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==History==
==History==


According to [[Bini people|Bini]] and [[Itsekiri people|Itsekiri]] histories, [[Olu Ginuwa]], a prince of [[Benin empire|Benin]] Kingdom founded the Itsekiri kingdom about 1480.
According to [[Bini people|Bini]] and [[Itsekiri people|Itsekiri]] histories, [[Olu Ginuwa]], a prince of [[Benin empire|Benin]] Kingdom founded the Warri kingdom about 1480.
In the 15th century, it was visited by [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] missionaries.<ref name="Punch1">{{Cite web |date=2021-08-20 |title=Warri Kingdom, according to history dating back 541 years |url=https://punchng.com/warri-kingdom-according-to-history-dating-back-541-years/ |access-date=2021-09-18 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref>
In the 15th century, it was visited by [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] missionaries.<ref name="Punch1">{{Cite web |date=2021-08-20 |title=Warri Kingdom, according to history dating back 541 years |url=https://punchng.com/warri-kingdom-according-to-history-dating-back-541-years/ |access-date=2021-09-18 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref>
At the beginning of the 17th century, a son of the reigning [[Olu]] was sent to Portugal and returned with a Portuguese wife.<ref name=Punch1 /> Their son Antonio Domingo was Olu of Ode-Itsekiri in the 1640s.<ref>{{cite web
At the beginning of the 17th century, a son of the reigning [[Olu]] was sent to Portugal and returned with a Portuguese wife.<ref name=Punch1 /> Their son Antonio Domingo was Olu of Warri in the 1640s.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.edo-nation.net/ayomike2.htm
|url=http://www.edo-nation.net/ayomike2.htm
|title=Edo people's renaissance
|title=Edo people's renaissance
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|pages=31}}</ref>
|pages=31}}</ref>


===The Size Of The Kingdom Of Itsekiri===
===The Size Of The Kingdom Of Warri===
[[File:Kingdoms of Ife.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Ancient Kingdoms and their boundaries|Warri Kingdom size]]
[[File:Kingdoms of Ife.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Ancient Kingdoms and their boundaries|Warri Kingdom size]]
In the work of [[Jean-François Landolphe]] published from his diary described the size of Itsekiri Kingdom “The sovereign of this state owns not only both banks of the Benin river but also all the rivers of these parts as far as the tributaries of Agbassa or are near to it."<ref>Landolphe, Jean Francois, 1747-, and Jaques Salbigoton Quesne. Memoires Du Capitaine Landolpe, Contenant L'histoire De Ses Voyages Pendant Trente-six Ans, Aux Cotes D'Afrique Et Aux Deux Ameriques. Paris: A. Bertrand [etc.], 1823.</ref>
In the work of [[Jean-François Landolphe]] published from his diary described the size of Warri Kingdom “The sovereign of this state owns not only both banks of the Benin river but also all the rivers of these parts as far as the tributaries of the Calabar or are near to it."<ref>Landolphe, Jean Francois, 1747-, and Jaques Salbigoton Quesne. Memoires Du Capitaine Landolpe, Contenant L'histoire De Ses Voyages Pendant Trente-six Ans, Aux Cotes D'Afrique Et Aux Deux Ameriques. Paris: A. Bertrand [etc.], 1823.</ref>


=== Military ===
=== Military ===
In 1656, the equipment of the Ode-Itsekiri military was dominated by arrows and [[javelin]]s with the use of few [[muskets]].<ref>{{harvp|Thornton |1999|p=81}}</ref> By the following century, Itsekiri forces became accustomed to firearms.<ref>{{harvp|Thornton |1999|p=82}}</ref> In the late 18th century, the naval vessels of Itsekiri were equipped with simple [[sails]] and primary sources documented that such vessels could carry some personnel of about 100. According to historian [[John Thornton (historian)|Thornton]], the Itsekiri navy was unfamiliar with [[tacking (sailing)|tacking]]. Shields were built onto the vessels to provide protection for the personnel.<ref>{{harvp|Thornton |1999|p=83}}</ref> Itsekiri vessels may have utilized artillery. Jean-François Landolphe provided a description of the King's canoes in the early 19th century which he mentions to have mounted 7 [[blunderbuss]]es arranged in series on a [[swivel]]. As a result, these guns could fire simultaneously and Landolphe states they were rarely used.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EUBeZE-63JAC&dq=landolphe+warri+canoe&pg=PA84|last1=Smith|first1=Robert Sydney|author-link=Robert Smith (professor)|year=1989|title=Warfare & Diplomacy in Pre-colonial West Africa|page=84|publisher=[[Univ of Wisconsin Press]] |isbn=9780299123345}}</ref>
In 1656, the equipment of the Warri military was dominated by arrows and [[javelin]]s with the use of few [[muskets]].<ref>{{harvp|Thornton |1999|p=81}}</ref> By the following century, Warri forces became accustomed to firearms.<ref>{{harvp|Thornton |1999|p=82}}</ref> In the late 18th century, the naval vessels of Warri were equipped with simple [[sails]] and primary sources documented that such vessels could carry some personnel of about 100. According to historian [[John Thornton (historian)|Thornton]], the Warri navy was unfamiliar with [[tacking (sailing)|tacking]]. Shields were built onto the vessels to provide protection for the personnel.<ref>{{harvp|Thornton |1999|p=83}}</ref> Warri vessels may have utilized artillery. Jean-François Landolphe provided a description of the King's canoes in the early 19th century which he mentions to have mounted 7 [[blunderbuss]]es arranged in series on a [[swivel]]. As a result, these guns could fire simultaneously and Landolphe states they were rarely used.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EUBeZE-63JAC&dq=landolphe+warri+canoe&pg=PA84|last1=Smith|first1=Robert Sydney|author-link=Robert Smith (professor)|year=1989|title=Warfare & Diplomacy in Pre-colonial West Africa|page=84|publisher=[[Univ of Wisconsin Press]] |isbn=9780299123345}}</ref>


==Warri Crisis==
==Warri Crisis==

Revision as of 20:12, 29 January 2024

The Kingdom of Warri, Warri Kingdom or Iwere Kingdom, (Itsekiri: Oye Iwere) was established in 1480, was part of the Nigerian traditional states its ancestral capital is based in Ode-Itsekiri, Warri South LGA, Delta State, Nigeria[1] with a palace erected in 1950s in the heart of the city of Warri, Warri South LGA, Delta State, Nigeria.

The current Olu of Warri is Ogiame Atuwatse III, who was crowned on 21 August 2021.[2]

History

According to Bini and Itsekiri histories, Olu Ginuwa, a prince of Benin Kingdom founded the Warri kingdom about 1480. In the 15th century, it was visited by Portuguese missionaries.[3] At the beginning of the 17th century, a son of the reigning Olu was sent to Portugal and returned with a Portuguese wife.[3] Their son Antonio Domingo was Olu of Warri in the 1640s.[4] Olu Erejuwa, who reigned from about 1760 to 1800, expanded the kingdom politically and commercially, using the Portuguese to further its control of tributaries in river trade and to establish control over a wider area.[5]

Later, Warri served as the base for Portuguese and Dutch slave traders. Warri became a more important port city during the late 19th century,[6] when it became a centre for the palm oil trade and other major items such as rubber, palm products, cocoa, groundnuts, hides, and skins.[7] Warri was established as a provincial headquarters by the British in the early 20th century.[8]

The Size Of The Kingdom Of Warri

Ancient Kingdoms and their boundaries
Warri Kingdom size

In the work of Jean-François Landolphe published from his diary described the size of Warri Kingdom “The sovereign of this state owns not only both banks of the Benin river but also all the rivers of these parts as far as the tributaries of the Calabar or are near to it."[9]

Military

In 1656, the equipment of the Warri military was dominated by arrows and javelins with the use of few muskets.[10] By the following century, Warri forces became accustomed to firearms.[11] In the late 18th century, the naval vessels of Warri were equipped with simple sails and primary sources documented that such vessels could carry some personnel of about 100. According to historian Thornton, the Warri navy was unfamiliar with tacking. Shields were built onto the vessels to provide protection for the personnel.[12] Warri vessels may have utilized artillery. Jean-François Landolphe provided a description of the King's canoes in the early 19th century which he mentions to have mounted 7 blunderbusses arranged in series on a swivel. As a result, these guns could fire simultaneously and Landolphe states they were rarely used.[13]

Warri Crisis

This section is an excerpt from Warri Crisis.[edit]

The Warri Crisis was a series of conflicts in Delta State, Nigeria between 1997 and 2003 between the Itsekiri, the Ijaw ethnic groups.[14] Over 200,000 people were displaced by the Warri conflict between 1999 and 2006. Over 700,000 people were displaced during this period by violence in Delta State overall.[15][16]

The conflict broke out following a government decision that changed the location of the Warri South West Local Government Council (LGA) to the Itsekeri community of Ogidigben from the Ijaw town of Ogbe Ijoh.[17][18] The Council headquarters was eventually returned to Ogbe Ijoh, which restored a fragile peace in 2005.[19]

The Warri Crisis is part of a broader conflict over oil in the Niger Delta.[19] Human Rights Watch determined that "although the violence has both ethnic and political dimensions, it is essentially a fight over the oil money."[20] Ongoing armed conflict in the Niger Delta region, and the appearance of the Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) in 2005 are continued expressions of these tensions.[15]

Scholars have warned that the conflict is complex and not amenable to "quick fixes".[21]

Kings of Warri Kingdom, 1480 to present

The Kingdom of Warri has remained predominantly Christian since the coronation of its first Christian King/Olu Atorongboye also known as King Sebastian I in 1570, within a century of the foundation of the Iwere Kingdom. Below is a list of the rulers of the Warri Kingdom from inception. Note that written records began with the coronation of Olu Atorongboye Sebastian I in 1570.

NameLifespanReign startReign endNotesFamilyImage
GinuwaUnknown - 1510 (aged 30+)148015101st Olu. He was the eldest son of Oba Olua, the 14th Oba of Benin (r.1473–1480) and heir apparent to the throne of the Kingdom of Benin until he migrated from Benin to Warri, where he was later crowned.Itsekiri[[File:
Olu Ginuwa First of his name
|80px|alt=]]
Ijijen OgbowuruUnknown - 1510 (aged 28+)151015382nd Olu. He succeeded his father. He was the first King to reach Ode-Itsekiri (Big Warri) as his father settled down at Ijala community which became the burial place for all future Olu's.Itsekiri[[File:
Olu ijijen first of his name
|80px|alt=]]
IrameUnknown - 1550 (aged 40+)153815503rd Olu. He succeeded his brother. It is stated that he banished the three gods (Ibirikimo, Otueke, and Ike) and their worshipers from Ode-Itsekiri-Olu (Big Warri) because of their incessant noise-making". The gods and their worshipers moved to Orugbo which is a community about 3 km from Ode-Itsekiri-Olu.Itsekiri[[File:
Olu Irame First Of Name
|80px|alt=]]
OjoluwaUnknown - 1570 (aged 20+)155015704th Olu. He succeeded his father. During his reign, he commenced the process of integration of the Ekpen's/Ekpenede, descendants of Okere with the local population in the kingdom.Itsekiri[[File:
Olu Ojoluwa first of his name
|80px|alt=]]
EsigieUnknown - 1597 (aged 27+)157015975th Olu.He succeeded his father.Itsekiri[[File:
Olu Esigie First Of His Name
|80px|alt=]]
D. Sebastião AtorongboyeUnknown - 1625 (aged 28+)159716256th Olu. He succeeded his father. He was born Prince Eyomasan. He was the first Catholic Olu, in fact every king after him until 1848 was so. He had a strong tie with King Philip II of Spain, who ruled Portugal at the time. This relation led to him sending his son to study in Coimbra, Portugal from 1600 to 1611. He and all future kings were awarded the title of Dom (D.).Itsekiri[[File:
Olu Atonrongbeye First Of His Name
|80px|alt=]]
D. Domingos Atuwatse IUnknown - 1643 (aged 43+)162516437th Olu. He succeeded his father. He was initially home schooled by his father and the Bishop in Ode-Itsekiri, which resulted in him being able to read and write in Portuguese. He was later educated in Coimbra, Portugal from 1600 to 1611. He returned as a graduate, making him the first graduate in Sub Saharan Africa. Olu Dom Domingos was the first to marry a noble Portuguese lady, that came with him in 1611.Itsekiri[[File:
Olu Atuwatse First Of His Name
|80px|alt=]]
D. Antonio Domingos Oyenakpagha ObanighenrenUnknown - 1653 (aged 11+)164316548th Olu. He succeeded his father. On ascension to the throne he was named Obanighenren which translates to "Prince/King with the golden skin". He wrote a letter to Pope Clement X in 1652 which was delivered to the Pope successfully. He was educated at home and at an institute in Angola. Like his father, he married a Portuguese lady.Luso Itsekiri[[File:
Olu Oyenekpagha
|80px|alt=]]
D. Matias Ludovico OmoluyiriUnknown - 1674 (aged 31+)165416749th Olu. He succeeded his brother.Luso Itsekiri[[File:
Olu Omoluyiri first of his name
|80px|alt=]]
D. Luigi AbejoyeUnknown - 1701 (aged 27+)1674170110th Olu. He succeeded his father.Luso Itsekiri[[File:
Olu Abejoye first of his name
|80px|alt=]]
D. Sebastião II AkenjoyeUnknown - 1709 (aged 8+)1701170911th Olu. He succeeded his father. As a prince he was known as Dom Ludivico Domingo.Itsekiri[[File:
Olu Akenjoye First Of His Name
|80px|alt=]]
D. Miguel OmagboyeUnknown - 1730 (aged 21+)1709173012th Olu. He succeeded his father.Itsekiri[[File:
Olu Omagboye
|80px|alt=]]
D. Agostinho Sabastião Octobia AkengboyeUnknown - 1732 (aged 4+)1730173413th Olu. He succeeded his father.Itsekiri[[File:
Olu Akengboye First of his name
|80px|alt=]]
D. Manuel Octobia AtogbuwaUnknown - 1760 (aged 26+)1734176014th Olu. He succeeded his father.Itsekiri[[File:
|80px|alt=]]
D.Sebastião Manuel Octobia Erejuwa IUnknown - 1795 (aged 35+)1760179515th Olu. He succeeded his father.Itsekiri[[File:
Olu Erejuwa First Of His Name
|80px|alt=]]
D. Eyeolusan João AkengbuwaUnknown - 14 June 1848 (aged 53+)179514 June 184816th Olu. He succeeded his father. He was the last Catholic Olu.Itsekiri[[File:
Olu Akengbuwa First of his name
|80px|alt=]]
Interregnum14 June 1848 – 7 February 1936 (87 years)14 June 18487 February 1936After the death of Olu Dom Eyeolusan João Akengbuwa there was a dynastic crisis following the death of all the potential successors which was followed by a period of political Interregnum. His son Prince Oritsemone left Ode-Itsekiri during the period of the crisis to form the Usele Community. Queen Iye Idolorusan ruled the kingdom for a time in the nineteenth century, but seems to have never been formally designated a monarch.[22][[File:
File:The Warri Interregnum.jpg
The Warri Interregnum
|80px|alt=]]
Ginuwa II Emiko IkengbuwaUnknown - 1949 (aged 13+)7 February 19368 January 194917th Olu. He was a Nigerian traditional title holder and paramount leader of the Itsekiri. He was born Emiko Ikengbuwa. He succeeded his grandfather Olu Akengbuwa as Olu of Warri after an interregnum that lasted 88 years when Warri's political leadership was dominated by merchant princes.Itsekiri[[File:
Olu Ginuwa Second of his name
|80px|alt=]]
Erejuwa II Wilson Ayoronmitsi Gbesimi Emikoc.1908 - 17 December 1986 (aged 77/78)24 March 195117 December 198618th Olu. He succeeded his father. He attended a CMS missionary school at Ogbesse, thereafter he did business with United African Company rising to become a provincial cooperatives president. As Olu of Warri, he was appointed regional Minister without portfolio and president of the Warri Divisional Traditional Council.Itsekiri[[File:
Olu Erejuwa Second Of His Name
|80px|alt=]]
Olu Atuwatse II Godwin Toritseju Emikoc.1945 - 5 September 2015 (aged 70)2 May 19875 September 201519th Olu. He was born Godwin Toritseju Emiko. He succeeded his father. He was a lawyer by profession and was a recipient of the Commander of the Niger (CON) award from the Nigerian Government. Atuwatse II died in a hospital in Lagos in early September 2015, after suffering a domestic accident. He was 70 years old, and was preparing to fly abroad to receive intensive medical care before his condition worsened.Itsekiri[[File:
Olu Atuwatse Second Of His Name
|80px|alt=]]
Ikenwoli I Godfery Emiko19 March 1955 – 21 December 2020 (aged 65)12 December 201521 December 202020th Olu. Ikenwoli Godfrey Emiko born to Olu Erejuwa II and Olori Eyinagboluwade Emiko. He succeeded his elder brother and was married to Olori Mary Emiko. They had three children.Itsekiri[[File:
Olu Ikenwoli First Of His Name
|80px|alt=]]
Olu Atuwatse III2 April 1984 - Present (aged 37)21 August 202121st Olu. Tsola Emiko born to Olu Atuwatse II and Olori Gladys Durorike Emiko on 2 April 1984. He succeeded his uncle and is married to Olori Ivie Emiko (née Okunbo). They have three children.[[File:
Olu Atuwatse III Third Of His Name
|80px|alt=]]

References

  1. ^ Royal, David O. (20 August 2022). "Eminent Nigerians, monarchs, storm Odi-Itsekiri for Olu of Warri". Vanguard News. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
  2. ^ "All hail Olu of Warri, Atuwatse III". Vanguard News. 22 August 2021. Retrieved 18 September 2021.
  3. ^ a b "Warri Kingdom, according to history dating back 541 years". Punch Newspapers. 20 August 2021. Retrieved 18 September 2021.
  4. ^ J.O.S Ayomike. "Edo people's renaissance". Edo Nation. Retrieved 16 September 2010.
  5. ^ Gab Ejuwa (26 April 2009). "Olu of Warri Coronation – Focus On Itsekiri Cultural Heritage". Vanguard. Retrieved 16 September 2010.
  6. ^ Harriman-Ayida, Allegra Otsaye (2018). Kingdom in the Creeks (Thesis). Wesleyan University. doi:10.14418/wes01.1.1865.
  7. ^ http://www.greatestcities.com/Africa/Nigeria/Warri_city.htmlRetrieved 13 January 2008
  8. ^ Ekeh, Peter Palmer (2005). Warri City and British Colonial Rule in Western Niger Delta. Urhobo Historical Society. p. 31. ISBN 978-064-924-7.
  9. ^ Landolphe, Jean Francois, 1747-, and Jaques Salbigoton Quesne. Memoires Du Capitaine Landolpe, Contenant L'histoire De Ses Voyages Pendant Trente-six Ans, Aux Cotes D'Afrique Et Aux Deux Ameriques. Paris: A. Bertrand [etc.], 1823.
  10. ^ Thornton (1999), p. 81
  11. ^ Thornton (1999), p. 82
  12. ^ Thornton (1999), p. 83
  13. ^ Smith, Robert Sydney (1989). Warfare & Diplomacy in Pre-colonial West Africa. Univ of Wisconsin Press. p. 84. ISBN 9780299123345.
  14. ^ Nigeria: INC Wants Lasting Solution to Warri Crisis. By Sola Adebayo, 5 February 2003, Vanguard (Lagos).
  15. ^ a b Leton, Marcus (2006). "Oil And The Urban Question - Fuelling Violence and Politics in Warri" (PDF). Niger Delta Economies of Violence Working Papers (8). Retrieved 28 September 2021.
  16. ^ “Violence left 3 million bereft in past seven years Nigeria reports”, New York Times, March 14th 2006, p.A6
  17. ^ "How Warri North crisis started - Egbema chiefs". Vanguard News. 22 July 2013. Retrieved 18 September 2021.
  18. ^ "Warri Crisis: Causes and Impact on the Oil Industry in the Niger Delta". EBSU Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities. 11 (1). 2021.
  19. ^ a b "Nigeria" (PDF). Refugee Documentation Centre of Ireland. 22 October 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
  20. ^ Editorial Introduction: The Warri Crisis,the Niger Delta, and the Nigerian State, Meredeth Turshen. ACAS Bulletin, No. 68, Fall 2004.
  21. ^ Falode; Egunjobi (2022). "Investigating and Addressing Oil Related Conflicts in Niger Delta: A Case Study of Warri" (PDF). International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science. 6 (7).
  22. ^ Professor Henry Louis Gates, Jr.; Professor Emmanuel Akyeampong; Mr. Steven J. Niven (2 February 2012). Dictionary of African Biography. OUP USA. pp. 1–. ISBN 978-0-19-538207-5.

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