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Reorganised the description, with the interpretations into clearer paragraphs rather than disparate loose pieces. They also seemed to mention the Cimarron alliance multiple times but it wasn't noted yet, so wrote about that per the citations.
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{{short description|Pendant owned by Sir Francis Drake}}
{{short description|Pendant owned by Sir Francis Drake}}
[[File:Gheeraerts Francis Drake 1591.jpg|thumb|The Drake Jewel pendant hanging from Drake's belt, painting by [[Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger]], dated 1591]]
[[File:Gheeraerts Francis Drake 1591.jpg|thumb|The Drake Jewel pendant hanging from Drake's belt, painting by [[Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger]], dated 1591]]
The '''Drake Jewel''' is a precious [[pendant]] given to Sir [[Francis Drake]] by [[Queen Elizabeth I]] to show her gratitude. The pendant is on display at the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]] in London.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web|url=https://oieahc.wm.edu/uncommon/118/drake.cfm|title=Publications|website=OIEAHC}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O11103/|title=The Drake Jewel &#124; Hilliard, Nicholas &#124; V&A Explore The Collections|last=Victoria and Albert Museum|website=Victoria and Albert Museum: Explore the Collections}}</ref>
The '''Drake Jewel''' is a precious [[pendant]] given to Sir [[Francis Drake]] by [[Queen Elizabeth I]] to show her gratitude. The pendant is on display at the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]] in London.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web|url=https://oieahc.wm.edu/uncommon/118/drake.cfm|title=Publications|website=OIEAHC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328000349/https://oieahc-cf.wm.edu/uncommon/118/drake.cfm |archive-date=2023-03-28}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O11103/|title=The Drake Jewel &#124; Hilliard, Nicholas &#124; V&A Explore The Collections|last=Victoria and Albert Museum|website=Victoria and Albert Museum: Explore the Collections}}</ref>


==History==
==History==
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==Description==
==Description==
On the front, the Jewel shows a cameo of an African man and a European woman. The reverse opens to show a painting of Elizabeth I and a [[Phoenix (mythology)|phoenix]].<ref name="auto"/>
On the front, the Jewel shows a cameo of what appears to be an African man and possibly a European woman or a clean-shaven man in Roman style.<ref name="auto3"/><ref name=Sugden/> The reverse opens to show a painting of Elizabeth I and a [[Phoenix (mythology)|phoenix]].<ref name="auto"/> The African figure is wearing a cape, which could be a [[paludamentum]], cape of Roman commanders and emperors. The portraits are watercolour on [[vellum]], surrounded by rubies, diamonds and pearls.<ref name="auto"/>

The African man is wearing a [[paludamentum]], the head gear of Roman generals and emperors.
The portraits are watercolour on [[vellum]], surrounded by rubies, diamonds and pearls.<ref name="auto"/>
===Interpretation of images===
===Interpretation of images===
The images on the jewel are open to interpretation;
The images on the jewel are open to interpretation;


David Shields of the [[Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture|Omohundro Institute]] writes that the images suggest that the joint effort of the African and English will liberate the world from Spain, such as Drake’s alliance with the [[Cimarron people (Panama)|Cimarron]] and Elizabeth's alliance with [[Ahmad al-Mansur]] against the Spanish.<ref name="auto3"/> The Cimarron alliance connection was also noted by [[Miranda Kaufmann]].<ref name="Kaufmann">{{cite web |last1=Kaufmann |first1=Miranda |title="Our Island Story"? What history should we teach our children? |url=http://www.mirandakaufmann.com/blog/our-island-story-what-history-should-we-teach-our-children |date=|access-date=16 March 2024}}</ref><ref name="Marmery">{{cite web |last1=Marmery |first1=Nikki |title=Reassessing Francis Drake: what research for my novel revealed about his role in the slave trade |url=https://www.historiamag.com/francis-drake-role-in-slave-trade/ |website=Historia |access-date=16 March 2024}}</ref><ref name="Dieman">{{cite web |last1=Van Dieman |first1=Duane |title=Drake’s Real History With Slaves Is Complicated |url=https://sfdrakefoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/IJ-Letters-1-and-2.pdf |access-date=16 March 2024}}</ref> Historian John Sugden states that "One of the subjects is a white European, an Englishman or possibly even a woman. The other is a black African. There is no suggestion that one figure is superior to the other. They stand side by side, as equals, allies perhaps, or friends."<ref name=Sugden>{{cite web |url=https://drakenavigatorsguild.squarespace.com/sugden |title=Up From Slavery: Diego And Francis Drake |last=Sugden |first=John |date=September 29, 2021 |website=Drake Navigators Guild |access-date=November 28, 2023 |archive-date=January 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115001347/https://drakenavigatorsguild.squarespace.com/sugden |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>
⚫
Karen Dalton in ''The Black Emperor in the Drake Jewel and Elizabethan Imperial Imagery'' writes the jewel is a manifestation of the queen herself and of her imperial aspirations. The black emperor is [[Saturn (mythology)|Saturn]] the ruler of the [[Golden Age]]. The woman is the Virgin [[Astraea]] who will return Saturn to the throne.<ref name="auto1">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RHdylzy_1xIC&dq=Drake+Jewel&pg=PA178 | isbn=9780812217346 | title=Early Modern Visual Culture: Representation, Race, and Empire in Renaissance England | date=12 September 2000 | publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press }}</ref>

Kevin Jackson in ''Chronicles of London'' writes that the European woman is Elizabeth I herself and the African man is enslaved.<ref name="auto2"/>

David Shields at the Omohundro Institute writes that the images suggest that the joint effort of the African man and English woman will liberate the world from Spain.<ref name="auto3"/>


⚫
Karen Dalton, reinterpreting the concept of visual culture to the English Renaissance and defining the otherness of race, ethnicity and gender in the essay ''The Black Emperor in the Drake Jewel and Elizabethan Imperial Imagery'', writes the jewel is a manifestation of the queen herself and of her imperial aspirations. The black emperor is [[Saturn (mythology)|Saturn]] the ruler of the [[Golden Age]]. The woman is the Virgin [[Astraea]] who will return Saturn to the throne.<ref name="auto1">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RHdylzy_1xIC&dq=Drake+Jewel&pg=PA178 | isbn=9780812217346 | title=Early Modern Visual Culture: Representation, Race, and Empire in Renaissance England | date=12 September 2000 | publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press }}</ref> [[Victoria and Albert Museum|V&A]] also noted this interpretation.<ref name="auto"/> Kevin Jackson in ''Chronicles of London'' writes that the regal lady is presumably Elizabeth I herself and the African man is presumably a slave.<ref name="auto2"/>
Historian John Sugden states, " One of the subjects is a white European, an Englishman or possibly even a woman. The other is a black African. There is no suggestion that one figure is superior to the other. They stand side by side, as equals, allies perhaps, or friends."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://drakenavigatorsguild.squarespace.com/sugden |title=Up From Slavery: Diego And Francis Drake |last=Sugden |first=John |date=September 29, 2021 |website=Drake Navigators Guild |access-date=November 28, 2023 |archive-date=January 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115001347/https://drakenavigatorsguild.squarespace.com/sugden |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>


The phoenix in the jewel is one of Elizabeth I's most used images, depicting peace, rebirth and virtue.<ref name="auto1"/>
The phoenix in the jewel is one of Elizabeth I's most used images, depicting peace, rebirth and virtue.<ref name="auto1"/>

Revision as of 06:36, 29 April 2024

The Drake Jewel pendant hanging from Drake's belt, painting by Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger, dated 1591

The Drake Jewel is a precious pendant given to Sir Francis Drake by Queen Elizabeth I to show her gratitude. The pendant is on display at the Victoria and Albert Museum in London.[1][2]

History

Elizabeth I had the pendant created especially for Drake, by a renowned artisan, as a demonstration of gratitude.[3] Drake's Jewel was created by Nicholas Hilliard and given to Drake before 1591, possibly to celebrate England's victory against the Spanish Armada in 1588. Drake was painted by Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger in 1591 and is shown wearing the jewel.[2] Drake valued this pendant more than any of his other possessions.[3]

After Drake's death in 1596 the jewel passed to Thomas Drake, his brother, and upon his death in 1637, to Thomas's widow. She sold the Jewel to her daughters for £3000 (about £101 million today).[2]

Description

On the front, the Jewel shows a cameo of what appears to be an African man and possibly a European woman or a clean-shaven man in Roman style.[1][4] The reverse opens to show a painting of Elizabeth I and a phoenix.[2] The African figure is wearing a cape, which could be a paludamentum, cape of Roman commanders and emperors. The portraits are watercolour on vellum, surrounded by rubies, diamonds and pearls.[2]

Interpretation of images

The images on the jewel are open to interpretation;

David Shields of the Omohundro Institute writes that the images suggest that the joint effort of the African and English will liberate the world from Spain, such as Drake’s alliance with the Cimarron and Elizabeth's alliance with Ahmad al-Mansur against the Spanish.[1] The Cimarron alliance connection was also noted by Miranda Kaufmann.[5][6][7] Historian John Sugden states that "One of the subjects is a white European, an Englishman or possibly even a woman. The other is a black African. There is no suggestion that one figure is superior to the other. They stand side by side, as equals, allies perhaps, or friends."[4]

Karen Dalton, reinterpreting the concept of visual culture to the English Renaissance and defining the otherness of race, ethnicity and gender in the essay The Black Emperor in the Drake Jewel and Elizabethan Imperial Imagery, writes the jewel is a manifestation of the queen herself and of her imperial aspirations. The black emperor is Saturn the ruler of the Golden Age. The woman is the Virgin Astraea who will return Saturn to the throne.[8] V&A also noted this interpretation.[2] Kevin Jackson in Chronicles of London writes that the regal lady is presumably Elizabeth I herself and the African man is presumably a slave.[3]

The phoenix in the jewel is one of Elizabeth I's most used images, depicting peace, rebirth and virtue.[8]

  • A portrait of Drake wearing the Jewel, by Henry Bone, dated 1829
    A portrait of Drake wearing the Jewel, by Henry Bone, dated 1829
  • Detail from the Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger portrait
    Detail from the Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger portrait
  • The pendant at the V&A museum
    The pendant at the V&A museum

References

  1. ^ a b c "Publications". OIEAHC. Archived from the original on 2023-03-28.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Victoria and Albert Museum. "The Drake Jewel | Hilliard, Nicholas | V&A Explore The Collections". Victoria and Albert Museum: Explore the Collections.
  3. ^ a b c Chronicles of Old London: Exploring England's Historic Capital. Museyon. June 2012. ISBN 9781938450082.
  4. ^ a b Sugden, John (September 29, 2021). "Up From Slavery: Diego And Francis Drake". Drake Navigators Guild. Archived from the original on January 15, 2023. Retrieved November 28, 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  5. ^ Kaufmann, Miranda. ""Our Island Story"? What history should we teach our children?". Retrieved 16 March 2024.
  6. ^ Marmery, Nikki. "Reassessing Francis Drake: what research for my novel revealed about his role in the slave trade". Historia. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
  7. ^ Van Dieman, Duane. "Drake's Real History With Slaves Is Complicated" (PDF). Retrieved 16 March 2024.
  8. ^ a b Early Modern Visual Culture: Representation, Race, and Empire in Renaissance England. University of Pennsylvania Press. 12 September 2000. ISBN 9780812217346.
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