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| 35<ref name="traderegistry"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.military.africa/2020/08/niger-gets-8-million-worth-of-mamba-armored-vehicles-from-the-us/|title=Niger gets $8 million worth of Mamba armored vehicles from the US – Military Africa|first=Ekene|last=Lionel}}</ref>

Revision as of 09:26, 14 August 2023

Niger Armed Forces
Forces armées nigériennes
Seal of the Niger Armed Forces
Founded1 August 1961
Service branchesArmy
Air Force
National Gendarmerie
National Guard (GNN)
HeadquartersNiamey
Leadership
Commander-in-ChiefBrigade General Abdourahamane Tchiani
Chief of StaffDivisional General Abdou Sidikou Issa
Personnel
Military age18–49
Conscription2 year compulsory[1]
Available for
military service		2,135,680 (2005 est.), age 15–49
Fit for
military service		1,155,054 (2000 est.), age 15–49
Active personnel25,000 (2020 est.) [2]
Expenditure
Percent of GDP1.8% (2017 est.) [1]
Industry
Foreign suppliersFrance
Russia
United States
China
Related articles
HistoryTuareg rebellion (1990–1995)[3]
Tuareg rebellion (2007–2009)[4]
United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire[5]
Boko Haram insurgency[5]
Islamist insurgency in the Sahel[5]
2023 Nigerien coup d'état
RanksMilitary ranks of Niger
Soldiers from the 322nd Parachute Regiment practice field tactics with the U.S. Army, 2007

The Niger Armed Forces (Template:Lang-fr) (FAN) includes military armed force service branches (Niger Army and Niger Air Force), paramilitary services branches (National Gendarmerie of Niger and National Guard of Niger) and the National Police of Niger. The Army, Air Force and the National Gendarmerie are under the Ministry of Defense whereas the National Guard and the National Police fall under the command of the Ministry of Interior. With the exception of the National Police, all military and paramilitary forces are trained in military fashion. The President of Niger is the supreme commander of the entire armed forces. The National Assembly of Niger passed a statue for the Army of Niger on November 2020, planning that the army's size should increase from 25,000 personnel in 2020, to 50,000 in 2025 and finally 100,000 in 2030.[6]

Military armed forces

The two military service branches (Niger Army and Niger Air Force) are each headed by their respective Chiefs of Staff who serve as adjunct to the Joint Chiefs of Staff of Military Armed Forces (Template:Lang-fr). Military operations are headed from the Joint Staff Office (Template:Lang-fr). In addition, each military branch has its own Staff Office. The Joint Chief of Staff has operational command of all the military forces and is under the command of civilian Minister of Defense, who reports to the President of Niger. This system closely resembles the French Armed forces model.

The President also appoints the Special Chief of Staff at the President Office and the head of the Presidential Guard who answer directly to the President. The Special Chief of Staff and the head of the Presidential Guard sit on the Joint Staff.[7][8]

Niger Army

The Niger Army, which includes 33,000 personnel as of 2023, is the land component of Niger's armed forces.[9] Niger's special forces consists of two special operations companies and 9 intervention commando battalions.[9] Niger Army's manoueuvre forces include 14 combined arms infantry battalions and a single amphibious riverine company.[9] The Army also has one engineer company, one logistics group and one air defence company.[9]

Each of the combined arms battalions comprises a logistics and engineering or génie company, a fire fighter company, an infantry company, be it airborne or land, an armoured squadron and an artillery company.

In 2006, the following combined arms battalions existed in the Niger Army: 12th, 13th, 22nd, 23rd, 24th, 32nd, 33rd, 42nd, 43rd, 52nd, 53rd, 62nd, 63rd, 72nd and 73rd.[10] In addition, there was the Artillery Battalion of the Niger Armed Forces.[10]

The Army is commanded by the Chief of Staff of the Army in Niamey through appointed commandeers of each of the nine "Defense Zones", which largely overlap each of the civilian Regions of Niger.[7][8][6]

History

The Niger Army was created on 28 July 1960 by decree. At the time, the National Police was a subsection of the military. Initially, units of the army were created from three companies of the French Colonial Forces made of Nigérien soldiers officered by Frenchmen who agreed to take joint French-Nigerien citizenship. In 1960, there were only ten African officers in the Nigérien army, all of low ranks. As Nigérien officers gradually assumed command roles, President Hamani Diori signed legislation to end the employment of expatriate military officers in 1965. However, French military personnel remained in Niger both to serve in the Niger Army and in the 4e Régiment Interarmes d'Outre-Mer (Troupes de Marine) with bases at Niamey, Zinder, Bilaro and Agadez.[11] In the late 1970s, a smaller French force returned again to Niger. After the 1974 military coup, all French military personnel were evacuated although a smaller French force returned in the late 1970s.

In 1970, the army was reorganised and divided into four Infantry battalions, one paratroop company, one light armored company, a camel corps, and a number of support units. It was reorganized in 2003 to create the Niger Air Force as a distinct service branch.

Training

Basic training is carried out at Niamey at the Tondibiah base and at Agadez. Other special training centers include the National Officers Training School (French: École de Formation des Forces Armées Nigériennes or EFOFAN) and The Paramedical Personnel Training School (EPPAN) both based at the Tondibiah base.[12][13] In addition to training in Niger, army officers also train in France at the École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr, in Morocco at the Royal Military Academy of Meknès, in Algeria and the US. With the growing cross-border threats of terrorism in West Africa, the Niger Army has benefited from training exercises with France and the U.S. The Niger Army has participated in the U.S. led Flinlock Exercise which it hosted in 2014.[14]

Equipment

The army of Niger is poorly equipped with armored vehicles and tanks. With the exception of two armored vehicles purchased from China in 2009, most armoured vehicles are at least 20 years old.[15] The army is however well-stocked with 4x4 Toyota Land Cruisers mounted with various caliber machine guns. Logistically, fuel and water transportation tanks, and ambulances have been recently improved to help in long-distance patrol missions as well as with general increased logistic capacity of the army.[16][17]

Flag of the Niger Armed Forces [nb 1]

Armor

Name Origin Type In service Notes
Armored fighting vehicle
Panhard VBL  France Armored car 7[18]
AML 60/90  France Armored car 125 [15][19]
UR-416  Germany Armoured personnel carrier 8[18]
ZFB-05  China Armoured personnel carrier 8[18]
WZ-523  China Armoured personnel carrier 2[18]
Panhard M3  France Armoured personnel carrier 32[15]
Mamba Mk7  South Africa Armoured personnel carrier 35[15][20]
Puma M36  South Africa Armoured personnel carrier 11[21]

Niger Air Force

History

The predecessor of the Niger Air Force, the Niger National Escadrille (Escadrille Nationale du Niger) was first formed in 1961.[22] It was later restructured into the National Air Wing (Groupement Aérien National)[5] in 1989. Prior to 2003, the armed forces of Niger (Template:Lang-fr or FAN) were grouped in one branch with one Chief of Staff overseeing both the ground forces and the National Air Wing. Following an organizational restructuring in 2003, the armed forces of Niger were structured into two main service branches: Niger Army (French: armée de terre) for all ground forces and Niger Air Force (Armée de l'air). Each branch was headed by a Chief of Staff answerable to the Joint Chief of Staff of military armed forces.[citation needed] As part of this new structure, the National Air Wing was renamed as Niger Air Force (Force Aérienne du Niger) on December 17, 2003.[5] The Niger Air Force is led by the Air Force Chief of staff, answerable to the Joint Chief and the Defense Minister.[citation needed]

Structure

Organizationally, the air force is composed a Chief of Staff Office, operation units (French: escadrons), technical units, an infantry company (compagnie de fusilliers) and generalized staff.[23] The Chief of Staff of the Niger Air Force is the colonel Abdoul Kader Amirou[24] (chef d'état major).

Training

At the moment, there is no air force special training facilities in Niger. Basic training of Air Force recruits is conducted at the Tondibiah base along with recruits of other military service branches. Air force officers, pilots and mechanics are additionally trained in France, the United States and other North African countries like Morocco at the Royal Air Force School of Marrakech and Algeria.[19] In addition, local training activities are undertaken with foreign partners (United States, France etc.) to update skills. In 2014, a logistic company was trained and equipped by the United States with fuel and water trucks, ambulances and 4x4 unarmed vehicles.[25]

The United States Air Force has a presence both at Nigerien Air Base 101 near Niamey and Nigerien Air Base 201 at Agadez.[26]

Aircraft inventory

The aircraft inventory of the Niger Air Force is modest though it has increased with new acquisitions beginning in 2008, and further assistance from France and the United States.[15] This expansion in capacity is guided by the need for better border patrol following the crisis in Libya and Mali.

Roundel of the Niger Air Force
Aircraft Origin Type Variant In service Notes
Combat Aircraft
Sukhoi Su-25 Soviet Union attack 2[27]
Transport
Dornier 228 Germany transport 1[27]
Cessna 208 United States utility 4[27] 2 aircraft provide reconnaissance
Beechcraft Super King Air United States transport 350 1[27]
Lockheed C-130 Hercules United States transport C-130H 3[28] ex-US Air Force
Helicopters
Bell 412 Italy transport / SAR AB-412 2 2 on order[29]
Mil Mi-17 Russia transport 3[27]
Mil Mi-24 Russia attack Mi-24/35 1 2 on order[27]
Aérospatiale Gazelle France scout / anti-armor SA341 3[27]
Trainers aircraft
TAI Hürkuş Turkey basic / advanced trainer B 2[30]

Paramilitary forces

There are two paramilitary services branches: (National Gendarmerie of Niger under the Ministry of Defense and the National Guard of Niger) under the Ministry of Interior. Each of these branches are headed by Chief of Staff answerable to the overseeing ministry.

National Gendarmerie

Main article: National Gendarmerie of Niger

The National Gendarmerie is commanded by the Superior Commander of the National Gendarmerie. Unlike the National Police and the National Guard, the National Gendarmerie is under the control of the Ministry of Defense of Niger. It is divided between territorial brigades and mobile brigades. In addition to territorial defense and maintaining public order, it provides military and paramilitary justice to other corps of the armed forces and participates to the judicial and the surveillance police activities. It is regarded as an elite force due to its stringent recruitment criteria of all armed forces. Due to increasing cross-border traffic of weapons and drugs, its activities have increased border areas. The national gendarmerie, unlike the Army or the National Guard, has never been directly involved in an attempt to seize or control power by force.[31]

National Guard

Main article: National Guard of Niger

Formerly known as the National Forces of Intervention and Security, the National Guard of Niger is responsible for security in rural areas where the national police is absent. It is overseen by the superior commander of the National Guard who reports to the Ministry of Interior. This body is responsible for: border and territorial surveillance of the country, public safety, maintaining and restoring of order, protecting public buildings and institutions, people and their property, the execution of the administrative police in rural and pastoral areas, management and monitoring of prisons, humanitarian actions in the case of national disaster or crisis and protection of the environment. It is also responsible for providing security to administrative authorities and the diplomatic and consular representations of Niger abroad.[32]

National Police

Main article: The National Police of Niger

The General Directorate of National Police, headquartered in Niamey was until the 1999 Constitution under the command of the Armed Forces and Ministry of Defense. Today, only the National Gendarmerie reports to the Ministry of Defense, with the National Police and its Para-Military Arm—FNIS—moved to the Nigérien Interior Ministry.[33] The National Gendarmerie (modeled on the French Gendarmerie) and the National Forces for Intervention and Security (FNIS) (Forces nigérienne d'intervention et de sécurité - FNIS) count a combined 3,700 member paramilitary police force. The FNIS, along with some special units of the Gendarmerie, are armed and trained in military fashion, similar to the Internal Troops of the nations of the former Soviet Union.[34] The Gendarmerie has law enforcement jurisdiction outside the Urban Communes of Niger, while the National police patrols towns. Special internal security operations may be carried out by the Military, the FNIS, the Gendarmerie, or whatever forces tasked by the Government of Niger.

Domestic conflicts

Member of the rebel MNJ, northern Niger, 2008

The First Tuareg Rebellion of 1985–1995

From 1985 to 1995, the armed forces of Niger were engaged in armed fights with the Popular Front for the Liberation of Niger (FPLN). An armed attack by FPLN members in Tchin - Tabaradene in 1985 sparked the closing of the borders with Libya and Algeria, and the resettlement of thousands of Tuareg and other nomads away from the area. Failed promises by the government of Ali Saïbou fueled growing Tuareg discontent leading to an attack on a police station in Tchin - Tabaradene in May 1990. The Niger Army violently responded in May 1990, arresting, torturing, and killing several hundred Tuareg civilians in Tchin - Tabaradene, Gharo and In-Gall in what is known as the Tchin - Tabaradene massacre.[35] Tuareg outrage sparked the creation of two armed insurgent groups: the Front for the Liberation of Aïr and Azaouak and the Front for the Liberation of Tamoust and continued armed fights until 1995 when a peace agreement end fighting. The Nigérien Armed Forces has been extensively involved in politics since independence, and has been denounced at several points for broad abrogation of human rights and unlawful detentions and killings.

The Second Tuareg Rebellion of 2007–2009

The Nigerien Armed Forces were involved from 2007 to 2009 in an insurgency in the north of the country, labeled the Second Tuareg Rebellion. A previously unknown group, the Mouvement des Nigériens pour la Justice (MNJ), emerged in February 2007. The predominantly Tuareg group has issued a number of demands, mainly related to development in the north. It has attacked military and other facilities and laid landmines in the north. The resulting insecurity has devastated Niger's tourist industry and deterred investment in mining and oil. The government has labeled the MNJ criminals and traffickers, and refuses to negotiate with the group until it disarms. As of July 2008, some 100 to 160 Nigérien troops have been killed in the ongoing conflict.[36] The second tuareg rebellion ended in 2009 with Peace Talks hosted by Libya.

Foreign missions

In 1991, Niger sent a 400-man military contingent to join the American-led allied forces against Iraq during the Gulf War. Niger provides a battalion of peace-keeping forces to the UN Mission in Ivory Coast. As of 2003, the FAN had troops deployed in the following foreign missions:[37]

Nigerien Panhard AML light armored cars with 90mm guns stand in a holding area during Operation Desert Shield.

Defense cooperation

Niger defense forces have a long history of military cooperation with neighboring countries in the region, France, the United States, China as well as many other countries.

Regional defense cooperation

Through ECOWAS and the African Union, Niger defense forces have been involved in multiple missions in the Africa and the West Africa. Niger has been a supporter and volunteered to participate in the African Union future rapid intervention forces.[38] In addition, with the growing threat of Boko Haram, defense forces of Niger, Nigeria, Cameroon and Chad have intensified cooperation to address the trans-border threat of this organization.[39]

Counter-terrorism defense cooperation

U.S. and France defense cooperation with Niger has intensified post 9/11 as part of the Global War on Terror.[40] The Niger defense forces along with forces from Chad, Mali, Mauritania have become major partners of France and the United States in counter-terrorism efforts in Africa. The counter-terrorism efforts focused mainly on Al-Qaïda affiliated groups in Africa, in particular the Algerian Group for Call and Combat which will later become AQMI. The collapse of the Gaddafi regime, followed with the disbandment of his arsenal in the region, accentuated the precarious situation of many sahelian nations. The Northern Mali conflict and beginning of Operation Serval to free northern Mali of Islamic militant groups solidified the role of Niger in counter-terrorism activities in the region. Following an agreement with the Niger government, the air force base 101 of Niamey became a permanent drone hub for French and U.S. forces since 2013.[40][41][42] Drone intelligence gathering activities in Mali and the region were carried out from this base during Serval. Niamey has become the Intelligence gathering pole of French and U.S. forces in the region.[43]

Political involvement

In 1974 General Seyni Kountché overthrew the first president of Niger Hamani Diori. The military regime that followed, while plagued by coup attempts of its own, survived until 1991. While a period of relative prosperity, the military government of the period allowed little free expression and engaged in arbitrary imprisonment and killing.[44]

A paratrooper of the FAN Parachute Company armed with an Israeli-made Uzi submachine gun, 1988

In 1996, a former officer under Kountché and the then chief of staff, Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara, staged his own coup, placing the military again in power. During the Maïnassara regime, human rights abuses were reported by foreign NGOs, including the discovery of 150 dead bodies in a mass grave at Boultoungoure, thought to be Toubou rebels. In April 1999, the third coup led by Douada Mallam Wanké was staged leading to murder of President Baré by his own guards. To date, the authors this crime have been prosecuted.[45] Major Daouda Mallam Wanke, commander of the Niamey-based military region and the head of the Republican Guard assumed power, but returned the nation to civilian rule within the year.[46] The military regime of Douada Mallam Wanké ended with the election of Mamadou Tandja in 1999 who deposed ten years later by another military coup, the fourth in the history of the country.

Cultural sponsorships

The Army, National Guard and the National Police sponsor semi-professional football clubs, ASFAN, AS-FNIS and AS Police, which play in the Niger Premier League.

Professionalisation

The Armed Forces—which includes the National Gendarmerie—have undergone a series of structural changes aimed at professionalisation of the ranks and the retaining of more skilled recruits. Greater emphasis on recruiting officers and NCOs, lessening recruitment of lower ranks, and more training required between promotions have been instituted. Annual recruitment for the Army and the Gendarmerie now stands at one thousand each.[47]

Budget and foreign aid

Niger's defense budget is modest, accounting for about 1.6% of government expenditures. France provides the largest share of military assistance to Niger. The People's Republic of China also provide military assistance. Approximately 18 French military advisers are in Niger. Many Nigérien military personnel receive training in France, and the Nigerien Armed Forces are equipped mainly with material either given by or purchased in France. United States assistance has focused on training pilots and aviation support personnel, professional military education for staff officers, and initial specialty training for junior officers. A small foreign military assistance program was initiated in 1983 and a U.S. Defense Attaché office opened in June 1985. After being converted to a Security Assistance Office in 1987, it was subsequently closed in 1996, following a coup d'état. A U.S. Defense Attaché office reopened in July 2000.

The United States provided transportation and logistical assistance to Nigerien troops deployed to Ivory Coast in 2003.

Additionally, the US provided initial equipment training on vehicles and communications gear to a company of Nigerien soldiers as part of the Department of State Pan Sahel Initiative. Military to military cooperation continues via the Trans-Saharan Counter Terrorism Partnership and other initiatives. EUCOM contributes funds for humanitarian assistance construction throughout the country. In 2007, a congressional waiver was granted which allows the Niger military to participate in the International Military Education and Training (IMET) program, managed by the Security Cooperation Office. This program funded $170,000 in training in 2007.

Flag Note

  1. ^ The reverse side of the Flag of the Niger Armed Force:

Citations

  1. ^ a b Niger — the World Factbook. Retrieved 10 March 2021.
  2. ^ Niger: les effectifs de l’armée vont doubler d'ici cinq ans
  3. ^ Six éléments des Forces Armées nigériennes rejoignent les rebelles au Nord Archived 2008-03-05 at the Wayback Machine. APA, 24 May 2007.
  4. ^ Iférouane, prise en étau, se vide de ses habitants Archived 30 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Agence France-Presse: 27 August 2007.
  5. ^ a b c d e Delalande, Arnaud (15 March 2018). "Niger's desert warriors". Key Aero.
  6. ^ a b "Ministère de la défense nationale | Forces Armées Nigériennes". www.defense.gouv.ne. Retrieved 2023-08-04.
  7. ^ a b Au Conseil des ministres : le gouvernement adopte plusieurs projets de lois et des mesures nominatives Archived 2012-03-23 at the Wayback Machine. Government of Niger, 2011-06-11.
  8. ^ a b Passation de Commandement à la Garde Présidentielle : le Lieutenant Colonel Tiani Abdourahamane prend le Commandement. Oumarou Moussa, Le Sahel (Niamey), 2011-04-19. [dead link‍]
  9. ^ a b c d IISS 2023, p. 468.
  10. ^ a b TOME III : FORCES ARMEES NIGERIENNES (PDF) (in French). pp. 8–9.
  11. ^ 4e Régiment Interarmes d'Outre-Mer: the 4th RIAOM was dissolved after leaving Niger.
  12. ^ Forces Armées Nigériennes (FAN) : cérémonie de sortie de 25 stagiaires de la 6ème promotion Dan Kassaoua Archived 2012-03-22 at the Wayback Machine. Laouali Souleymane, le Sahel (Niamey) 2011-08-02
  13. ^ F.A.n°250 : dossier ENVR Niger Archived 2007-11-21 at the Wayback Machine. Seminaire ENVR 2006, Point de Situation: Quand l'Histoire Nous Parle d'ENVR Localisation des ENVRs dans le Monde. Ministère des affaires étrangères et européennes, France (2008)
  14. ^ U.S. Africa Command Flintlock Exercise. Yearly Flinklock Exercise in Niger in 2014 (last retrieved on July 7/26/2014)
  15. ^ a b c d e Army trade registry. Last accessed in July 2014
  16. ^ Cooperation militaire Niger-US. Last accessed on July 15, 2014.
  17. ^ "Coopération militaire Niger/Royaume d'Arabie Saoudite : 38 camions et d'importants matériels militaires au profit des Forces Armées Nigériennes" [Military Cooperation Niger / Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: 38 trucks and important military equipment for the benefit of the Nigerian Armed Forces]. Archived from the original on 2014-07-29. Retrieved 2014-07-20.
  18. ^ a b c d Niger Land Forces military equipment and vehicles of Nigerien army. Last accessed July 19, 2014.
  19. ^ a b Defense Web - Africa leading defense portal. Last accessed in July 2014.
  20. ^ Lionel, Ekene. "Niger gets $8 million worth of Mamba armored vehicles from the US – Military Africa".
  21. ^ "Lutte contre le terrorisme : les États-Unis d'Amérique renforcent les capacités de deux centres de formation des Forces Armées Nigériennes". ActuNiger. September 20, 2022.
  22. ^ Zabeirou, Moussa (3 August 2011). "Cinquantenaire de l'aviation militaire du Niger : un demi siècle de professionnalisme et d'excellence au service de la Nation". Le Sahel. Archived from the original on March 22, 2012.
  23. ^ Dossier Niger:La nouvelle armée de l'air, France Diplomatique, 2003. Archived February 8, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  24. ^ "Niger: vers le renforcement de la coopération militaire avec le Nigéria". Niamey.com (in French). 2021-02-09.
  25. ^ Edition du Journal Televise de Tele Sahel; 12 Septembre 2014. Accessed on 8 September 2014
  26. ^ "New USAF Base in Niger Begins Limited Operations". Air Force Magazine. 2019-08-15. Retrieved 2022-03-09.
  27. ^ a b c d e f g "World Air Forces 2023". Flightglobal Insight. 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
  28. ^ "Nigérien Air Force inducts three C-130Hs into service". Military Africa. 7 January 2023. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
  29. ^ "Deux Agusta-Bell AB-412 ex-Guardia di Finanza livrés aux Forces Armées Nigériennes". 20 October 2022.
  30. ^ "TUSAŞ hangi ülkelere kaç adet hava aracı teslim etti?" (in Turkish). 2023-05-24. Retrieved 2023-05-24.
  31. ^ "DCAF - Publications - Security Sector Governance in West Africa". Archived from the original on 2014-07-14. Retrieved 2014-06-10. Gouvernance du secteur de la sécurité en Afrique de l’Ouest: les défis à relever – Le Niger
  32. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-07-14. Retrieved 2014-06-10.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Etats de lieux de la formation des forces de defense et de securité sur le droit de l’enfant au Niger
  33. ^ "Contact information for The General Directorate of National Police". Archived from the original on 2018-09-29. Retrieved 2008-07-03.
  34. ^ Déplacement du Directeur au Niger Archived 2012-02-14 at the Wayback Machine, Ministère des Affaires étrangères (France). Framework partnership document France - Niger (2006-2010) Archived 2012-02-24 at the Wayback Machine, Ministère des Affaires étrangères (France), 2006. Dossier Niger: Les forces armées nigériennes (FAN), Ministère des Affaires étrangères (France), 2003.
  35. ^ for the Tchin-Tabaradene massacre and human rights abuse of the period in Niger, see a summary in Amnesty International's Niger: Impunity enshrined in the constitution. 8 September 1999. Bram Posthumus Archived 2008-05-11 at the Wayback Machine (see below) gives the number of civilians killed as a range between 650 and 1500.
  36. ^ Initial text taken from November 2007 United States State Department report: Bureau of African Affairs, Background Note: Niger.
  37. ^ Dossier Niger: Les forces armées nigériennes (FAN) Archived 2012-02-14 at the Wayback Machine, Ministère des Affaires étrangères (France), 2003.
  38. ^ The Rapid Intervention Forces of the African Union. The African Union is envisioning to create Rapid Intervention Forces at the continental or the regional levels (retrieved on 7/27/2014).
  39. ^ Summit of Paris for the Security in Nigeria Archived 2014-07-19 at the Wayback Machine. Regional plan of action against Boko Haram by neighboring countries of Nigeria (retrieved on 7/27/2014).
  40. ^ a b Niger - États-Unis : une coopération militaire soutenue (retrieved on July 26, 2014).
  41. ^ "Obama sends U.S. military to Niger (retrieved in 7/26/2014)". Archived from the original on 2014-08-10. Retrieved 2014-07-27.
  42. ^ Foreign military bases in Niger Archived 2014-07-27 at the Wayback Machine. Article by Nigerdiaspora.net (retrieved on 7/26/2014).
  43. ^ "Operation Barkhane (retrieved on 7/27/2014)". 19 July 2014.
  44. ^ For a detailed account in english of the inner workings of the military regime, see Samuel Decalo (1990), pp.241–285.
  45. ^ Niger: The people of Niger have the right to truth and justice, 6 April 2000, Amnesty International. President Mainassara: A profile, BBC, April 9, 1999.
  46. ^ Niger: A copybook coup d'etat, April 9, 1999, BBC. Military controls Niger , April 10, 1999, BBC.
  47. ^ Nigerien army, security officers get new status. APA. 2009-02-05 [dead link‍]
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References

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