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Mary Tyler Peabody was born on November 16, 1806 in [[Cambridgeport, Massachusetts]], the daughter of [[Nathaniel Peabody (Boston)|Nathaniel]] and Elizabeth ({{nee|Palmer}}) Peabody.<ref name="Appletons">{{source-attribution}} {{Cite Appletons'|wstitle=Mann, Horace|year=1900|author=Isa Carrington Cabell|inline=x}}</ref><ref name="SPL sisters">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-21 |title=The Peabody Sisters |url=https://salempl.org/the-peabody-sisters/ |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=Salem Public Library (Massachusetts) |language=en-US}}</ref> The Peabodys were a two-income family. Elizabeth advocated for pre-school child education and taught school. Nathaniel was an apothecary, doctor, and dentist.{{sfn|Seavey|2004|p=41}} Her sisters were [[Elizabeth Palmer Peabody|Elizabeth]], reformer, educator, and pioneer in establishing kindergarten, and [[Sophia Peabody Hawthorne|Sophia]], painter and wife of [[Nathaniel Hawthorne]].<ref name="SPL sisters" /> She had three brothers, Nathaniel, George Francis, and Wellington Peabody.{{sfn|Seavey|2004|p=41}} George and Wellington died in the twenties. George relied on his sister for his living expenses.{{sfn|Seavey|2004|p=41}} |
Mary Tyler Peabody was born on November 16, 1806 in [[Cambridgeport, Massachusetts]], the daughter of [[Nathaniel Peabody (Boston)|Nathaniel]] and Elizabeth ({{nee|Palmer}}) Peabody.<ref name="Appletons">{{source-attribution}} {{Cite Appletons'|wstitle=Mann, Horace|year=1900|author=Isa Carrington Cabell|inline=x}}</ref><ref name="SPL sisters">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-21 |title=The Peabody Sisters |url=https://salempl.org/the-peabody-sisters/ |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=Salem Public Library (Massachusetts) |language=en-US}}</ref> The Peabodys were a two-income family. Elizabeth advocated for pre-school child education and taught school. Nathaniel was an apothecary, doctor, and dentist.{{sfn|Seavey|2004|p=41}} Her sisters were [[Elizabeth Palmer Peabody|Elizabeth]], reformer, educator, and pioneer in establishing kindergarten, and [[Sophia Peabody Hawthorne|Sophia]], painter and wife of [[Nathaniel Hawthorne]].<ref name="SPL sisters" /> She had three brothers, Nathaniel, George Francis, and Wellington Peabody.{{sfn|Seavey|2004|p=41}} George and Wellington died in the twenties. George relied on his sister for his living expenses.{{sfn|Seavey|2004|p=41}} |
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The Peabody family lived in Salem and worshiped at the Second Church (later [[Unitarianism|Unitarian Church]]) in [[Salem, Massachusetts]]. The children received a thorough education at home.<ref name="SPL sisters" /> Elizabeth Peabody operated a school from the family home, which provided a classical education for boys and girls.{{sfn|Seavey|2004|p=41}} In 1820, the Peabodys moved to a farm in [[Lancaster, Massachusetts]] and daughter Elizabeth taught and ran the school beginning age 16, based upon what she learned from her mother's tutelage. |
The Peabody family lived in Salem and worshiped at the Second Church (later [[Unitarianism|Unitarian Church]]) in [[Salem, Massachusetts]]. The children received a thorough education at home.<ref name="SPL sisters" /> Elizabeth Peabody operated a school from the family home, which provided a classical education for boys and girls.{{sfn|Seavey|2004|p=41}} In 1820, the Peabodys moved to a farm in [[Lancaster, Massachusetts]] and daughter Elizabeth taught and ran the school beginning age 16, based upon what she learned from her mother's tutelage. Young Elizabeth taught from an enlightened perspective, helping her students build character, grow spiritually, and engage in discussions about the school work.{{sfn|Seavey|2004|p=42}} In 1822, the Peabodys left the farm life of Lancaster, for the social city life of Salem where Nathniel worked as a dentist.{{sfn|Seavey|2004|p=42}} |
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===The Peabody sisters=== |
===The Peabody sisters=== |
Revision as of 02:05, 29 March 2024
Mary Tyler Peabody Mann | |
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Born | Mary Tyler Peabody November 16, 1806 |
Died | February 11, 1887 | (aged 80)
Occupation(s) | Teacher, writer, and education reformer |
Known for | Pioneer of kindergarten schools, liberal thinker and reformer, and author of Life and Works of Horace Mann |
Spouse | |
Parent(s) | Nathaniel Peabody (father) Elizabeth Palmer Peabody (mother) |
Mary Tyler Mann (née Peabody; November 16, 1806 – February 11, 1887) was an American teacher, author, and reformer. Like her sister Elizabeth, she was a leader in the development of modern education, kindergarten. Mary was also a participant in the Transcentalism Movement. She supported the work of her husband Horace Mann, an American education reformer and politician, Henry David Thoreau, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Sarah Winnemucca.
Mary Peabody began teaching at the age of eighteen, first in Maine, as a governess in Cuba, and as a tutor and teacher in Massachusetts. She began a school for young children in Salem, Massachusetts about 1836. After her husband died in 1859, Mary Mann and her sister Elizabeth opened the first kindergarten school where they taught gymnastics, music, French, and social skills in addition to reading, writing, and arithmetic. They published the book Moral Culture of Infancy and Kindergarten Guide to provide others information about how to set up and operate a kindergarten.
Among her many publications, she contributed to Domingo Faustino Sarmiento's Facundo that was first published in 1868.
Personal life
Early life
Mary Tyler Peabody was born on November 16, 1806 in Cambridgeport, Massachusetts, the daughter of Nathaniel and Elizabeth (née Palmer) Peabody.[1][2] The Peabodys were a two-income family. Elizabeth advocated for pre-school child education and taught school. Nathaniel was an apothecary, doctor, and dentist.[3] Her sisters were Elizabeth, reformer, educator, and pioneer in establishing kindergarten, and Sophia, painter and wife of Nathaniel Hawthorne.[2] She had three brothers, Nathaniel, George Francis, and Wellington Peabody.[3] George and Wellington died in the twenties. George relied on his sister for his living expenses.[3]
The Peabody family lived in Salem and worshiped at the Second Church (later Unitarian Church) in Salem, Massachusetts. The children received a thorough education at home.[2] Elizabeth Peabody operated a school from the family home, which provided a classical education for boys and girls.[3] In 1820, the Peabodys moved to a farm in Lancaster, Massachusetts and daughter Elizabeth taught and ran the school beginning age 16, based upon what she learned from her mother's tutelage. Young Elizabeth taught from an enlightened perspective, helping her students build character, grow spiritually, and engage in discussions about the school work.[4] In 1822, the Peabodys left the farm life of Lancaster, for the social city life of Salem where Nathniel worked as a dentist.[4]
The Peabody sisters
The Peabody sisters, intelligent and capable on their own, were stronger together. Sophia was an artist. Elizabeth and Mary were educators who played key roles in the creation of creation of kindergarten programs and influenced modern education.[2] In 1825, Elizabeth and Mary lived in boarding house on Beacon Hill,[5] where they met a fellow boarder Horace Mann in 1832[2] or 1833.[6] Rebecca Clarke, the mother of James Freeman Clarke, operated the boarding house, Ashburton Place.[6] Living there at the time were George Stillman Hillard, Edward Kennard Rand, and Jared Sparks.[7] The sisters contributed to the Transcendentalism movement and supported fellow Transcendentalists Henry David Thoreau, Nathaniel Hawthorne, who married Sophia.[2] The three women, and Mary in particular, supported Horace Mann's career.[2]
A widow, Mann came to Boston to recuperate from his loss.[7] Elizabeth and Mary had frequent talks about their lives and viewpoints. Sometimes they read to one another. The young women helped Mann manage what Josephine E. Roberts called his "hopeless sorrow".[8] She shared an interest in education with Horace Mann, who was widowed. Although working in the fields of politics and the law, Mann had developed his own educational theories.[2] In Estimate of Horace Mann, Mary wrote "I learned from him what night of the soul he had been nurtured and realized for the first time what a misfortune to mankind has been that creed which dishonors God and disenchants man."[9]
In 1833, Mary went to Cuba where she worked as a governess and looked after her sister Sophia who went to the country to recuperate from some medical conditions. Mary and Sophia lived there until 1835, when they returned to Salem, where Mary taught until 1840.[2] During that time, Mary and Mann stayed in contact via letters and Mann visited and wrote Elizabeth periodically to learn what she know of Mary. He said that Mary's letters, whether written to him or Elizabeth, "affect me like music and more." Mary questioned Elizabeth about the affection and "brotherly tenderness" that she shared with Mann during his visits.[10] After Mary returned from Cuba, Mann visited and wrote Mary regularly in Salem in friendship and confidence, to the exclusion of her sister Elizabeth. It was not, though, like the courtship that Sophia had with Nathaniel Hawthorne.[11] In 1840, Mary lived above the West Street Bookshop near Beacon Hill and Boston Common in Boston with her sisters and parents. Sophia and Mary lived there until they were married.[12] Elizabeth purchased foreign journals and books for her business, that was part bookstore, a lending library, and a place for scholars, liberal thinkers, and transcendentalists to meet.[13]
Marriage and children
After knowing each other for a decade, Mary Peabody was engaged to Horace Mann in April 1843 and married to him on May 1, 1843, becoming Mary Peabody Mann.[2][14] She was his second wife.[15] They were married at the Peabody home in Boston and set sail on the Hibernia for Europe. While there, the couple visited schools.[16][a] The Manns had three children: Horace Mann Jr., George Mann, and Benjamin Mann.[16] After her children were born, she homeschooled the boys.[2] Following her husband's death in 1859, Mary purchased a house in Concord, Massachusetts and Elizabeth lived with her and her children.[2][17] Less than ten years after she buried her husband, Mary's oldest son, Horace Mann Jr. died at the age of 24 in 1868.[citation needed] Mary Tyler Peabody Mann died in Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts, by February 11, 1887,[1][2] and she was buried at the North Burial Ground in Providence, Rhode Island.[2]
Career
Educator
Mary Peabody left home at eighteen to teach school in Hallowell, Maine, where her sister Elizabeth had taught.[2] In 1825, she moved to Boston to assist Elizabeth in the operation of a school.[2] Mary and Elizabeth developed an "active interest" in the work of Samuel Gridley Howe and his school, Perkins School for the Blind, after they visited the school with Mann, who sat on the board of trustees.[18] Returning to Boston from Cuba, Mary moved in with her brother George in March 1835, and found employment tutoring an Italian student.[19] At that time Elizabeth taught at Amos Bronson Alcott's experimental Temple School, and Mary substituted for her briefly.[19] Alcott had two revolutionary approaches to education, he did not think that punishment and memorization were necessary for a good eduction.[5] Mary established a school for young children and lived in Salem.[19]
Meanwhile, in 1837, Mann was appointed secretary to the Massachusetts Board of Education, which was founded that year.[20] Mary devoted a great deal of time acting as the underpaid statesman's secretary and assistant. Although the board of education's powers were limited, Mann, with Mary's assistance, shaped public opinion regarding school problems and created public support for increasing the pay of teachers and improving their training through the founding of state normal, or teacher-training, schools.[citation needed]
When married, Mary homeschooled her boys at home, and during that time she did not have teaching positions.[2] In 1859[21] or 1860, she opened the first public kindergarten in the country on Beacon Hill in Boston with her sister Elizabeth. They influenced the creation of public kindergarten schools.[2][21] The school taught reading, writing, and arithmetic, as well as gymnastics, singing, and French. They encouraged moral and positive social engagement among the children.[22] They wrote the Moral Culture of Infancy and Kindergarten Guide in 1863 to provide information about how to set up and operate a kindergarten.[22]
Shared efforts with her husband
During her husband's life she shared in all his benevolent and educational work, and her familiarity with modern languages enabled her to assist him greatly in his studies of foreign reforms.[1] She was Horace Mann's private secretary for many years[6] and contributed to Common School Journal that he published.[2] Mary Peabody Mann filled the role of president's wife and unofficial dean of women after Horace accepted the presidency of Antioch College, coeducational school. For the first time in the United States, the college provided men and women the same educational opportunities and programs.[2]
Reformer
Mary, like her husband, was a reformer. For instance they both were very interested in education reform.[2] Overeating was one of the vices that Mary campaigned to change; her Christianity in the Kitchen: A Physiological Cookbook purported to serve as a moral guide to good eating. It was the housewife's duty, Mary believed, to educate herself in the latest scientific knowledge in order to keep her family healthy. Citing the research of scientists, she warned her readers against rich and fatty foods and advised moderation in spices and abstinence from alcohol.[citation needed]
Author
Mary wrote about women's rights, child care, kindergarten, and free education for underprivileged children. Her work was published as essays, in magazines, and books.[2] Her children's book, The Flower People: Being an Account of the Flowers by Themselves; Illustrated with Plates, was published in 1838.[23] The horticultural guide, a collection of tales about a little girl named Mary who makes the acquaintance, one by one, of common garden plants. These imaginary conversations with crocuses, violets, anemones, and geraniums, proved popular with both children and their parents.[citation needed]
Mary wrote the Life and Works of Horace Mann, in which there was a vieled identification of her as his intepreter or friend.[16] It was published in three volumes.[2] There is only one reference to Mary: "On 1 May 1843, Mr. Mann was again married, and sailed for Europe to visit European schools, especially in Germany, where he expected to derive most benefit."[6] As a widow, Mary wrote for a variety of periodicals on topics related to education (no matter how obliquely), translated works from the Spanish, supervised the education of her sons, participated actively in philanthropic work, and aided her sister Elizabeth in her kindergarten in Boston.[citation needed]
Her writings, especially those on the kindergarten system, with her sister, Elizabeth Palmer Peabody, are distinguished for vigor of thought and felicity of expression. She published Flower People (1838); Christianity in the Kitchen, a Physiological Cook-Book (Boston, 1857); Culture in Infancy, with Elizabeth Palmer Peabody (1863); Life of Horace Mann (1865); and Juanita, a Romance of Real Life in Cuba, published after her death (1887).[1] The collaboration of Mary and Elizabeth included promoting the speaking career of Sarah Winnemucca Hopkins, the first Native American woman known to secure a copyright and to publish in the English language.[citation needed] In addition, Mary helped Hopkins with her book, Life among the Piutes: Their Wrongs and Claims (1883). Mary used her portion of the earnings on opening schools.[2]
In her eightieth year, Mary began to write her first novel; Juanita: A Romance of Real Life in Cuba Fifty Years Ago (1887) appeared posthumously. Elizabeth Peabody commented, "The story is fiction; but the principal characters and the most important incidents are real—it was this that made the author keep back the book from publication till all were dead… It was the merest accident that the work was not published before my sister's death, as she so earnestly desired it should be."[citation needed]
Publications
Works Mary Tyler Peabody Man wrote or contributed to, in order by the original published date:
- Mann, Mary Tyler Peabody (1888) [1838]. The Flower People: Being an Account of the Flowers by Themselves; Illustrated with Plates. Boston: Lee and Shepard.
- Mann, Mary Tyler Peabody (1851) [1841]. A primer of reading, spelling, and drawing. Philadelphia: William P. Hazard.
- Mann, Mary Tyler Peabody (1857). Christianity in the Kitchen, a Physiological Cook-Book. Boston: Ticknor and Fields.
- Peabody, Elizabeth Palmer; Mann, Mary Tyler Peabody (1863). Moral Culture of Infancy, and Kindergarten Guide: With Music for the Plays. Boston: T.O.H.P. Burnham.
- Sarmiento, Domingo Faustino; Mann, Mary Tyler Peabody (2022) [1868]. Facundo: Ó, Civilización I Barbarie En Las Pampas Arjentinas (in French). Legare Street Press. ISBN 978-1-01-843585-5.
- Mann, Mary Tyler Peabody (1869). "New Methods for Improving Domestics". Herald of Health.
- Mann, Mary Tyler Peabody (1872). "A Woman's View of Intemperance". Arthur's Lady's Home Magazine.
- Winnemucca, Sarah (2019) [1883]. Mary Tyler Peabody Mann (ed.). ISBN 978-0-341-69556-1. . Franklin Classics.
- Mann, Mary Tyler Peabody (1887). Juanita: A Romance of Real Life in Cuba Fifty Years Ago. D. Lothrop Company.
- Mann, Mary Tyler Peabody (1891). G. C. Mann (ed.). Life and Works of Horace Mann (three volumes). Extended edition in five volumes.
Notes
- ^ Newlyweds Samuel Gridley Howe and Julia Ward joined the Manns on their extended honeymoon, which featured visits to prisons, reform schools, insane asylums, and institutions for the blind and the deaf.[citation needed]
References
- ^ a b c d This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Isa Carrington Cabell (1900). . In Wilson, J. G.; Fiske, J. (eds.). Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. New York: D. Appleton.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x "The Peabody Sisters". Salem Public Library (Massachusetts). May 21, 2022. Retrieved March 28, 2024.
- ^ a b c d Seavey 2004, p. 41.
- ^ a b Seavey 2004, p. 42.
- ^ a b Seavey 2004, p. 44.
- ^ a b c d Roberts 1945, p. 164.
- ^ a b Roberts 1945, pp. 164–165.
- ^ Roberts 1945, pp. 165–166.
- ^ Roberts 1945, p. 165.
- ^ Roberts 1945, pp. 168–175, 177–178.
- ^ Roberts 1945, pp. 178–179.
- ^ Seavey 2004, pp. 48, 53.
- ^ Seavey 2004, pp. 48–49.
- ^ Roberts 1945, pp. 179–180.
- ^ Roberts 1945, pp. 164, 179–180.
- ^ a b c Roberts 1945, p. 180.
- ^ Seavey 2004, p. 50.
- ^ Roberts 1945, pp. 175–176.
- ^ a b c Roberts 1945, p. 177.
- ^ Roberts 1945, p. 178.
- ^ a b Seavey 2004, p. 39.
- ^ a b Seavey 2004, p. 51.
- ^ Roberts 1945, p. 179.
Bibliography
- Roberts, Josephine E. (1945). "Horace Mann and the Peabody Sisters". The New England Quarterly. 18 (2): 164–180. doi:10.2307/361283. ISSN 0028-4866.
- Seavey, Lura Rogers (2004). "Elizabeth Palmer Peabody". More Than Petticoats: Remarkable Massachusetts Women. Twodot. ISBN 978-0-7627-2599-1.
Further reading
- Elbert, Monika M; Julie E Hall; Katharine Rodier, eds. (2006). Reinventing the Peabody Sisters. University of Iowa Press. ISBN 978-1-58729-504-1.
- Hall, Louise Hall (1977) [1953]. Until Victory: Horace Mann and Mary Peabody. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-8371-9653-4.
- Hall, Louise Hall (1988) [1948]. The Peabody Sisters of Salem. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-83920-4.
- Marshall, Megan (2006). The Peabody Sisters: Three Women Who Ignited American Romanticism. Mariner Books. ISBN 978-0-618-71169-7.
- Straker, Robert L. (September 1941). "Thoreau's Journey to Minnesota". The New England Quarterly. 14: 549–555.
External links
- Portrait of Mary and Benjy
- Portrait of Mary
- The Peabody Sisters Dictionary of Unitarian & Universalist Biography
- Mary Peabody Mann
- Peabody Sisters National Women's history Museum
- Juanita:A Romance of Real Life in Cuba Fifty Years Ago
- Works by Mary Tyler Peabody Mann at Project Gutenberg
- Works by or about Mary Tyler Peabody Mann at the Internet Archive