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==Mechanism of action==
==Mechanism of action==
Like cisplatin, carboplatin is an alkylator which binds and cross-links DNA, leading to DNA strand breakage during replication.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Respiratory Medicine |vauthors=Edelman MJ, Rupard EJ |year=2006 |pages=332-338 |chapter=TUMORS, MALIGNANT / Chemotherapeutic Agents |doi=10.1016/B0-12-370879-6/00409-9}}</ref>

Two theories exist to explain the molecular [[mechanism of action]] of carboplatin with DNA:
Two theories exist to explain the molecular [[mechanism of action]] of carboplatin with DNA:
*[[Aquation]], or the like-cisplatin hypothesis.
*[[Aquation]], or the like-cisplatin hypothesis.

Revision as of 06:19, 3 October 2023

Carboplatin
Clinical data
Pronunciation/ˈkɑːrboʊˌplætən/
Trade namesParaplatin, others
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa695017
Routes of
administration		Intravenous
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
  • US: WARNING[1]
  • In general: ℞ (Prescription only)
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailabilitycomplete
Protein bindingVery low
Elimination half-life1.1-2 hours
Excretionrenal
Identifiers
  • cis-diammine(cyclobutane-1,1-dicarboxylate-O,O')platinum(II)
CAS Number
PubChem CID
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.050.388 Edit this at Wikidata
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC6H12N2O4Pt
Molar mass371.256 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • C1CC2(C1)C(=O)O[Pt-2]([NH3+])([NH3+])OC2=O
  • InChI=1S/C6H8O4.2H3N.Pt/c7-4(8)6(5(9)10)2-1-3-6;;;/h1-3H2,(H,7,8)(H,9,10);2*1H3;/q;;;+2/p-2 checkY
  • Key:OLESAACUTLOWQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-L checkY
 ☒NcheckY (what is this?)  (verify)

Carboplatin, sold under the trade name Paraplatin among others, is a chemotherapy medication used to treat a number of forms of cancer.[2] This includes ovarian cancer, lung cancer, head and neck cancer, brain cancer, and neuroblastoma.[2] It is used by injection into a vein.[2]

Side effects generally occur.[2] Common side effects include low blood cell levels, nausea, and electrolyte problems.[3][2] Other serious side effects include allergic reactions and increased future risk of another cancer.[2][failed verification] Use during pregnancy may result in harm to the baby.[2] Carboplatin is in the platinum-based antineoplastic family of medications and works by interfering with duplication of DNA.[2][4]

Carboplatin was patented in 1972 and approved for medical use in 1989.[5] It is on the 2023 World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[6]

Medical uses

Carboplatin is used to treat a number of forms of cancer. This includes ovarian cancer, lung cancer, head and neck cancer, brain cancer, and neuroblastoma. It may be used for some types of testicular cancer but cisplatin is generally more effective.[2] It has also been used to treat triple-negative breast cancer.

Side effects

Relative to cisplatin, the greatest benefit of carboplatin is its reduced side effects, particularly the elimination of nephrotoxic effects. Nausea and vomiting are less severe and more easily controlled.[7]

The main drawback of carboplatin is its myelosuppressive effect. This causes the blood cell and platelet output of bone marrow in the body to decrease quite dramatically, sometimes as low as 10% of its usual production levels. The nadir of this myelosuppression usually occurs 21–28 days after the first treatment, after which the blood cell and platelet levels in the blood begin to stabilize, often coming close to its pre-carboplatin levels. This decrease in white blood cells (neutropenia) can cause complications, and is sometimes treated with drugs like filgrastim. The most notable complication of neutropenia is increased probability of infection by opportunistic organisms, which necessitates hospital readmission and treatment with antibiotics.

Chemistry

In terms of its structure, carboplatin differs from cisplatin in that it has a bidentate dicarboxylate (the ligand is CycloButane DiCarboxylic Acid, CBDCA) in place of the two chloride ligands, which are the leaving groups in cisplatin. For this reason, "CBDCA" is sometimes used in the medical literature as an abbreviation referring to carboplatin. Carboplatin exhibits lower reactivity and slower DNA binding kinetics, although it forms the same reaction products in vitro at equivalent doses with cisplatin. Unlike cisplatin, carboplatin may be susceptible to alternative mechanisms. Some results show that cisplatin and carboplatin cause different morphological changes in MCF-7 cell lines while exerting their cytotoxic behaviour.[8] The diminished reactivity limits protein-carboplatin complexes, which are excreted. The lower excretion rate of carboplatin means that more is retained in the body, and hence its effects are longer lasting (a retention half-life of 30 hours for carboplatin, compared to 1.5-3.6 hours in the case of cisplatin).

Mechanism of action

Like cisplatin, carboplatin is an alkylator which binds and cross-links DNA, leading to DNA strand breakage during replication.[9]

Two theories exist to explain the molecular mechanism of action of carboplatin with DNA:

  • Aquation, or the like-cisplatin hypothesis.
  • Activation, or the unlike-cisplatin hypothesis.

The former is more accepted owing to the similarity of the leaving groups with its predecessor cisplatin, while the latter hypothesis envisages a biological activation mechanism to release the active Pt2+ species.

Dose

Calvert's formula is used to calculate the dose of carboplatin. It takes under consideration the creatinine clearance and the desired area under curve.[10] After 24 hours, close to 70% of carboplatin is excreted in the urine unchanged. This means that the dose of carboplatin must be adjusted for any impairment in kidney function.[11]

Calvert formula:

The typical area under the curve (AUC) for carboplatin ranges from 3-7 (mg/ml)*min.[11]

History

Carboplatin was discovered at Michigan State University,[12] and developed at the Institute of Cancer Research in London. Bristol-Myers Squibb gained Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for carboplatin, under the brand name Paraplatin, in March 1989. Starting in October 2004, generic versions of the drug became available.

Research

Carboplatin has also been used for adjuvant therapy of stage 1 seminomatous testicular cancer. Research has indicated that it is not less effective than adjuvant radiotherapy for this treatment, while having fewer side effects.[13] This has led to carboplatin based adjuvant therapy being generally preferred over adjuvant radiotherapy in clinical practice.[14]

Carboplatin combined with hexadecyl chain and polyethylene glycol appears to have increased liposolubility and PEGylation. This is useful in chemotherapy, specifically non-small cell lung cancer.[15]

See also

References

  1. ^ "FDA-sourced list of all drugs with black box warnings (Use Download Full Results and View Query links.)". nctr-crs.fda.gov. FDA. Retrieved 22 Oct 2023.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Carboplatin". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
  3. ^ Oun R, Moussa YE, Wheate NJ (May 2018). "The side effects of platinum-based chemotherapy drugs: a review for chemists". Dalton Transactions. 47 (19): 6645–6653. doi:10.1039/c8dt00838h. PMID 29632935.
  4. ^ Apps MG, Choi EH, Wheate NJ (August 2015). "The state-of-play and future of platinum drugs". Endocrine-Related Cancer. 22 (4): R219 – R233. doi:10.1530/ERC-15-0237. PMID 26113607.
  5. ^ Fischer J, Ganellin CR (2006). Analogue-based Drug Discovery. John Wiley & Sons. p. 513. ISBN 9783527607495. Archived from the original on 2016-12-20.
  6. ^ World Health Organization (2023). The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023). Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/371090. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02.
  7. ^ Gulbis AM, Wallis WD (2023). "10 - Preparative Regimens Used in Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation and Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapies". Manual of Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapies. pp. 125–143. doi:10.1016/B978-0-323-79833-4.00010-3.
  8. ^ Natarajan G, Malathi R, Holler E (November 1999). "Increased DNA-binding activity of cis-1,1-cyclobutanedicarboxylatodiammineplatinum(II) (carboplatin) in the presence of nucleophiles and human breast cancer MCF-7 cell cytoplasmic extracts: activation theory revisited". Biochemical Pharmacology. 58 (10): 1625–1629. doi:10.1016/S0006-2952(99)00250-6. PMID 10535754.
  9. ^ Edelman MJ, Rupard EJ (2006). "TUMORS, MALIGNANT / Chemotherapeutic Agents". Encyclopedia of Respiratory Medicine. pp. 332–338. doi:10.1016/B0-12-370879-6/00409-9.
  10. ^ O'Cearbhaill R, Sabbatini PS (September 1, 2012). "New Guidelines for Carboplatin Dosing". Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. Archived from the original on 2014-10-31. Retrieved 2014-03-27.
  11. ^ a b Calvert AH, Newell DR, Gumbrell LA, O'Reilly S, Burnell M, Boxall FE, et al. (November 1989). "Carboplatin dosage: prospective evaluation of a simple formula based on renal function". Journal of Clinical Oncology. 7 (11): 1748–1756. doi:10.1200/JCO.1989.7.11.1748. PMID 2681557.
  12. ^ "Discovery to Market: Fact Sheet". Archived from the original on 2012-02-08.
  13. ^ Oliver RT, Mason MD, Mead GM, von der Maase H, Rustin GJ, Joffe JK, et al. (2005). "Radiotherapy versus single-dose carboplatin in adjuvant treatment of stage I seminoma: a randomised trial". Lancet. 366 (9482): 293–300. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66984-X. PMID 16039331. S2CID 6001898.
  14. ^ Toner GC (May 2015). "Testicular cancer: Optimal management of stage I seminoma in 2015". Nature Reviews. Urology. 12 (5): 249–251. doi:10.1038/nrurol.2015.85. PMID 25896179. S2CID 8072355.
  15. ^ Lang T, Li N, Zhang J, Li Y, Rong R, Fu Y (December 2021). "Prodrug-based nano-delivery strategy to improve the antitumor ability of carboplatin in vivo and in vitro". Drug Delivery. 28 (1): 1272–1280. doi:10.1080/10717544.2021.1938754. PMC 8238065. PMID 34176381.

Additional references

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