George V of Hanover: Difference between revisions
George lived for some time in Great Britain |
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From his father and from his maternal uncle, [[Duke Charles of Mecklenburg|Prince Charles Frederick of Mecklenburg-Strelitz]], one of the most influential men at the [[Prussia]]n court, George had learned to take a very high and autocratic view of royal authority. During his 15-year reign, he engaged in frequent disputes with the Hanoverian [[Landtag]] (parliament). |
From his father and from his maternal uncle, [[Duke Charles of Mecklenburg|Prince Charles Frederick of Mecklenburg-Strelitz]], one of the most influential men at the [[Prussia]]n court, George had learned to take a very high and autocratic view of royal authority. During his 15-year reign, he engaged in frequent disputes with the Hanoverian [[Landtag]] (parliament). |
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Unlike his father, the King had a deep aversion to [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]], which bordered on the Kingdom of Hanover in the west and east. George was generally supportive of the [[Austrian Empire]] in the [[Reichstag (German Empire)|Diet of the German Confederation]]. Against the decision of his parliament, he refused to agree to the Prussian demand for neutrality and thus a break with the [[German Confederation]] in the upcoming German War, but joined the other loyal central states.<ref>Georg Schnath: ''Georg V.''. In: ''Neue Deutsche Biographie'' (NDB). Vol. 6, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1964</ref> |
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| ⚫ | As the [[Austro-Prussian War]] started, the Prussian government sent a dispatch on 15 June 1866 demanding that Hanover enter into an alliance with them and Hanoverian troops submit to their authority or face war.<ref>Heinzen, Jasper. ''The Guelph 'Conspiracy': Hanover as Would-Be Intermediary in the European System, 1866–1870.'' The International History Review 29, No. 2 (2007), pp. 258–281.</ref> Despite previously having concluded that Hanover could not win an armed confrontation with Prussia, George remained protective of his throne and refused the ultimatum.<ref name="Schmitt"/> Contrary to the wishes of the parliament, Hanover joined the Austrian camp in the war. As a result, the 20,600-strong [[Hanoverian Army]] surrendered on 29 June 1866 following the [[Battle of Langensalza (1866)|Battle of Langensalza]], although tactically successful but hopelessly outnumbered in soldiers. George V had joined his army headquarters in [[Göttingen]]. The Kingdom of Hanover was then occupied by Prussian troops. Georg firmly rejected an abdication in favor of his son Ernst August, as suggested by Queen Marie in order to be able to possibly save the existence of the Kingdom. |
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The Prussian government formally [[annexed]] Hanover on 20 September 1866, despite the King of Prussia, [[William I, German Emperor|William I]], being a first cousin of King George V of Hanover; their mothers were sisters. The deposed King never renounced his rights to the defunct throne or acknowledged Prussia's actions. He went into exile in Austria. His wife and children stayed at [[Marienburg Castle (Hanover)]] for a year, but then followed him. They initially lived in Vienna, where Georg bought a house that is now the Czech Embassy<ref>[https://www.vindobona.org/article/everything-you-always-wanted-to-know-about-the-czech-embassy-building-in-vienna Czech Embassy Building in Vienna]</ref>, but in 1868 bought a summer villa in [[Gmunden]], Austria, which they soon used as their main residence. |
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From exile he appealed in vain for the European great powers to intervene on behalf of Hanover. From 1866 to 1870, George V maintained the [[Guelphic Legion]] partially at his own expense.<ref name=Schmitt>Schmitt, Hans A. ''Prussia's Last Fling: The Annexation of Hanover, Hesse, Frankfurt, and Nassau, 15 June – 8 October 1866.'' Central European History 8, No. 4 (1975), pp. 316–347.</ref> |
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While in exile, he was appointed an honorary full general in the [[British army]] in 1876.<ref name=compeerage/> |
While in exile, he was appointed an honorary full general in the [[British army]] in 1876.<ref name=compeerage/> |
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Revision as of 12:29, 22 July 2023
| George V | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 George V, c. 1860s | |||||
| King of Hanover | |||||
| Reign | 18 November 1851 – 20 September 1866 | ||||
| Predecessor | Ernest Augustus | ||||
| Successor | Monarchy abolished | ||||
| Born | Prince George of Cumberland 27 May 1819 Berlin, Prussia | ||||
| Died | 12 June 1878 (aged 59) Paris, France | ||||
| Burial | 24 June 1878 Royal Vault, St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle | ||||
| Spouse | |||||
| Issue | |||||
| |||||
| House | Hanover | ||||
| Father | Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover | ||||
| Mother | Frederica of Mecklenburg-Strelitz | ||||
| Religion | Protestant | ||||
| Signature |  | ||||
George V (Georg Friedrich Alexander Karl Ernst August; 27 May 1819 – 12 June 1878) was the last king of Hanover, reigning from 18 November 1851 to 20 September 1866. The only child of King Ernest Augustus and Queen Frederica, he succeeded his father in 1851. George's reign was ended by the Austro-Prussian War, after which Prussia annexed Hanover.
Early life
George was born on 27 May 1819 in Berlin, the only son of Prince Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale. Ernest Augustus was the fifth son of George III of the United Kingdom and his wife, Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. Prince George's mother was Princess Frederica, the daughter of Charles II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz and Frederica of Hesse-Darmstadt. George was seventh in the line of succession to the British throne at birth and later became the son of the heir presumptive.
Prince George was baptised on 8 July 1819 at a hotel in Berlin where his parents were staying, by the Rev. Henry Thomas Austen (brother of author Jane Austen). His godparents were the then Prince Regent George IV of the United Kingdom (represented by the Duke of Cumberland), King Frederick William III of Prussia, Emperor Alexander I of Russia, the Crown Prince of Prussia, Prince William of Prussia, Prince Frederick of Prussia, Prince Henry of Prussia, Prince Wilhelm of Prussia, the Grand Duke Georg of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Duke Charles of Mecklenburg, Empress Maria Feodorovna, the Queen of the Netherlands Wilhelmine of Prussia, the Princess Augusta Sophia of the United Kingdom, the Hereditary Princess of Hesse-Homburg Princess Elizabeth of the United Kingdom, the Princess Mary (Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh), Princess Sophia of the United Kingdom, Princess Alexandrine of Prussia, the Electoral Princess Augusta of Hesse-Kassel, the Duchess of Anhalt-Dessau Princess Frederica Wilhelmina of Prussia, Princess Maria Anna of Hesse-Homburg (Princess William of Prussia), Margravine Elisabeth Louise of Brandenburg-Schwedt (Princess Ferdinand of Prussia), Princess Louisa of Prussia, and Princess Radziwill.[1]
George spent his childhood in Berlin and in Great Britain. He lost the sight of one eye following a childhood illness in 1828,[2] and in the other eye following an accident in 1833.[3] His father had hoped that the young prince might marry his cousin Queen Victoria, who was older by three days, thus keeping the British and Hanoverian thrones united, but nothing came of the plan.[4]
Crown Prince
Upon the death of King William IV and the accession of Queen Victoria to the British throne, the 123-year personal union of the British and Hanoverian thrones ended because Hanover's semi-Salic law prevented a woman from ascending its throne. The Duke of Cumberland succeeded to the Hanoverian throne as Ernest Augustus, and Prince George became the Crown Prince of Hanover. As a legitimate descendant of George III in the male line, he remained a member of the British royal family and second in line to the British throne until the birth of Queen Victoria's first child, Victoria, Princess Royal, in 1840. Since he was totally blind, there were doubts as to whether the Crown Prince was qualified to succeed as king of Hanover, but his father decided that he should do so.[5]
Marriage
George married, on 18 February 1843, at Hanover, Princess Marie of Saxe-Altenburg, the eldest daughter of Joseph, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg, by his wife, Duchess Amelia of Württemberg.
King of Hanover
_Hanoverian_Medal,_obverse.jpg)
The Crown Prince succeeded his father as the King of Hanover and Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg as well as Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale, in the Peerage of Great Britain and Earl of Armagh, in the Peerage of Ireland, on 18 November 1851, assuming the style George V.[6]
From his father and from his maternal uncle, Prince Charles Frederick of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, one of the most influential men at the Prussian court, George had learned to take a very high and autocratic view of royal authority. During his 15-year reign, he engaged in frequent disputes with the Hanoverian Landtag (parliament).
Unlike his father, the King had a deep aversion to Prussia, which bordered on the Kingdom of Hanover in the west and east. George was generally supportive of the Austrian Empire in the Diet of the German Confederation. Against the decision of his parliament, he refused to agree to the Prussian demand for neutrality and thus a break with the German Confederation in the upcoming German War, but joined the other loyal central states.[7]
As the Austro-Prussian War started, the Prussian government sent a dispatch on 15 June 1866 demanding that Hanover enter into an alliance with them and Hanoverian troops submit to their authority or face war.[8] Despite previously having concluded that Hanover could not win an armed confrontation with Prussia, George remained protective of his throne and refused the ultimatum.[9] Contrary to the wishes of the parliament, Hanover joined the Austrian camp in the war. As a result, the 20,600-strong Hanoverian Army surrendered on 29 June 1866 following the Battle of Langensalza, although tactically successful but hopelessly outnumbered in soldiers. George V had joined his army headquarters in Göttingen. The Kingdom of Hanover was then occupied by Prussian troops. Georg firmly rejected an abdication in favor of his son Ernst August, as suggested by Queen Marie in order to be able to possibly save the existence of the Kingdom.
The Prussian government formally annexed Hanover on 20 September 1866, despite the King of Prussia, William I, being a first cousin of King George V of Hanover; their mothers were sisters. The deposed King never renounced his rights to the defunct throne or acknowledged Prussia's actions. He went into exile in Austria. His wife and children stayed at Marienburg Castle (Hanover) for a year, but then followed him. They initially lived in Vienna, where Georg bought a house that is now the Czech Embassy[10], but in 1868 bought a summer villa in Gmunden, Austria, which they soon used as their main residence.
From exile he appealed in vain for the European great powers to intervene on behalf of Hanover. From 1866 to 1870, George V maintained the Guelphic Legion partially at his own expense.[9]
While in exile, he was appointed an honorary full general in the British army in 1876.[11]
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Death
George V died at his residence in the Rue de Presbourg, Paris, on 12 June 1878. After a funeral service in the Lutheran Church at the Rue Chaucat,[11] his body was removed to England and buried in St George's Chapel at Windsor Castle.[6][12][13]
Legacy
The King supported industrial development. In 1856 the "Georgs-Marien-Bergwerks- und Hüttenverein" was founded which was named after him and his wife. The company erected an iron and steel works which gave the city Georgsmarienhütte its name.[14]
Titles, styles, honours and arms
Titles and styles
- 27 May 1819 – 20 June 1837: His Royal Highness Prince George of Cumberland[15]
- 20 June 1837 – 18 November 1851: His Royal Highness The Crown Prince of Hanover[16]
- 18 November 1851 – 12 June 1878: His Majesty The King of Hanover[17]
Honours
Kingdom of Hanover:
- Sovereign and Grand Cross of the Royal Guelphic Order, 1825[11]
- Sovereign and Knight of St. George, 1839[18]
- Founder and Sovereign of the Order of Ernst August, 15 December 1865
United Kingdom: Knight of the Garter, 15 August 1835[19]
Ascanian duchies: Grand Cross of Albert the Bear, 16 June 1840[20]
Austrian Empire:[21]
- Grand Cross of St. Stephen, 1843
- Commander of the Military Order of Maria Theresa, 1866
Baden:[22]
- Knight of the House Order of Fidelity, 1855
- Grand Cross of the Zähringer Lion, 1855
Kingdom of Bavaria: Knight of St. Hubert, 1852[23]
Brunswick: Grand Cross of Henry the Lion[24]
Belgium: Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold, 25 May 1853[25]
Denmark: Knight of the Elephant, 23 November 1851[26]
Ernestine duchies: Grand Cross of the Saxe-Ernestine House Order, August 1839[27]
French Empire: Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour, 28 June 1860[28]
Mecklenburg: Grand Cross of the Wendish Crown, with Crown in Ore, 29 October 1865[29]
Oldenburg: Grand Cross of the Order of Duke Peter Friedrich Ludwig, with Golden Crown, 11 September 1841[30]
Kingdom of Prussia: Knight of the Black Eagle, 14 June 1838; with Collar, 1852[31]
Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach: Grand Cross of the White Falcon, 27 May 1857[32]
Kingdom of Saxony: Knight of the Rue Crown, 1852[33]
Spain: Knight of the Golden Fleece, 5 May 1865[34]
Sweden-Norway: Knight of the Seraphim, 9 September 1852[35]
Württemberg: Grand Cross of the Württemberg Crown, 1852[36]
Arms
By grant dated 15 August 1835, George's arms in right of the United Kingdom were those of his father (being the arms of the United Kingdom, differenced by a label argent of three points, the centre point charged with a fleur-de-lys azure, and each of the other points charged with a cross gules), the whole differenced by a label gules bearing a horse courant argent.[37][better source needed]
Ancestry
| Ancestors of George V of Hanover |
|---|
Issue
| Name | Birth | Death | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover | 21 September 1845 | 14 November 1923 | Ernest Augustus William Adolphus George Frederick; born at Hanover, died at Gmunden, married Princess Thyra of Denmark; had issue |
| Princess Frederica of Hanover | 9 January 1848 | 16 October 1926 | born at Hanover, died at Biarritz; married Alfons, Baron von Pawel-Rammingen; had no surviving issue |
| Princess Marie of Hanover | 3 December 1849 | 4 June 1904 | Marie Ernestine Josephine Adolphine Henrietta Theresa Elizabeth Alexandrina; born at Hanover, died unmarried at Gmunden |
References
- ^ "No. 17497". The London Gazette. 24 July 1819. p. 1296.
- ^ William Christian Sellé, letter to The Times dated 3 July
- ^ Letter to the Times dated 5 July by William Christian Sellé
- ^ Bird, Anthony (1966). The Damnable Duke of Cumberland. London: Barrie and Rockliff. pp. 220–221. OCLC 2188257.
- ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 746.
- ^ a b Weir, Alison (18 April 2011). "The House of Hanover". Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy. Random House. p. 291.
- ^ Georg Schnath: Georg V.. In: Neue Deutsche Biographie (NDB). Vol. 6, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1964
- ^ Heinzen, Jasper. The Guelph 'Conspiracy': Hanover as Would-Be Intermediary in the European System, 1866–1870. The International History Review 29, No. 2 (2007), pp. 258–281.
- ^ a b Schmitt, Hans A. Prussia's Last Fling: The Annexation of Hanover, Hesse, Frankfurt, and Nassau, 15 June – 8 October 1866. Central European History 8, No. 4 (1975), pp. 316–347.
- ^ Czech Embassy Building in Vienna
- ^ a b c The Complete Peerage, Volume III. St Catherine Press. 1913. p. 576. Under "Duke of Cumberland".
- ^ Boase, Frederic Boase (1892). Modern English Biography: A-H. Netherton and Worth. p. 1821.
- ^ "Royal Burials in the Chapel since 1805". College of St. George. Archived from the original on 2 August 2017.
- ^ Gieseler, Albert. "Georgsmarien-Hütten- und Bergwerksverein". Kraft- und Dampfmaschinen (in German). Retrieved 23 October 2017.
- ^ "The London Gazette, Issue 18711, Page 1579". 27 July 1830.
- ^ "The London Gazette, Issue 20201, Page 727". 3 March 1843.
- ^ "The Edinburgh Gazette, Issue 7133, Page 877". 5 July 1861.
- ^ Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreich Hannover (1847), "Königliche Orden und Ehrenzeichen" p. 36
- ^ Shaw, Wm. A. (1906) The Knights of England, I, London, p. 55
- ^ Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Herzogtum Anhalt (1867) "Herzoglicher Haus-orden Albrecht des Bären" p. 16
- ^ "Ritter-Orden", Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie, 1877, pp. 59, 62, retrieved 2 November 2019
- ^ Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Baden (1873), "Großherzogliche Orden" pp. 59, 73
- ^ Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreichs Bayern (in German). Königl. Oberpostamt. 1867. p. 8. Retrieved 15 July 2019.
- ^ Braunschweigisches Adreßbuch für das Jahr 1866. Braunschweig 1866. Meyer. p. 4
- ^ H. Tarlier (1854). Almanach royal officiel, publié, exécution d'un arrête du roi (in French). Vol. 1. p. 37.
- ^ Jørgen Pedersen (2009). Riddere af Elefantordenen, 1559–2009 (in Danish). Syddansk Universitetsforlag. p. 464. ISBN 978-87-7674-434-2.
- ^ Staatshandbücher für das Herzogtum Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha (1843), "Herzogliche Sachsen-Ernestinischer Hausorden" p. 6
- ^ M. & B. Wattel (2009). Les Grand'Croix de la Légion d'honneur de 1805 à nos jours. Titulaires français et étrangers. Paris: Archives & Culture. p. 469. ISBN 978-2-35077-135-9.
- ^ "Großherzogliche Orden und Ehrenzeichen". Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Großherzogtums Mecklenburg-Strelitz: 1878 (in German). Neustrelitz: Druck und Debit der Buchdruckerei von G. F. Spalding und Sohn. 1878. p. 11.
- ^ Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Großherzogtums Oldenburg: für das Jahr 1872/73, "Der Großherzogliche Haus-und Verdienst Orden" p. 29
- ^ "Schwarzer Adler-orden", Königlich Preussische Ordensliste (in German), vol. 1, Berlin, 1877, p. 9
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Staatshandbuch für das Großherzogtum Sachsen / Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach Archived 22 August 2019 at the Wayback Machine (1859), "Großherzogliche Hausorden" p. 13
- ^ Staatshandbuch für den Freistaat Sachsen (1867) (in German), "Königliche Ritter-Orden", p. 4
- ^ "Caballeros de la insigne orden del toisón de oro", Guía Oficial de España (in Spanish), 1868, p. 157, retrieved 10 December 2019
- ^ Sveriges och Norges statskalender. Liberförlag. 1874. p. 468.
- ^ Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreich Württemberg (1873), "Königliche Orden" p. 31
- ^ "Marks of Cadency in the British Royal Family". www.heraldica.org.
External links
- Die Welfen – George V (with portrait) (in German)
- Portraits of George V, King of Hanover at the National Portrait Gallery, London
| Electors of Hanover |
|   |
|---|---|---|
| Kings of Hanover | ||
* also British monarch
**also Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale | ||
Heads of the Hanoverian royal family since 1866 | ||
|---|---|---|
|  | |
See also House of Hanover Potential claimants of the Dukedom of Cumberland and Teviotdale since 1917 and the Duchy of Brunswick since 1918 1 also a British prince; 2 also Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale and Earl of Armagh; 3 also Duke of Brunswick until 1913; 4 also Duke of Brunswick until 1918 | ||
Generations are numbered by descent from George III, first king of Hanover | ||
| 1st generation | | |
| 2nd generation | ||
| 3rd generation | ||
| 4th generation | ||
| 5th generation | ||
| 6th generation | ||
| 7th generation | ||
| ||
- Kings of Hanover
- British princes
- Hanoverian princes
- House of Hanover
- Burials at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle
- Sons of kings
- Dukes of Cumberland and Teviotdale
- People from Berlin
- 1819 births
- 1878 deaths
- Blind royalty and nobility
- Crown Princes of Hanover
- Knights of the Garter
- Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour
- Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary
- Commanders Cross of the Military Order of Maria Theresa
- Knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain
- British blind people
- German blind people