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== Taxonomy ==
== Taxonomy ==
The family Psittacidae was introduced (as Psittacea) by French [[polymath]] [[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque]] in 1815.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Rafinesque | first=Constantine Samuel | author-link=Constantine Samuel Rafinesque | year=1815 | title=Analyse de la nature ou, Tableau de l'univers et des corps organisés | publisher=Self-published | place=Palermo | language=fr | page=64 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48310142 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Bock | first=Walter J. | year=1994 | title=History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names | series=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History | volume= Number 222 | publisher=American Museum of Natural History | place=New York | pages=140, 252 | hdl=2246/830 }}<!--Linked page allows download of the 48MB pdf--></ref> The recently revised taxonomy of the family Psittacidae, based on molecular studies, recognizes the sister clade relationship of the Old World [[Psittacini]] and New World [[Arini (tribe)|Arini]] tribes of subfamily Psittacinae,<ref>{{cite book|last=Collar|first=N.|title=Birds of the World, Vol.4|year=1997|publisher=del Hoyo|page=241}}</ref> which have been raised to subfamily ranking and renamed Psittacinae and Arinae. Subfamily [[Loriinae]] and the other tribes of subfamily [[Psittacinae]] are now placed in superfamily [[Psittacoidea]] of all true parrots, which includes family Psittacidae.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1=Joseph | first1=L. | last2=Toon | first2=A. | last3=Schirtzinger | first3=E.E. | last4=Wright | first4=T.F. | last5=Schodde | first5=R. | date=2012 | title=A revised nomenclature and classification for family-group taxa of parrots (Psittaciformes) | journal=Zootaxa | volume=3205 | issue=1 | pages=26-40 | doi=10.11646/zootaxa.3205.1.2}}</ref>
The family Psittacidae was introduced (as Psittacea) by French [[polymath]] [[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque]] in 1815.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Rafinesque | first=Constantine Samuel | author-link=Constantine Samuel Rafinesque | year=1815 | title=Analyse de la nature ou, Tableau de l'univers et des corps organisés | publisher=Self-published | place=Palermo | language=fr | page=64 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48310142 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Bock | first=Walter J. | year=1994 | title=History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names | series=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History | volume= Number 222 | publisher=American Museum of Natural History | place=New York | pages=140, 252 | hdl=2246/830 }}<!--Linked page allows download of the 48MB pdf--></ref> The recently revised taxonomy of the family Psittacidae, based on molecular studies, recognizes the sister clade relationship of the Old World [[Psittacini]] and New World [[Arini (tribe)|Arini]] tribes of subfamily Psittacinae,<ref>{{cite book|last=Collar|first=N.|title=Birds of the World, Vol.4|year=1997|publisher=del Hoyo|page=241}}</ref> which have been raised to subfamily ranking and renamed Psittacinae and Arinae. Subfamily [[Loriinae]] and the other tribes of subfamily [[Psittacinae]] are now placed in superfamily [[Psittacoidea]] of all true parrots, which includes family Psittacidae.<ref name=joseph>{{Cite journal | last1=Joseph | first1=L. | last2=Toon | first2=A. | last3=Schirtzinger | first3=E.E. | last4=Wright | first4=T.F. | last5=Schodde | first5=R. | date=2012 | title=A revised nomenclature and classification for family-group taxa of parrots (Psittaciformes) | journal=Zootaxa | volume=3205 | issue=1 | pages=26-40 | doi=10.11646/zootaxa.3205.1.2}}</ref>


The family contains 181 species and is divided into 37 genera. Included are four species that have become extinct in historical times: the [[glaucous macaw]], the [[Carolina parakeet]], the [[Cuban macaw]] and the [[Puerto Rican parakeet]].<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | year=January 2023 | title=Parrots, cockatoos | work=IOC World Bird List Version 13.1 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/parrots/| publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=16 June 2023}}</ref>
The following phylogeny shows how the family Psittacidae relates to the three other families in the order [[Psittaciformes]]. The tree is based on the work by Leo Joseph and collaborators published in 2012 but with the choice of families and the number of species in each family taken from the list maintained by [[Frank Gill (ornithologist)|Frank Gill]], [[Pamela Rasmussen]] and David Donsker on behalf of the International Ornithological Committee (IOC), now the [[International Ornithologists' Union]].<ref name=joseph/><ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | year=January 2023 | title=Parrots, cockatoos | work=IOC World Bird List Version 13.1 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/parrots/| publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=16 June 2023}}</ref>
{{clade | style=font-size:90%;line-height:90%
|label1=[[Psittaciformes]]
|1={{clade
|1=[[Strigopidae]] – New Zealand parrots (4 species)
|2={{clade
|1=[[Cacatuidae]] – Cockatoos (21 species)
|2={{clade
|1='''Psittacidae''' – African and New World parrots (181 species)
|2=[[Psittaculidae]] – Old World parrots (204 species)
}}
}}
}}
}}


The following [[cladogram]] is based on a phylogenetic study by Brian Smith and collaborators that was published in 2023. In the analysis the genera ''[[Nannopsittaca]]'', ''[[Bolborhynchus]]'' and ''[[Psilopsiagon]]'' were found not to be [[monophyletic]].<ref>{{Cite journal | last1=Smith | first1=B.T. | last2=Merwin | first2=J. | last3=Provost | first3=K.L. | last4=Thom | first4=G. | last5=Brumfield | first5=R.T. | last6=Ferreira | first6=M. | last7=Mauck | first7=W.M.I. | last8=Moyle | first8=R.G. | last9=Wright | first9=T.F. | last10=Joseph | first10=L. | date=2023 | title=Phylogenomic analysis of the parrots of the world distinguishes artifactual from biological sources of gene tree discordance | journal=Systematic Biology | volume=72 | issue=1 | pages=228-241 | doi=10.1093/sysbio/syac055}}</ref> The number of species in each genus is taken from the list maintained by [[Frank Gill (ornithologist)|Frank Gill]], [[Pamela Rasmussen]] and David Donsker on behalf of the International Ornithological Committee (IOC), now the [[International Ornithologists' Union]].<ref name=ioc/>
The family contains 181 species and is divided into 37 genera. Included are four species that have become extinct in historical times: the [[glaucous macaw]], the [[Carolina parakeet]], the [[Cuban macaw]] and the [[Puerto Rican parakeet]]. The following [[cladogram]] is based on a phylogenetic study by Brian Smith and collaborators that was published in 2023. In the analysis the genera ''[[Nannopsittaca]]'', ''[[Bolborhynchus]]'' and ''[[Psilopsiagon]]'' were found not to be [[monophyletic]].<ref>{{Cite journal | last1=Smith | first1=B.T. | last2=Merwin | first2=J. | last3=Provost | first3=K.L. | last4=Thom | first4=G. | last5=Brumfield | first5=R.T. | last6=Ferreira | first6=M. | last7=Mauck | first7=W.M.I. | last8=Moyle | first8=R.G. | last9=Wright | first9=T.F. | last10=Joseph | first10=L. | date=2023 | title=Phylogenomic analysis of the parrots of the world distinguishes artifactual from biological sources of gene tree discordance | journal=Systematic Biology | volume=72 | issue=1 | pages=228-241 | doi=10.1093/sysbio/syac055}}</ref> The number of species in each genus is taken from the IOC list.<ref name=ioc/>


{{clade | style=font-size:85%;line-height:85%
{{clade | style=font-size:85%;line-height:85%

Revision as of 13:32, 16 June 2023

Neotropical and Afrotropical parrots
Temporal range: Eocene-Holocene
Male scarlet macaw
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Psittaciformes
Superfamily: Psittacoidea
Family: Psittacidae
Rafinesque, 1815
Subfamilies

See text for genera.

The family Psittacidae or holotropical parrots is one of three families of true parrots. It comprises the 12 species of subfamily Psittacinae (the Old World or Afrotropical parrots) and 169 of subfamily Arinae (the New World or Neotropical parrots) including several species that have gone extinct in recent centuries. Some of the most iconic birds in the world are represented here, such as the blue-and-yellow macaw among the New World parrots and the grey parrot among the Old World parrots.

Distribution

All of the parrot species in this family are found in tropical and subtropical zones and inhabit Mexico, Central and South America, the Caribbean islands, sub-Saharan Africa, the island of Madagascar, the Arabian Peninsula, Southeast Asia, Australia and Oceania. Two parrots, one extinct and the other extirpated, formerly inhabited the United States.[1]

Evolutionary history

This family probably had its origin early in the Paleogene period, 66–23 million years ago (Mya), after the western half of Gondwana had separated into the continents of Africa and South America, before the divergence of African and New World lineages around 30–35 Mya.[2] The New World parrots, and by implication Old World parrots, last shared a common ancestor with the Australian parrots of the Cacatuidae an estimated 59 Mya.[3]

The data place most of the diversification of psittaciformes around 40 Mya, after the separation of Australia from West Antarctica and South America.[2][4] Divergence of the Psittacidae from the ancestral parrots resulted from a common radiation event from what was then West Antarctica into South America, then Africa, via late Cretaceous land bridges that survived through the Paleogene.[5]

Taxonomy

The family Psittacidae was introduced (as Psittacea) by French polymath Constantine Samuel Rafinesque in 1815.[6][7] The recently revised taxonomy of the family Psittacidae, based on molecular studies, recognizes the sister clade relationship of the Old World Psittacini and New World Arini tribes of subfamily Psittacinae,[8] which have been raised to subfamily ranking and renamed Psittacinae and Arinae. Subfamily Loriinae and the other tribes of subfamily Psittacinae are now placed in superfamily Psittacoidea of all true parrots, which includes family Psittacidae.[9]

The following phylogeny shows how the family Psittacidae relates to the three other families in the order Psittaciformes. The tree is based on the work by Leo Joseph and collaborators published in 2012 but with the choice of families and the number of species in each family taken from the list maintained by Frank Gill, Pamela Rasmussen and David Donsker on behalf of the International Ornithological Committee (IOC), now the International Ornithologists' Union.[9][10]

Psittaciformes

Strigopidae – New Zealand parrots (4 species)

Cacatuidae – Cockatoos (21 species)

Psittacidae – African and New World parrots (181 species)

Psittaculidae – Old World parrots (204 species)

The family contains 181 species and is divided into 37 genera. Included are four species that have become extinct in historical times: the glaucous macaw, the Carolina parakeet, the Cuban macaw and the Puerto Rican parakeet. The following cladogram is based on a phylogenetic study by Brian Smith and collaborators that was published in 2023. In the analysis the genera Nannopsittaca, Bolborhynchus and Psilopsiagon were found not to be monophyletic.[11] The number of species in each genus is taken from the IOC list.[10]

Psittacidae
Psittacinae

Psittacus – grey parrots (2 species)

Poicephalus – parrots (10 species)

Arinae
Amoropsittacini

Touit – parrotlets (8 species)

Nannopsittaca, Bolborhynchus, Psilopsiagon – parrotlets, parakeets (7 species)

Forpini

Forpus – parrotlets (9 species)

Androglossini

Myiopsitta – parakeets (2 species)

Brotogeris – parakeets (8 species)

Pionopsitta – pileated parrot

Triclaria – blue-bellied parrot

Hapalopsittaca – parrots (4 species)

Pyrilia – parrots (7 species)

Amazona – parrots (33 species)

Pionus – parrots (8 species)

Graydidascalus – short-tailed parrot

Alipiopsitta - yellow-faced parrot

Arini

Deroptyus – red-fan parrot

Pionites – parrots (2 species!)

Rhynchopsitta – parrots (2 species)

Pyrrhura – parakeets (24 species)

Cyanoliseus – burrowing parrot

Enicognathus – parakeets (2 species)

Anodorhynchus – macaws (3 species)

Conuropsis – † Carolina parakeet

Aratinga – parakeets (6 species)

Cyanopsitta – Spix's macaw

Orthopsittaca – red-bellied macaw

Primolius – macaws (3 species)

Ara – macaws (9 species)

Eupsittula – parakeets (5 species)

Psittacara – parakeets (13 species)

Ognorhynchus – yellow-eared parrot

Leptosittaca – golden-plumed parakeet

Thectocercus – blue-crowned parakeet

Guaruba – golden parakeet

Diopsittaca – red-shouldered macaw

References

  1. ^ Forshaw, J. (2000). Parrots of the World, 3rd Ed. Australia: Lansdowne. pp. 303, 385.
  2. ^ a b Schweizer, M.; Seehausen O; Hertwig ST (2011). "Macroevolutionary patterns in the diversification of parrots: effects of climate change, geological events and key innovations". Journal of Biogeography. 38 (11): 2176–2194. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02555.x. PMC 2727385. PMID 18653733.
  3. ^ Tavares, Erika; Yamashita, Miyaki (Jan 2004). "Phylogenetic Relationships Among Some Neotropical Parrot Genera Based on Mitochondrial Sequences". The Auk. 121 (1): 230–242. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2004)121[0230:prasnp]2.0.co;2.
  4. ^ Wright, T.; et al. (Oct 2008). "A Multilocus Molecular Phylogeny of the Parrots (Psittaciformes): Support for a Gondwanan Origin during the Cretaceous". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 25 (10): 2141–2156. doi:10.1093/molbev/msn160. PMC 2727385. PMID 18653733.
  5. ^ Remsen, Van. "Proposal (599) to South American Classification Committee: Revise classification of the Psittaciformes". Retrieved 17 December 2013.
  6. ^ Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel (1815). Analyse de la nature ou, Tableau de l'univers et des corps organisés (in French). Palermo: Self-published. p. 64.
  7. ^ Bock, Walter J. (1994). History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. Vol. Number 222. New York: American Museum of Natural History. pp. 140, 252. hdl:2246/830. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
  8. ^ Collar, N. (1997). Birds of the World, Vol.4. del Hoyo. p. 241.
  9. ^ a b Joseph, L.; Toon, A.; Schirtzinger, E.E.; Wright, T.F.; Schodde, R. (2012). "A revised nomenclature and classification for family-group taxa of parrots (Psittaciformes)". Zootaxa. 3205 (1): 26–40. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3205.1.2.
  10. ^ a b Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2023). "Parrots, cockatoos". IOC World Bird List Version 13.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 16 June 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
  11. ^ Smith, B.T.; Merwin, J.; Provost, K.L.; Thom, G.; Brumfield, R.T.; Ferreira, M.; Mauck, W.M.I.; Moyle, R.G.; Wright, T.F.; Joseph, L. (2023). "Phylogenomic analysis of the parrots of the world distinguishes artifactual from biological sources of gene tree discordance". Systematic Biology. 72 (1): 228–241. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syac055.
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