Basque Country independence: Difference between revisions
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Basque leaders submitted a draft of the [[Statute of gernika|Statute of Gernika]] in the same year and the Spanish government then brought about a referendum in October 1979.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hills |first=George |date=1980 |title=Basque Autonomy: Will It Be Enough? |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40395220 |journal=The World Today |volume=36 |issue=9 |pages=358–359 |issn=0043-9134}}</ref> Basque self-governance returned in 1979.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kingsley |first=Patrick |date=2017-10-28 |title=As Catalonia Crisis Deepens, Many Basques Wary of New Independence Bid |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/28/world/europe/spain-catalonia-basque-independence.html |access-date=2023-10-11 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> |
Basque leaders submitted a draft of the [[Statute of gernika|Statute of Gernika]] in the same year and the Spanish government then brought about a referendum in October 1979.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hills |first=George |date=1980 |title=Basque Autonomy: Will It Be Enough? |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40395220 |journal=The World Today |volume=36 |issue=9 |pages=358–359 |issn=0043-9134}}</ref> Basque self-governance returned in 1979.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kingsley |first=Patrick |date=2017-10-28 |title=As Catalonia Crisis Deepens, Many Basques Wary of New Independence Bid |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/28/world/europe/spain-catalonia-basque-independence.html |access-date=2023-10-11 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | In accordance with he [[Fuero|fuerros]], the Basquee country (and [[Navarre]]) are permitted to collect their own taxes in a manner that generally conforms to Spanish tax collection.<ref name=":1" /> During 1979-80, a “constitutional shield” was negotiated, where 6.24% of local tax would be sent to the Spanish central government.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gardner |first=David |date=2019-07-12 |title=Why Basques and Catalans see independence differently |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/3ec93f84-a2a1-11e9-974c-ad1c6ab5efd1 |access-date=2023-10-11}}</ref> |
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The [[Basque Country (autonomous community)|Autonomous Community of the Basque Country]] (known as Euskadi since 1979) is made up of the ''herrialdes'' of [[Álava|Araba]], [[Biscay]], and [[Gipuzkoa]]. These three herrialdes have their own Assembly. [[Navarre]] has been constituted as a Foral Community since 1982.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2023-11-10 |title=Basque Country |url=https://www.nationalia.info/profile/34/basque-country |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=Nationalia |language=Catalan}}</ref> |
The [[Basque Country (autonomous community)|Autonomous Community of the Basque Country]] (known as Euskadi since 1979) is made up of the ''herrialdes'' of [[Álava|Araba]], [[Biscay]], and [[Gipuzkoa]]. These three herrialdes have their own Assembly. [[Navarre]] has been constituted as a Foral Community since 1982.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2023-11-10 |title=Basque Country |url=https://www.nationalia.info/profile/34/basque-country |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=Nationalia |language=Catalan}}</ref> |
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The other three herrialdes known as Iparralde) have since 2017 had their own government body of the [[Agglomeration community of the Basque Country]].<ref name=":2" /> |
The other three herrialdes known as Iparralde) have since 2017 had their own government body of the [[Agglomeration community of the Basque Country]].<ref name=":2" /> |
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== Powers == |
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=== Tax === |
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| ⚫ | In accordance with he [[Fuero|fuerros]], the Basquee country (and [[Navarre]]) are permitted to collect their own taxes in a manner that generally conforms to Spanish tax collection.<ref name=":1" /> During 1979-80, a “constitutional shield” was negotiated, where 6.24% of local tax would be sent to the Spanish central government.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gardner |first=David |date=2019-07-12 |title=Why Basques and Catalans see independence differently |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/3ec93f84-a2a1-11e9-974c-ad1c6ab5efd1 |access-date=2023-10-11}}</ref> |
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== Support for independence == |
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The two main Basque political parties in the [[Southern Basque Country|Southern Basque Country (Hegoalde)]] are the [[Basque Nationalist Party]] and [[Euskal Herria Bildu]]. Both advocate for an independent Basque country within a [[Confederation|confederal]] relationship with Spain.<ref name=":2" /> |
The two main Basque political parties in the [[Southern Basque Country|Southern Basque Country (Hegoalde)]] are the [[Basque Nationalist Party]] and [[Euskal Herria Bildu]]. Both advocate for an independent Basque country within a [[Confederation|confederal]] relationship with Spain.<ref name=":2" /> |
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In [[French Basque Country|French Basque Country (Iparralde)]], [[Euskal Herria Bai]] calls for sovereignty of the Basque Country.<ref name=":2" /> |
In [[French Basque Country|French Basque Country (Iparralde)]], [[Euskal Herria Bai]] calls for sovereignty of the Basque Country.<ref name=":2" /> |
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== Public displays of support == |
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==== Independence ==== |
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In 1997, around 20,000 marched in San Sebastián calling for independence.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Staff |first=WIRED |title=Basques March |language=en-US |work=Wired |url=https://www.wired.com/1997/07/basques-march/ |access-date=2023-10-11 |issn=1059-1028}}</ref> |
In 1997, around 20,000 marched in San Sebastián calling for independence.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Staff |first=WIRED |title=Basques March |language=en-US |work=Wired |url=https://www.wired.com/1997/07/basques-march/ |access-date=2023-10-11 |issn=1059-1028}}</ref> |
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In June 2018, a human chain was formed by tens of thousands of Basques, extending 202km.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2018-06-10 |title=Spain's Basques form human chain calling for independence vote |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-44431122 |access-date=2023-10-11}}</ref> Around 200,000 people formed the human chain calling for an indpendence referendum.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Rory |date=2018-06-11 |title=125-mile-long human chain calls for Basque independence vote |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/06/11/europe/human-chain-basque-country-independence-vote-intl/index.html |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> |
In June 2018, a human chain was formed by tens of thousands of Basques, extending 202km.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2018-06-10 |title=Spain's Basques form human chain calling for independence vote |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-44431122 |access-date=2023-10-11}}</ref> Around 200,000 people formed the human chain calling for an indpendence referendum.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Rory |date=2018-06-11 |title=125-mile-long human chain calls for Basque independence vote |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/06/11/europe/human-chain-basque-country-independence-vote-intl/index.html |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> |
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==== ETA prisoners ==== |
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| ⚫ | In 2020, 65,000 people |
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In 2011, around 40,000 people marched through Bilbao calling for [[ETA (separatist group)|ETA]] prisoners to be moved closer to their homes and for an amnesty.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Garma |first=Jorge |last2=Press |first2=Associated |date=2011-01-08 |title=Tens of thousands march in Spain's Basque region |url=https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut-tens-of-thousands-march-in-spains-basque-region-2011jan08-story.html |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=San Diego Union-Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | In 2020, 65,000 people attended a similar march.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-11 |title=Thousands march in Spain's Basque region for return of ETA prisoners |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20200111-thousands-march-in-spain-s-basque-region-for-return-of-eta-prisoners |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref> |
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== Polling |
== Polling == |
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As of 2018, 15-17% in the Basque Country (autonomous community) supported independence.<ref name=":3" /> |
As of 2018, 15-17% in the Basque Country (autonomous community) supported independence.<ref name=":3" /> |
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Revision as of 23:34, 11 October 2023
Basque autonomy is the principle and a movement for autonomy or self government for the Basque Country, with political powers devolved from the Government of Spain (and the Government of France). A part of the movement also advocates for the complete independence of the Basque Country.
Constitutional background
After a period of self-government, the Basque government was abolished by the Spanish government in 1839.[1]
Under the Spanish Franco regime during the Spanish Civil War, the Basque language was banned, the rights of Basques were reduced, and the Basque city of Guernica was bombed on behalf of Franco by the Nazis.[1][2] In response, the Basque nationalist group, Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA) was established in 1959 which was responsible for the deaths of over 800 people.[1] The ETA came to an end in May 2018.[3]
Re-establishment of autonomy
In 1978 a special status was given to "historic nationalities"; the Basque country, Catalonia and Galicia. Pre-autonomous bodies would write up a statute of autonomy which would be subject to a referendum.[4]
Basque leaders submitted a draft of the Statute of Gernika in the same year and the Spanish government then brought about a referendum in October 1979.[5] Basque self-governance returned in 1979.[6]
In accordance with he fuerros, the Basquee country (and Navarre) are permitted to collect their own taxes in a manner that generally conforms to Spanish tax collection.[4] During 1979-80, a “constitutional shield” was negotiated, where 6.24% of local tax would be sent to the Spanish central government.[7]
The Autonomous Community of the Basque Country (known as Euskadi since 1979) is made up of the herrialdes of Araba, Biscay, and Gipuzkoa. These three herrialdes have their own Assembly. Navarre has been constituted as a Foral Community since 1982.[8]
The other three herrialdes known as Iparralde) have since 2017 had their own government body of the Agglomeration community of the Basque Country.[8]
Political parties
The two main Basque political parties in the Southern Basque Country (Hegoalde) are the Basque Nationalist Party and Euskal Herria Bildu. Both advocate for an independent Basque country within a confederal relationship with Spain.[8]
In Navarre, the Basque Nationalist Party is one of the three parties of the Geroa Bai alliance (centre-left to centre-right) which advocates for the right for the right of Navarre to decide its own future.[8]
In French Basque Country (Iparralde), Euskal Herria Bai calls for sovereignty of the Basque Country.[8]
Public displays of support
Independence
In 1997, around 20,000 marched in San Sebastián calling for independence.[9]
In 2006, thousands of Basques marched in Bilbao for self determination rights for the Basque Country, November 11, 2006.[10]
In June 2018, a human chain was formed by tens of thousands of Basques, extending 202km.[11] Around 200,000 people formed the human chain calling for an indpendence referendum.[12]
ETA prisoners
In 2011, around 40,000 people marched through Bilbao calling for ETA prisoners to be moved closer to their homes and for an amnesty.[13]
In 2020, 65,000 people attended a similar march.[14]
Polling
As of 2018, 15-17% in the Basque Country (autonomous community) supported independence.[11]
A 2020 poll showed that 41% support holding a referendum on Basque independence with and 31% opposing.[15]
A 2021 poll showed that 40.5% were in favour of an independent Basque state, with 29.2% against.[16]
See also
- Basque nationalism
- Basque Republic
- Catalan independence movement
- Galician independence movement
- National and regional identity in Spain
- List of active separatist movements in Europe
References
- ^ a b c "The Basques—facts and information". History. 2019-10-24. Retrieved 2023-10-11.
- ^ "The Bombing of Guernica: Could WW2 Have Been Stopped That Day?". Sky HISTORY TV channel. Retrieved 2023-10-11.
- ^ "The Basques—facts and information". History. 2019-10-24. Retrieved 2023-10-11.
- ^ a b Schrijver, Frans (2006). Regionalism After Regionalisation: Spain, France and the United Kingdom. Amsterdam University Press. pp. 87–90. ISBN 978-90-5629-428-1.
- ^ Hills, George (1980). "Basque Autonomy: Will It Be Enough?". The World Today. 36 (9): 358–359. ISSN 0043-9134.
- ^ Kingsley, Patrick (2017-10-28). "As Catalonia Crisis Deepens, Many Basques Wary of New Independence Bid". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-10-11.
- ^ Gardner, David (2019-07-12). "Why Basques and Catalans see independence differently". Financial Times. Retrieved 2023-10-11.
- ^ a b c d e "Basque Country". Nationalia (in Catalan). 2023-11-10. Retrieved 2023-10-11.
- ^ Staff, WIRED. "Basques March". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved 2023-10-11.
- ^ "Basques want peace, maybe independence". Reuters. 2007-03-27. Retrieved 2023-10-11.
- ^ a b "Spain's Basques form human chain calling for independence vote". BBC News. 2018-06-10. Retrieved 2023-10-11.
- ^ Smith, Rory (2018-06-11). "125-mile-long human chain calls for Basque independence vote". CNN. Retrieved 2023-10-11.
- ^ Garma, Jorge; Press, Associated (2011-01-08). "Tens of thousands march in Spain's Basque region". San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved 2023-10-11.
- ^ "Thousands march in Spain's Basque region for return of ETA prisoners". France 24. 2020-01-11. Retrieved 2023-10-11.
- ^ Strategies, Redfield & Wilton (2020-07-29). "Spanish Respondents Deeply Divided About Franco's Legacy". Redfield & Wilton Strategies. Retrieved 2023-10-11.
- ^ "2021-11 Survey". Telesforo Monzon. Retrieved 2023-10-11.