Banksia robur: Difference between revisions
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It is said that every specimen collected during the ''Endeavour'' voyage was sketched by Banks' [[botanical illustrator]] [[Sydney Parkinson]], but no such painting of ''B. robur'' is extant. On the ''Endeavour''{{'s}} return to [[England]] in July 1771, Banks' specimens became part of his [[London]] [[herbarium]], and artists were employed to paint [[watercolour]]s from Parkinson's sketches. Banks had plans to publish his entire collection as "[[Banks' Florilegium]]", but for various reasons the project was never completed, and it would be ten years before any of the ''Banksia'' species were formally published.<ref name="Salkin 1981">{{cite journal | last = Salkin | first = Alf I. | year = 1981 | title = A short history of the discovery and naming of banksias in Eastern Australia: Part I, Banks and Solander | journal = [[Victorian Naturalist]] | volume = 98 | issue = 2}}</ref> |
It is said that every specimen collected during the ''Endeavour'' voyage was sketched by Banks' [[botanical illustrator]] [[Sydney Parkinson]], but no such painting of ''B. robur'' is extant. On the ''Endeavour''{{'s}} return to [[England]] in July 1771, Banks' specimens became part of his [[London]] [[herbarium]], and artists were employed to paint [[watercolour]]s from Parkinson's sketches. Banks had plans to publish his entire collection as "[[Banks' Florilegium]]", but for various reasons the project was never completed, and it would be ten years before any of the ''Banksia'' species were formally published.<ref name="Salkin 1981">{{cite journal | last = Salkin | first = Alf I. | year = 1981 | title = A short history of the discovery and naming of banksias in Eastern Australia: Part I, Banks and Solander | journal = [[Victorian Naturalist]] | volume = 98 | issue = 2}}</ref> |
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Despite being one of the first four ''Banksia'' species collected, the single specimen of ''B. robur'' was somehow overlooked and not described by [[Carolus Linnaeus the Younger]] in 1782.<ref name="George 1981">{{cite journal | last = George | first=Alex S. | author-link=Alex George (botanist) | year = 1981 | title = The Genus ''Banksia'' L.f. (Proteaceae) | journal = [[Nuytsia (journal)|Nuytsia]] | volume = 3 | issue = 3 | pages = 239–473 [304–306]| issn = 0085-4417| title-link=The genus Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae) }}</ref> Specimens of the species were collected again in 1793 by [[Luis Née]] around Port Jackson (Sydney) and Botany Bay, and it was on the basis of these specimens that it was described and named in 1800 by [[Antonio José Cavanilles]].<ref name="cav2">{{cite book |author=Cavanilles, Antonio José |author-link=Antonio José Cavanilles |title=Anales de historia natural |publisher=Imprenta Real por P. J. Pereyra |location=Madrid, Spain |year=1800 |volume=I |page=226 |language=es|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7815423}}</ref> |
Despite being one of the first four ''Banksia'' species collected, the single specimen of ''B. robur'' was somehow overlooked and not described by [[Carolus Linnaeus the Younger]] in 1782.<ref name="George 1981">{{cite journal | last = George | first=Alex S. | author-link=Alex George (botanist) | year = 1981 | title = The Genus ''Banksia'' L.f. (Proteaceae) | journal = [[Nuytsia (journal)|Nuytsia]] | volume = 3 | issue = 3 | pages = 239–473 [304–306]| issn = 0085-4417| title-link=The genus Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae) }}</ref> Specimens of the species were collected again in 1793 by [[Luis Née]] around Port Jackson (Sydney) and Botany Bay, and it was on the basis of these specimens that it was described and named in 1800 by [[Antonio José Cavanilles]]. Describing it as a tree, Cavanilles gave it the species epithet ''robur'';<ref name="cav2">{{cite book |author=Cavanilles, Antonio José |author-link=Antonio José Cavanilles |title=Anales de historia natural |publisher=Imprenta Real por P. J. Pereyra |location=Madrid, Spain |year=1800 |volume=I |page=226 |language=es|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7815423}}</ref><!-- cites previous 1.5 sentences --> meaning "strength" or "hard wood", the epithet was assumed by Alex George to relate to the mistaken belief it was a tree. The name could also refer to a resemblance of the wood or leaves to the English oak (''[[Quercus robur]]''). |
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Since then, specimens referrable to ''B. robur'' have become the basis of a number of new species names, all now considered [[taxonomic synonym]]s of ''B. robur''. These synonyms are: |
Since then, specimens referrable to ''B. robur'' have become the basis of a number of new species names, all now considered [[taxonomic synonym]]s of ''B. robur''. These synonyms are: |
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Revision as of 12:31, 21 February 2024
| Swamp banksia | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Proteales |
| Family: | Proteaceae |
| Genus: | Banksia |
| Subgenus: | Banksia subg. Banksia |
| Section: | Banksia sect. Banksia |
| Series: | Banksia ser. Salicinae |
| Species: | B. robur
|
| Binomial name | |
| Banksia robur | |
Banksia robur, commonly known as swamp banksia, or less commonly broad-leaved banksia, grows in sand or peaty sand in coastal areas from Cooktown in north Queensland to the Illawarra region on the New South Wales south coast. It is often found in areas which are seasonally inundated.
Although it was one of the original banksias collected by Joseph Banks around Botany Bay in 1770, it was not named until 1800 by Cavanilles, with a type collection by Luis Née in 1793.
Description
Banksia robur is a spreading shrub to 2.5 m (8.2 ft), although it can get a little larger in cultivation. It has very large, leathery tough green leaves with serrated margins up to 30 cm (12 in) long and 10 cm (3.9 in) wide. The new growth is colourful, in shades of red, maroon or brown with a dense felt-like covering of brown hairs.
Plants from different areas seem to flower at different times, some in spring and summer, others predominantly in autumn. The stunning large flower spikes, up to 15 centimetres (5.9 in) high and 5 to 6 centimetres (2.0 to 2.4 in) wide, are metallic green with pinkish styles in bud, becoming cream-yellow and fading to golden-brown in the golden stage. The old flowers turn grey and persist on old cones, concealing the small follicles. These follicles are reddish and furred when new, before fading. The plant is lignotuberous, regenerating from the ground after fire.
Hybrids with its close relative, B. oblongifolia (fern-leaved banksia) can be sometimes found where both species occur (such as near Bulli in the Illawarra), with features intermediate between both species.
Taxonomy
The first botanical collection of B. robur was made by Sir Joseph Banks and Dr Daniel Solander, naturalists on the Endeavour during Lieutenant (later Captain) James Cook's first voyage to the Pacific Ocean. Cook landed on Australian soil for the first time on 29 April 1770, at a place that he later named Botany Bay in recognition of "the great quantity of plants Mr Banks and Dr Solander found in this place".[2] Over the next seven weeks, Banks and Solander collected thousands of plant specimens, including the first specimens of a new genus that would later be named Banksia in Banks' honour.
It is said that every specimen collected during the Endeavour voyage was sketched by Banks' botanical illustrator Sydney Parkinson, but no such painting of B. robur is extant. On the Endeavour's return to England in July 1771, Banks' specimens became part of his London herbarium, and artists were employed to paint watercolours from Parkinson's sketches. Banks had plans to publish his entire collection as "Banks' Florilegium", but for various reasons the project was never completed, and it would be ten years before any of the Banksia species were formally published.[3]
Despite being one of the first four Banksia species collected, the single specimen of B. robur was somehow overlooked and not described by Carolus Linnaeus the Younger in 1782.[4] Specimens of the species were collected again in 1793 by Luis Née around Port Jackson (Sydney) and Botany Bay, and it was on the basis of these specimens that it was described and named in 1800 by Antonio José Cavanilles. Describing it as a tree, Cavanilles gave it the species epithet robur;[5] meaning "strength" or "hard wood", the epithet was assumed by Alex George to relate to the mistaken belief it was a tree. The name could also refer to a resemblance of the wood or leaves to the English oak (Quercus robur).
Since then, specimens referrable to B. robur have become the basis of a number of new species names, all now considered taxonomic synonyms of B. robur. These synonyms are:
- B. dilleniifolia, published by Joseph Knight in 1809;
- B. uncigera, also Knight, 1809;
- B. latifolia, published by Robert Brown in 1810. Brown stated he was forced to change the name as the plant grew as a low shrub not a tall tree.[6]
- B. macrophylla, published by Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link in 1821;
- B. fagifolia, published by Johann Centurius Hoffmannsegg in 1826;
- B. integrifolia var. dentata, published by Carl Meissner in 1856;
Frederick Manson Bailey reported in 1913 that the indigenous people of Stradbroke Island knew it as bumbar.[7]
Ecology
Like other banksias, B. robur plays host to a wide variety of pollinators, including insects such as butterflies, moths, bees, wasps, ants and jewel beetles, and many bird species. These include honeyeaters such as New Holland honeyeater (Phylidonyris novaehollandiae), little wattlebird (Anthochaera chrysoptera), brown honeyeater (Lichmera indistincta), tawny-crowned honeyeater (Gliciphila melanops), Lewin's honeyeater (Meliphaga lewinii), and little friarbird (Philemon citreogularis) - all recorded in the 1988 The Banksia Atlas survey.[8]
Cultivation
As B. robur naturally occurs in wet areas (hence the common name) on sandy soils, these make the best growing conditions. It appreciates a sunny aspect and extra water, especially when actively growing and during dry spells. Propagation from seed is reliable. Hardened pencil-thickness stems have been struck successfully as cuttings.
References
- ^ Forster, P.; Ford, A.; Griffith, S.; Benwell, A. (2020). "Banksia robur". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T112529639A113306761. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T112529639A113306761.en. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
- ^ Cook, James (1893). Wharton, William J. L. (ed.). . London: E. Stock.
- ^ Salkin, Alf I. (1981). "A short history of the discovery and naming of banksias in Eastern Australia: Part I, Banks and Solander". Victorian Naturalist. 98 (2).
- ^ George, Alex S. (1981). "The Genus Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae)". Nuytsia. 3 (3): 239–473 [304–306]. ISSN 0085-4417.
- ^ Cavanilles, Antonio José (1800). Anales de historia natural (in Spanish). Vol. I. Madrid, Spain: Imprenta Real por P. J. Pereyra. p. 226.
- ^ Brown, Robert (1810). "On the Proteaceae of Jussieu". Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. 10 (1): 208.
- ^ Bailey, Frederick Manson (1913). Comprehensive Catalogue of Queensland Plants. Brisbane, Queensland: A. J. Cumming, government printer. p. 455.
- ^ Taylor, Anne; Hopper, Stephen (1988). The Banksia Atlas (Australian Flora and Fauna Series Number 8). Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service. ISBN 0-644-07124-9. p. 202
- George, A. S. (1999). "Banksia". In Wilson, Annette (ed.). Flora of Australia. Vol. 17B: Proteaceae 3: Hakea to Dryandra. CSIRO Publishing / Australian Biological Resources Study. pp. 175–251. ISBN 0-643-06454-0.
External links
- "Banksia robur Cav". Flora of Australia Online. Department of the Environment and Heritage, Australian Government.
- "Banksia robur Cav". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government.
