The index is a price-weighted index. As of early 2022, the company with the largest influence on the index is Fast Retailing (TYO: 9983).

Contract Specifications

The Nikkei 225 is traded as a future on the Osaka exchange. The contract specifications for the Nikkei 225 (ticker symbol JNK) are listed below:

Contract Specifications[12]
Nikkei 225 (JNK)
Contract Size: Nikkei 225 Index X Y1,000
Exchange: OSE
Sector: Index
Tick Size: 10
Tick Value: 10000 JPY
Big Point Value (BPV): 1000
Denomination: JPY
Decimal Place: 0

Annual returns

The following table shows the annual development of the Nikkei 225, which was calculated back to 1914.[13][14][15]

Year Closing level Change in Index
in Points 		Change in Index
in %
1914 21.12
1915 32.10 10.98 51.99
1916 41.61 9.51 29.63
1917 41.40 −0.21 −0.50
1918 42.21 0.81 1.96
1919 53.63 11.42 27.06
1920 27.44 −26.19 −48.83
1921 28.88 1.44 5.25
1922 23.97 −4.91 −17.00
1923 22.83 −1.14 −4.76
1924 24.45 1.62 7.10
1925 27.96 3.51 14.36
1926 27.25 −0.71 −2.54
1927 25.82 −1.43 −5.25
1928 25.65 −0.17 −0.66
1929 21.32 −4.33 −16.88
1930 16.82 −4.50 −21.11
1931 16.28 −0.54 −3.21
1932 30.33 14.05 86.30
1933 34.12 3.79 12.50
1934 32.30 −1.82 −5.33
1935 33.76 1.46 4.52
1936 35.94 2.18 6.46
1937 37.33 1.39 3.87
1938 33.66 −3.67 −9.83
1939 44.96 11.30 33.57
1940 37.42 −7.54 −16.77
1941 42.44 5.02 13.42
1942 42.71 0.27 0.64
1943 42.11 −0.60 −1.40
1944 41.82 −0.29 −0.69
1945 40.53 −1.29 −3.08
1946 28.72 −11.81 −29.14
1947 39.31 10.59 36.87
1948 72.84 33.53 85.30
1949 109.91 37.07 50.89
1950 101.91 −8.00 −7.28
1951 166.06 64.15 62.95
1952 362.64 196.58 118.38
1953 377.95 15.31 4.22
1954 356.09 −21.86 −5.78
1955 425.69 69.60 19.55
1956 549.14 123.45 29.00
1957 474.55 −74.59 −13.58
1958 666.54 191.99 40.46
1959 874.88 208.34 31.26
1960 1,356.71 481.83 55.07
1961 1,432.60 75.89 5.59
1962 1,420.43 −12.17 −0.85
1963 1,225.10 −195.33 −13.75
1964 1,216.55 −8.55 −0.70
1965 1,417.83 201.28 16.55
1966 1,452.10 34.27 2.42
1967 1,283.47 −168.63 −11.61
1968 1,714.89 431.42 33.61
1969 2,358.96 644.07 37.56
1970 1,987.14 −371.82 −15.76
1971 2,713.74 726.60 36.57
1972 5,207.94 2,494.20 91.91
1973 4,306.80 −901.14 −17.30
1974 3,817.22 −489.58 −11.37
1975 4,358.60 541.38 14.18
1976 4,990.85 632.25 14.51
1977 4,865.60 −125.25 −2.51
1978 6,001.85 1,136.25 23.35
1979 6,569.47 567.62 9.46
1980 7,116.38 546.91 8.33
1981 7,681.84 565.46 7.95
1982 8,016.67 334.83 4.36
1983 9,893.82 1,877.15 23.42
1984 11,542.60 1,648.78 16.66
1985 13,113.32 1,570.72 13.61
1986 18,701.30 5,587.98 42.61
1987 21,564.00 2,862.70 15.31
1988 30,159.00 8,595.00 39.86
1989 38,915.87 8,756.87 29.04
1990 23,848.71 −15,067.16 −38.72
1991 22,983.77 −864.94 −3.63
1992 16,924.95 −6,058.82 −26.36
1993 17,417.24 492.29 2.91
1994 19,723.06 2,305.82 13.24
1995 19,868.15 145.09 0.74
1996 19,361.35 −506.80 −2.55
1997 15,258.74 −4,102.61 −21.19
1998 13,842.17 −1.416,57 −9.28
1999 18,934.34 5,092.17 36.79
2000 13,785.69 −5,148.65 −27.19
2001 10,542.62 −3,243.07 −23.52
2002 8,578.95 −1,963.67 −18.63
2003 10,676.64 2,097.69 24.45
2004 11,488.76 812.12 7.61
2005 16,111.43 4,622.67 40.24
2006 17,225.83 1,114.40 6.92
2007 15,307.78 −1,918.05 −11.13
2008 8,859.56 −6,448.22 −42.12
2009 10,546.44 1,686.88 19.04
2010 10,228.92 −317.52 −3.01
2011 8,455.35 −1,773.57 −17.24
2012 10,395.18 1,939.83 22.94
2013 16,291.31 5,896.13 56.72
2014 17,450.77 1,159.46 7.12
2015 19,033.71 1,582.94 9.07
2016 19,114.40 80.69 0.42
2017 22,764.94 3,650.54 19.10
2018 20,014.77 −2,750.17 −12.08
2019 23,656.62 3,641.85 18.20
2020 27,444.17 3,787.55 16.01
2021 28,791.71 1,347.54 4.68
2022 26,094.50 −2,697.21 −9.37

Components

As of October 2021, the Nikkei 225 consists of the following companies: (Japanese securities identification code in parentheses)[16]

Fishery

Mining

Construction

Foods

Textiles & apparel

Pulp & paper

Chemicals

Pharmaceuticals

Petroleum

Rubber

Glass & Ceramics

Steel

Nonferrous metals

Machinery

Electric machinery

Shipbuilding

Automotive

Precision instruments

Trading companies

Other manufacturing

Retail

Banking

Securities

Insurance

Other financial services

Real estate

Railway/bus

Land transport

Marine transport

Air transport

Warehousing

Communications

Electric power

Gas

Services

See also

References

  1. ^ "the Nikkei (index) definition, meaning - what is the Nikkei (index) in the British English Dictionary & Thesaurus". cambridge.org. Cambridge Dictionaries Online.
  2. ^ "Nikkei 225". Yahoo.com. Yahoo. Archived from the original on 12 December 2011.
  3. ^ "Overview of the Nikkei 225 Stock Market Index". Archived from the original on 1 November 2018. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
  4. ^ Nikkei Net interactive Archived 22 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  5. ^ "Finfacts: Irish business, finance news on economics". FinFacts.com. Archived from the original on 28 October 2019.[failed verification][unreliable source?]
  6. ^ "Japan Central Bank's ETF Shopping Spree Is Becoming a Worry". Bloomberg. 18 July 2017.
  7. ^ "Japan's Central Bank Is Distorting the Market, Bourse Chief Says". Bloomberg. 19 July 2017.
  8. ^ "Bank of Japan's $150 Billion ETF Binge Looks Likely to Slow Next Year". Bloomberg. 10 December 2017.
  9. ^ "BoJ Now A Top 10 Shareholder In 90% Of Nikkei 225". Barrons. 24 April 2017.
  10. ^ "What Happens When The Bank Of Japan Owns Everything?". Forbes. 27 April 2016.
  11. ^ "Nikkei index hits 30,000 for first time in three decades". The Nikkei. 15 February 2021. Archived from the original on 15 February 2021.
  12. ^ "Historical Nikkei 225 Intraday Futures Data (JNK)". PortaraCQG. Retrieved 28 October 2022.
  13. ^ "Finfacts: Irish business, finance news on economics". www.finfacts.com. Archived from the original on 28 October 2019. Retrieved 19 January 2020.
  14. ^ "Historical Data (Nikkei 225) - Nikkei Indexes". indexes.nikkei.co.jp. Retrieved 19 January 2020.
  15. ^ "NIKKEI 225 Index (Japan) Yearly Stock Returns". www.1stock1.com. Archived from the original on 17 July 2019. Retrieved 19 January 2020.
  16. ^ "Components:Nikkei Stock Average (Nikkei 225)". Nikkei Indexes. 24 April 2018.
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