1923 United Kingdom general election: Difference between revisions
Clarifying and adding anecdote, quite interesting by comparison, of how (relatively) close the seat tallies were (compare, say, e.g. 1983 vs the vote tally) |
Quick cleanup per WP:NOPIPE |
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The times were still out of joint. Mr. Baldwin had indeed succeeded in negotiating (January 1923) a settlement of the British debt to the United States, but on terms which involved an annual payment of £34 million, at the existing rate of exchange. The French remained in the [[Ruhr]]. Peace had not yet been made with Turkey; unemployment was a standing menace to national recovery; there was continued unrest among the wage-earners, and a significant strike among farm labourers in Norfolk. |
The times were still out of joint. Mr. Baldwin had indeed succeeded in negotiating (January 1923) a settlement of the British debt to the United States, but on terms which involved an annual payment of £34 million, at the existing rate of exchange. The French remained in the [[Ruhr]]. Peace had not yet been made with Turkey; unemployment was a standing menace to national recovery; there was continued unrest among the wage-earners, and a significant strike among farm labourers in Norfolk. |
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Confronted by these difficulties, convinced that economic conditions in England called for a drastic change in fiscal policy, and urged thereto by the [[ |
Confronted by these difficulties, convinced that economic conditions in England called for a drastic change in fiscal policy, and urged thereto by the [[Imperial Conference of 1923]], Mr. Baldwin decided to ask the country for a mandate for Preference and Protection.{{sfnm|Marriott|1948|1p=517|Doerr|1998|2p=75–76}} |
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| {{Party name with colour|Labour Party (UK)}} ('''HOLD''') |
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|[[Aberdeen North (UK Parliament constituency)|Aberdeen North]], [[ |
|[[Aberdeen North (UK Parliament constituency)|Aberdeen North]], [[Ayrshire South]], [[Bishop Auckland (UK Parliament constituency)|Bishop Auckland]], [[Chester-le-Street (UK Parliament constituency)|Chester-le-Street]], [[Derby (UK Parliament constituency)|Derby]] (one of two), [[Dundee (UK Parliament constituency)|Dundee]] (one of two), [[Edinburgh Central (UK Parliament constituency)|Edinburgh Central]], [[West Fife (UK Parliament constituency)|Fife West]], [[Glasgow Govan (UK Parliament constituency)|Govan]], [[Hamilton (UK Parliament constituency)|Hamilton]], [[Houghton-le-Spring (UK Parliament constituency)|Houghton-le-Spring]], [[Workington (UK Parliament constituency)|Workington]], [[Plaistow (UK Parliament constituency)|Plaistow]], [[Forest of Dean (UK Parliament constituency)|Forest of Dean]], [[Burnley (UK Parliament constituency)|Burnley]], [[Nelson and Colne]], [[Preston (UK Parliament constituency)|Preston]] (one of two), [[Ince (UK Parliament constituency)|Ince]], [[Manchester Platting (UK Parliament constituency)|Platting]], [[Westhoughton (UK Parliament constituency)|Westhoughton]], [[Wigan (UK Parliament constituency)|Wigan]], [[Salford North (UK Parliament constituency)|Salford North]], [[Newton (UK Parliament constituency)|Newton]], [[St Helens (UK Parliament constituency)|St Helens]], [[Holland with Boston]], [[Deptford (UK Parliament constituency)|Deptford]], [[Woolwich East (UK Parliament constituency)|Woolwich East]], [[Morpeth (UK Parliament constituency)|Morpeth]], [[Broxtowe (UK Parliament constituency)|Broxtowe]], [[Nottingham West (UK Parliament constituency)|Nottingham West]], [[Kingswinford (UK Parliament constituency)|Kingswinford]], [[Leek (UK Parliament constituency)|Leek]], [[Smethwick (UK Parliament constituency)|Smethwick]], [[Wednesbury (UK Parliament constituency)|Wednesbury]], [[West Bromwich (UK Parliament constituency)|West Bromwich]], [[Hemsworth (UK Parliament constituency)|Hemsworth]], [[Leeds South East]], [[Normanton (UK Parliament constituency)|Normanton]], [[Rother Valley (UK Parliament constituency)|Rother Valley]], [[Rothwell (UK Parliament constituency)|Rothwell]], [[Wentworth (UK Parliament constituency)|Wentworth]], [[Abertillery (UK Parliament constituency)|Abertillery]], [[Bedwellty (UK Parliament constituency)|Bedwellty]], [[Ebbw Vale (UK Parliament constituency)|Ebbw Vale]], [[Pontypool (UK Parliament constituency)|Pontypool]], [[Caerphilly (UK Parliament constituency)|Caerphilly]], [[Gower (UK Parliament constituency)|Gower]], [[Ogmore (UK Parliament constituency)|Ogmore]], [[Rhondda East]], [[Rhondda West (UK Parliament constituency)|Rhondda West]], [[Glasgow Gorbals]], [[Manchester Gorton]], [[Cannock (UK Parliament constituency)|Cannock]], [[East Ham South]], [[Walthamstow West]], [[Leicester West]], [[Wallsend (UK Parliament constituency)|Wallsend]], [[Hanley (UK Parliament constituency)|Hanley]], [[Bradford East]], [[Don Valley (UK Parliament constituency)|Don Valley]], [[Aberdare (UK Parliament constituency)|Aberdare]], [[Silvertown (UK Parliament constituency)|Silvertown]], [[Peebles and South Midlothian (UK Parliament constituency)|Midlothian South & Peebles]], [[Derbyshire North East]], [[Spennymoor (UK Parliament constituency)|Spennymoor]], [[Seaham (UK Parliament constituency)|Seaham]], [[Consett (UK Parliament constituency)|Consett]], [[Leigh (UK Parliament constituency)|Leigh]], [[Whitechapel and St Georges (UK Parliament constituency)|Whitechapel and St Georges]], [[Wansbeck (UK Parliament constituency)|Wansbeck]], [[Newcastle-under-Lyme (UK Parliament constituency)|Newcastle-under-Lyme]], [[Dunfermline Burghs (UK Parliament constituency)|Dunfermline Burghs]], [[East Renfrewshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Renfrewshire East]], [[West Renfrewshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Renfrewshire West]], [[Rutherglen (UK Parliament constituency)|Rutherglen]], [[Dumbarton Burghs]], [[Glasgow Bridgeton (UK Parliament constituency)|Glasgow Bridgeton]], [[Crewe (UK Parliament constituency)|Crewe]], [[Clay Cross (UK Parliament constituency)|Clay Cross]], [[Ilkeston (UK Parliament constituency)|Ilkeston]], [[Blaydon (UK Parliament constituency)|Blaydon]], [[Jarrow (UK Parliament constituency)|Jarrow]], [[Poplar South]], [[Limehouse (UK Parliament constituency)|Stepney Limehouse]], [[Pontefract (UK Parliament constituency)|Pontefract]], [[Sheffield Hillsborough]], [[Sheffield Attercliffe]], [[Sheffield Brightside]], [[Leeds South (UK Parliament constituency)|Leeds South]], [[Doncaster (UK Parliament constituency)|Doncaster]], [[Barnsley (UK Parliament constituency)|Barnsley]], [[Batley and Morley]], [[Colne Valley (UK Parliament constituency)|Colne Valley]], [[Wrexham (UK Parliament constituency)|Wrexham]], [[Llanelli (UK Parliament constituency)|Llanelli]], [[Aberavon (UK Parliament constituency)|Aberavon]], [[Merthyr (UK Parliament constituency)|Merthyr]], [[Neath (UK Parliament constituency)|Neath]], [[Swansea East (UK Parliament constituency)|Swansea East]], [[North Norfolk (UK Parliament constituency)|Norfolk North]], [[Clackmannan and Eastern Stirlingshire]], [[Stirlingshire West]], [[North Lanarkshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Lanarkshire North]], [[Glasgow Maryhill (UK Parliament constituency)|Glasgow Maryhill]], [[Glasgow Camlachie (UK Parliament constituency)|Glasgow Camlachie]], [[Bothwell (UK Parliament constituency)|Bothwell]]†, [[Coatbridge (UK Parliament constituency)|Coatbridge]], [[Glasgow Springburn (UK Parliament constituency)|Glasgow Springburn]], [[Glasgow Tradeston (UK Parliament constituency)|Glasgow Tradeston]], [[Glasgow St. Rollox (UK Parliament constituency)|Glasgow St. Rollox]], [[Glasgow Shettleston (UK Parliament constituency)|Glasgow Shettleston]], [[Linlithgowshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Linlithgow]], [[Durham (UK Parliament constituency)|Durham]], [[Stratford West Ham (UK Parliament constituency)|Stratford]], [[Eccles (UK Parliament constituency)|Eccles]], [[Farnworth (UK Parliament constituency)|Farnworth]], [[Manchester Ardwick (UK Parliament constituency)|Manchester Ardwick]], [[Oldham (UK Parliament constituency)|Oldham]] (one of two), [[Bow and Bromley]], [[Camberwell North (UK Parliament constituency)|Camberwell North]], [[Edmonton (UK Parliament constituency)|Edmonton]], [[Tottenham North]], [[Newcastle upon Tyne Central]], [[Bradford Central]], [[Pontypridd (UK Parliament constituency)|Pontypridd]]† |
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| {{Party name with colour|Liberal Party (UK)}} |
| {{Party name with colour|Liberal Party (UK)}} |
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|12 |
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|[[Accrington (UK Parliament constituency)|Accrington]], [[ |
|[[Accrington (UK Parliament constituency)|Accrington]], [[Bermondsey West]], [[Burslem (UK Parliament constituency)|Burslem]], [[Carnarvonshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Carnarvonshire]], [[Dewsbury (UK Parliament constituency)|Dewsbury]], [[Elland (UK Parliament constituency)|Elland]], [[Gateshead (UK Parliament constituency)|Gateshead]], [[Keighley (UK Parliament constituency)|Keighley]], [[Newcastle upon Tyne East]], [[Newcastle upon Tyne West]], [[Rochdale (UK Parliament constituency)|Rochdale]], [[Stirling and Falkirk (UK Parliament constituency)|Stirling and Falkirk]] |
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| {{Party name with colour|Conservative Party (UK)}} |
| {{Party name with colour|Conservative Party (UK)}} |
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| {{Party name with colour|Labour Party (UK)}} |
| {{Party name with colour|Labour Party (UK)}} |
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|[[ |
|[[Bethnal Green North-East]], [[Derby (UK Parliament constituency)|Derby]] (one of two), [[Huddersfield (UK Parliament constituency)|Huddersfield]], [[Leeds West]], [[Mansfield (UK Parliament constituency)|Mansfield]] |
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| {{Party name with colour|Liberal Party (UK)}} ('''HOLD''') |
| {{Party name with colour|Liberal Party (UK)}} ('''HOLD''') |
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|[[Greenock (UK Parliament constituency)|Greenock]], [[Paisley (UK Parliament constituency)|Paisley]], [[Leith (UK Parliament constituency)|Leith]], [[ |
|[[Greenock (UK Parliament constituency)|Greenock]], [[Paisley (UK Parliament constituency)|Paisley]], [[Leith (UK Parliament constituency)|Leith]], [[Edinburgh East]], [[Chesterfield (UK Parliament constituency)|Chesterfield]], [[Kingston upon Hull South West]], [[Lambeth North (UK Parliament constituency)|Lambeth North]], [[Wolverhampton East (UK Parliament constituency)|Wolverhampton East]], [[Middlesbrough West]], [[Penistone (UK Parliament constituency)|Penistone]], [[Merionethshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Merionethshire]], [[Montgomeryshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Montgomeryshire]], [[Orkney and Shetland (UK Parliament constituency)|Orkney and Shetland]], [[East Aberdeenshire and Kincardineshire (UK Parliament constituency)|East Aberdeenshire & Kincardineshire]], [[Galloway (UK Parliament constituency)|Galloway]], [[South Molton (UK Parliament constituency)|South Molton]], [[South Shields (UK Parliament constituency)|South Shields]], [[Spen Valley (UK Parliament constituency)|Spen Valley]], [[Combined Scottish Universities]] (one of three), [[Aberdeen and Kincardine Central]]†, [[Forfar (UK Parliament constituency)|Forfarshire]], [[Fife East]], [[Edinburgh West (UK Parliament constituency)|Edinburgh West]], [[Dumfriesshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Dumfriesshire]], [[Mid Bedfordshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Bedfordshire Mid]], [[Birkenhead East]], [[Tavistock (UK Parliament constituency)|Tavistock]], [[North Dorset (UK Parliament constituency)|Dorset North]], [[The Hartlepools]], [[Harwich (UK Parliament constituency)|Harwich]], [[Isle of Wight (UK Parliament constituency)|Isle of Wight]], [[Kingston upon Hull Central]], [[Preston (UK Parliament constituency)|Preston]] (one of two), [[Bootle (UK Parliament constituency)|Bootle]], [[Horncastle (UK Parliament constituency)|Horncastle]], [[Bethnal Green South-West]], [[Great Yarmouth (UK Parliament constituency)|Great Yarmouth]], [[Nottingham Central]], [[Oxford (UK Parliament constituency)|Oxford]], [[Taunton (UK Parliament constituency)|Taunton]], [[Chippenham (UK Parliament constituency)|Chippenham]], [[Westbury (UK Parliament constituency)|Westbury]], [[Bradford South]], [[Louth, Lincolnshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Louth]], [[Walsall (UK Parliament constituency)|Walsall]] |
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| {{Party name with colour|Conservative Party (UK)}} |
| {{Party name with colour|Conservative Party (UK)}} |
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|[[Kincardine and Western Aberdeenshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Aberdeenshire West and Kincardine]], [[ |
|[[Kincardine and Western Aberdeenshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Aberdeenshire West and Kincardine]], [[Penrith and Cockermouth]], [[Belper (UK Parliament constituency)|Belper]], [[Derbyshire West]], [[Worcester (UK Parliament constituency)|Worcester]], [[Holderness (UK Parliament constituency)|Holderness]], [[Grantham (UK Parliament constituency)|Grantham]] |
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| rowspan="5" bgcolor="{{party color|National Liberal Party (UK, 1922)}}" | |
| rowspan="5" bgcolor="{{party color|National Liberal Party (UK, 1922)}}" | |
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| {{Party name with colour|Labour Party (UK)}} |
| {{Party name with colour|Labour Party (UK)}} |
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|[[Kirkcaldy District of Burghs (UK Parliament constituency)|Kirkcaldy Burghs]], [[ |
|[[Kirkcaldy District of Burghs (UK Parliament constituency)|Kirkcaldy Burghs]], [[Glasgow Partick]], [[Kilmarnock (UK Parliament constituency)|Kilmarnock]], [[Berwick and Haddington (UK Parliament constituency)|Berwick & Haddington]], [[Bristol East]], [[Bristol North]], [[Dartford (UK Parliament constituency)|Dartford]], [[Bolton (UK Parliament constituency)|Bolton]] (one of two), [[Leicester East]], [[Shoreditch (UK Parliament constituency)|Shoreditch]], [[Southwark North]], [[Southwark South East (UK Parliament constituency)|Southwark South East]], [[Norwich (UK Parliament constituency)|Norwich]] (both seats), [[Northampton (UK Parliament constituency)|Northampton]], [[Wellingborough (UK Parliament constituency)|Wellingborough]], [[Lichfield (UK Parliament constituency)|Lichfield]], [[Shipley (UK Parliament constituency)|Shipley]], [[Swansea West (UK Parliament constituency)|Swansea West]] |
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|- |
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| {{Party name with colour|Liberal Party (UK)}} |
| {{Party name with colour|Liberal Party (UK)}} |
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|[[ |
|[[Caithness and Sutherland]]*, [[Inverness (UK Parliament constituency)|Inverness]]*, [[Ross and Cromarty (UK Parliament constituency)|Ross and Cromarty]]*, [[Western Isles (UK Parliament constituency)|Western Isles]], [[Banff (UK Parliament constituency)|Banff]]*, [[Montrose Burghs]]*, [[Argyll (UK Parliament constituency)|Argyll]]*, [[Stockport (UK Parliament constituency)|Stockport]] (one of two), [[Cornwall North]]*, [[Stockton-on-Tees (UK Parliament constituency)|Stockton-on-Tees]], [[Bristol South]]*, [[Blackburn (UK Parliament constituency)|Blackburn]] (one of two), [[Heywood and Radcliffe]]*, [[Oldham (UK Parliament constituency)|Oldham]] (one of two)*, [[Stretford (UK Parliament constituency)|Stretford]], [[Camberwell North West (UK Parliament constituency)|Camberwell North-West]]*, [[Hackney Central (UK Parliament constituency)|Hackney Central]], [[Southwark Central]]*, [[Stoke-on-Trent, Stoke (UK Parliament constituency)|Stoke]]*, [[Denbigh (UK Parliament constituency)|Denbigh]], [[Flintshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Flintshire]]*, [[Carmarthen (UK Parliament constituency)|Carmarthen]], [[Pembrokeshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Pembrokeshire]]*, [[Carnarvon (UK Parliament constituency)|Carnarvon]]*, [[Brecon and Radnor (UK Parliament constituency)|Brecon and Radnor]]*, [[Combined English Universities]] (one of two)*, [[Camborne (UK Parliament constituency)|Camborne]] |
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| {{Party name with colour|Independent Liberal}} |
| {{Party name with colour|Independent Liberal}} |
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| rowspan="2" |{{party shortname linked|Conservative Party (UK)}} |
| rowspan="2" |{{party shortname linked|Conservative Party (UK)}} |
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|[[ |
|[[Moray and Nairn]], [[Kinross and West Perthshire]], [[Romford (UK Parliament constituency)|Romford]], [[Middleton & Prestwich]], [[Sheffield Park (UK Parliament constituency)|Sheffield Park]], [[South West Norfolk (UK Parliament constituency)|Norfolk South West]] |
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| {{Party name with colour|Independent Liberal}} |
| {{Party name with colour|Independent Liberal}} |
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| {{Party name with colour|Labour Party (UK)}} |
| {{Party name with colour|Labour Party (UK)}} |
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|[[Dunbartonshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Dunbartonshire]], [[Lanark (UK Parliament constituency)|Lanark]], [[Midlothian and Peebles Northern (UK Parliament constituency)|Midlothian & Peebles North]], [[Reading (UK Parliament constituency)|Reading]], [[Birkenhead West (UK Parliament constituency)|Birkenhead West]], [[Barnard Castle (UK Parliament constituency)|Barnard Castle]], [[Leyton East (UK Parliament constituency)|Leyton East]], [[ |
|[[Dunbartonshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Dunbartonshire]], [[Lanark (UK Parliament constituency)|Lanark]], [[Midlothian and Peebles Northern (UK Parliament constituency)|Midlothian & Peebles North]], [[Reading (UK Parliament constituency)|Reading]], [[Birkenhead West (UK Parliament constituency)|Birkenhead West]], [[Barnard Castle (UK Parliament constituency)|Barnard Castle]], [[Leyton East (UK Parliament constituency)|Leyton East]], [[East Ham North]], [[South East Essex (UK Parliament constituency)|Essex SE]], [[Maldon (UK Parliament constituency)|Maldon]], [[Upton (UK Parliament constituency)|Upton]], [[Gravesend (UK Parliament constituency)|Gravesend]], [[Manchester Clayton]], [[Salford South (UK Parliament constituency)|Salford South]], [[Salford West (UK Parliament constituency)|Salford West]], [[Warrington (UK Parliament constituency)|Warrington]], [[Liverpool Edge Hill]]†, [[Greenwich (UK Parliament constituency)|Greenwich]], [[Kennington (UK Parliament constituency)|Kennington]], [[Hammersmith North (UK Parliament constituency)|Hammersmith North]], [[Finsbury (UK Parliament constituency)|Finsbury]], [[Hackney South]], [[Islington South (UK Parliament constituency)|Islington South]], [[Islington West]], [[Mile End (UK Parliament constituency)|Stepney Mile End]], [[Rotherhithe (UK Parliament constituency)|Rotherhithe]], [[St Pancras North (UK Parliament constituency)|St Pancras North]], [[St Pancras South East]], [[South Norfolk (UK Parliament constituency)|Norfolk South]], [[Kettering (UK Parliament constituency)|Kettering]], [[The Wrekin (historic UK Parliament constituency)|The Wrekin]], [[Frome (UK Parliament constituency)|Frome]], [[Ipswich (UK Parliament constituency)|Ipswich]], [[Coventry (UK Parliament constituency)|Coventry]], [[Enfield (UK Parliament constituency)|Enfield]], [[Tottenham South (UK Parliament constituency)|Tottenham South]], [[Willesden West]], [[Wakefield (UK Parliament constituency)|Wakefield]], [[Rotherham (UK Parliament constituency)|Rotherham]], [[Cardiff South (UK Parliament constituency)|Cardiff South]] |
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| {{Party name with colour|Liberal Party (UK)}} |
| {{Party name with colour|Liberal Party (UK)}} |
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|[[Perth (UK Parliament constituency)|Perth]], [[Edinburgh North (UK Parliament constituency)|Edinburgh North]], [[Luton (UK Parliament constituency)|Luton]], [[Abingdon (UK Parliament constituency)|Abingdon]], [[Newbury (UK Parliament constituency)|Newbury]], [[Aylesbury (UK Parliament constituency)|Aylesbury]], [[Wycombe (UK Parliament constituency)|Wycombe]], [[Huntingdonshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Huntingdonshire]], [[Isle of Ely (UK Parliament constituency)|Isle of Ely]], [[Altrincham (UK Parliament constituency)|Altrincham]], [[ |
|[[Perth (UK Parliament constituency)|Perth]], [[Edinburgh North (UK Parliament constituency)|Edinburgh North]], [[Luton (UK Parliament constituency)|Luton]], [[Abingdon (UK Parliament constituency)|Abingdon]], [[Newbury (UK Parliament constituency)|Newbury]], [[Aylesbury (UK Parliament constituency)|Aylesbury]], [[Wycombe (UK Parliament constituency)|Wycombe]], [[Huntingdonshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Huntingdonshire]], [[Isle of Ely (UK Parliament constituency)|Isle of Ely]], [[Altrincham (UK Parliament constituency)|Altrincham]], [[Stalybridge and Hyde]], [[Wirral (UK Parliament constituency)|Wirral]], [[Penryn and Falmouth]], [[St Ives (UK Parliament constituency)|St Ives]], [[Barnstaple (UK Parliament constituency)|Barnstaple]], [[Plymouth Devonport]], [[Tiverton (UK Parliament constituency)|Tiverton]], [[Torquay (UK Parliament constituency)|Torquay]], [[Totnes (UK Parliament constituency)|Totnes]], [[Chelmsford (UK Parliament constituency)|Chelmsford]], [[Stroud (UK Parliament constituency)|Stroud]], [[Thornbury (UK Parliament constituency)|Thornbury]], [[Basingstoke (UK Parliament constituency)|Basingstoke]], [[Portsmouth Central]], [[Hemel Hempstead (UK Parliament constituency)|Hemel Hempstead]], [[Sevenoaks (UK Parliament constituency)|Sevenoaks]], [[Blackpool (UK Parliament constituency)|Blackpool]], [[Darwen (UK Parliament constituency)|Darwen]], [[Lancaster (UK Parliament constituency)|Lancaster]], [[Lonsdale (UK Parliament constituency)|Lonsdale]], [[Manchester Blackley]], [[Manchester Exchange (UK Parliament constituency)|Manchester Exchange]], [[Manchester Moss Side (UK Parliament constituency)|Manchester Moss Side]], [[Manchester Rusholme]], [[Manchester Withington]], [[Royton (UK Parliament constituency)|Royton]], [[Liverpool Wavertree]], [[Liverpool West Derby]], [[Southport (UK Parliament constituency)|Southport]], [[Bosworth (UK Parliament constituency)|Bosworth]], [[Harborough (UK Parliament constituency)|Harborough]], [[Leicester South]], [[Gainsborough (UK Parliament constituency)|Gainsborough]], [[Hackney North]], [[Brixton (UK Parliament constituency)|Brixton]], [[Islington East]], [[Stoke Newington (UK Parliament constituency)|Stoke Newington]], [[King's Lynn (UK Parliament constituency)|King's Lynn]], [[Norfolk East]], [[Hexham (UK Parliament constituency)|Hexham]], [[Nottingham East]], [[Shrewsbury (UK Parliament constituency)|Shrewsbury]], [[Bath (UK Parliament constituency)|Bath]], [[Bridgwater (UK Parliament constituency)|Bridgwater]], [[Wells (UK Parliament constituency)|Wells]], [[Weston-super-Mare (UK Parliament constituency)|Weston-super-Mare]], [[Sudbury (UK Parliament constituency)|Sudbury]], [[Chichester (UK Parliament constituency)|Chichester]], [[Nuneaton (UK Parliament constituency)|Nuneaton]], [[Rugby (UK Parliament constituency)|Rugby]], [[Finchley (UK Parliament constituency)|Finchley]], [[Willesden East]]†, [[Devizes (UK Parliament constituency)|Devizes]], [[Salisbury (UK Parliament constituency)|Salisbury]], [[Cleveland (UK Parliament constituency)|Cleveland]], [[Middlesbrough East]], [[Bradford North]], [[Sowerby (UK Parliament constituency)|Sowerby]], [[Cardiff East]] |
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| {{Party name with colour|Conservative Party (UK)}} ('''HOLD''') |
| {{Party name with colour|Conservative Party (UK)}} ('''HOLD''') |
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|[[Cambridge University (UK Parliament constituency)|Cambridge University]] (one of two), [[ |
|[[Cambridge University (UK Parliament constituency)|Cambridge University]] (one of two), [[Combined English Universities]] (one of two), [[Oxford University (UK Parliament constituency)|Oxford University]] (both seats), [[London University (UK Parliament constituency)|London University]], [[Combined Scottish Universities]] (two of three), [[Aberdeen South (UK Parliament constituency)|Aberdeen South]], [[Ayr Burghs]], [[Bute and North Ayrshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Ayrshire N & Bute]], [[Glasgow Central (UK Parliament constituency)|Glasgow Central]], [[Glasgow Hillhead (UK Parliament constituency)|Hillhead]], [[Glasgow Pollok (UK Parliament constituency)|Pollok]], [[Glasgow Kelvingrove (UK Parliament constituency)|Kelvingrove]], [[Edinburgh South (UK Parliament constituency)|Edinburgh South]], [[Windsor (UK Parliament constituency)|Windsor]], [[Buckingham (UK Parliament constituency)|Buckingham]], [[Cambridge (UK Parliament constituency)|Cambridge]], [[Chester (UK Parliament constituency)|Chester]], [[Eddisbury (UK Parliament constituency)|Eddisbury]], [[Knutsford (UK Parliament constituency)|Knutsford]], [[Macclesfield (UK Parliament constituency)|Macclesfield]], [[Northwich (UK Parliament constituency)|Northwich]], [[Wallasey (UK Parliament constituency)|Wallasey]], [[North Cumberland (UK Parliament constituency)|Cumberland North]], [[Westmorland (UK Parliament constituency)|Westmorland]], [[High Peak (UK Parliament constituency)|High Peak]], [[Exeter (UK Parliament constituency)|Exeter]], [[Honiton (UK Parliament constituency)|Honiton]], [[Plymouth Drake]], [[Plymouth Sutton]], [[Dorset South]], [[Dorset West]], [[Darlington (UK Parliament constituency)|Darlington]], [[Sunderland (UK Parliament constituency)|Sunderland]] (both seats), [[Colchester (UK Parliament constituency)|Colchester]], [[Epping (UK Parliament constituency)|Epping]], [[Ilford (UK Parliament constituency)|Ilford]], [[Leyton West]], [[Southend-on-Sea (UK Parliament constituency)|Southend]], [[Walthamstow East (UK Parliament constituency)|Walthamstow E]], [[Bristol Central]], [[Bristol West]], [[Cheltenham (UK Parliament constituency)|Cheltenham]], [[Cirencester and Tewkesbury]], [[Gloucester (UK Parliament constituency)|Gloucester]], [[Aldershot (UK Parliament constituency)|Aldershot]], [[Fareham (UK Parliament constituency)|Fareham]], [[New Forest & Christchurch]], [[Petersfield (UK Parliament constituency)|Petersfield]], [[Portsmouth North]], [[Portsmouth South]], [[Winchester (UK Parliament constituency)|Winchester]], [[Hereford (UK Parliament constituency)|Hereford]], [[Leominster (UK Parliament constituency)|Leominster]], [[Bewdley (UK Parliament constituency)|Bewdley]], [[Dudley (UK Parliament constituency)|Dudley]], [[Evesham (UK Parliament constituency)|Evesham]], [[Kidderminster (UK Parliament constituency)|Kidderminster]], [[Hitchin (UK Parliament constituency)|Hitchin]], [[St Albans (UK Parliament constituency)|St Albans]], [[Watford (UK Parliament constituency)|Watford]], [[Ealing (UK Parliament constituency)|Ealing]], [[Hornsey (UK Parliament constituency)|Hornsey]], [[Twickenham (UK Parliament constituency)|Twickenham]], [[Wood Green (UK Parliament constituency)|Wood Green]], [[Brentford and Chiswick (UK Parliament constituency)|Brentford and Chiswick]], [[Hendon (UK Parliament constituency)|Hendon]], [[Spelthorne (UK Parliament constituency)|Spelthorne]], [[Uxbridge (UK Parliament constituency)|Uxbridge]], [[Acton (UK Parliament constituency)|Acton]], [[Howdenshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Howdenshire]], [[Kingston upon Hull East]], [[Kingston upon Hull North West]], [[Ashford (UK Parliament constituency)|Ashford]], [[Bromley (UK Parliament constituency)|Bromley]], [[Canterbury (UK Parliament constituency)|Canterbury]], [[Chatham (UK Parliament constituency)|Chatham]], [[Chislehurst (UK Parliament constituency)|Chislehurst]], [[Dover (UK Parliament constituency)|Dover]], [[Faversham (UK Parliament constituency)|Faversham]], [[Gillingham (UK Parliament constituency)|Gillingham]], [[Hythe (UK Parliament constituency)|Hythe]], [[Isle of Thanet (UK Parliament constituency)|Isle of Thanet]], [[Maidstone (UK Parliament constituency)|Maidstone]], [[Tonbridge (UK Parliament constituency)|Tonbridge]], [[Barrow-in-Furness (UK Parliament constituency)|Barrow-in-Furness]], [[Blackburn (UK Parliament constituency)|Blackburn]] (one of two), [[Chorley (UK Parliament constituency)|Chorley]], [[Fylde (UK Parliament constituency)|Fylde]], [[Rossendale (UK Parliament constituency)|Rossendale]], [[Ashton-under-Lyne (UK Parliament constituency)|Ashton-under-Lyne]], [[Bury (UK Parliament constituency)|Bury]], [[Manchester Hulme (UK Parliament constituency)|Hulme]], [[Liverpool East Toxteth (UK Parliament constituency)|E Toxteth]], [[Liverpool Everton (UK Parliament constituency)|Everton]], [[Liverpool Exchange]], [[Liverpool Fairfield (UK Parliament constituency)|Fairfield]], [[Liverpool Kirkdale (UK Parliament constituency)|Kirkdale]], [[Liverpool Walton (UK Parliament constituency)|Walton]], [[Liverpool West Toxteth (UK Parliament constituency)|West Toxteth]], [[Waterloo (UK Parliament constituency)|Waterloo]], [[Widnes (UK Parliament constituency)|Widnes]], [[Melton (UK Parliament constituency)|Melton]], [[Brigg (UK Parliament constituency)|Brigg]], [[Grimsby (UK Parliament constituency)|Grimsby]], [[Lincoln (UK Parliament constituency)|Lincoln]], [[Rutland and Stamford]], [[Balham and Tooting]], [[Chelsea (UK Parliament constituency)|Chelsea]], [[Clapham (UK Parliament constituency)|Clapham]], [[Dulwich (UK Parliament constituency)|Dulwich]], [[Fulham East]], [[Hampstead (UK Parliament constituency)|Hampstead]], [[Holborn (UK Parliament constituency)|Holborn]], [[Lewisham East (UK Parliament constituency)|Lewisham East]], [[Lewisham West (UK Parliament constituency)|Lewisham West]], [[Kensington South]], [[Fulham West]], [[Hammersmith South]], [[Islington North (UK Parliament constituency)|Islington North]], [[Kensington North]], [[Battersea South (UK Parliament constituency)|Battersea South]], [[City of London (UK Parliament constituency)|City of London]] (both seats), [[Norwood (UK Parliament constituency)|Norwood]], [[Paddington North]], [[Paddington South]], [[Putney (UK Parliament constituency)|Putney]], [[St Marylebone (UK Parliament constituency)|St Marylebone]], [[St Pancras South West]], [[Streatham (UK Parliament constituency)|Streatham]], [[Wandsworth Central]], [[Westminster Abbey (UK Parliament constituency)|Westminster Abbey]], [[Woolwich West (UK Parliament constituency)|Woolwich West]], [[Daventry (UK Parliament constituency)|Daventry]], [[Peterborough (UK Parliament constituency)|Peterborough]], [[Newcastle upon Tyne North]], [[Tynemouth (UK Parliament constituency)|Tynemouth]], [[Bassetlaw (UK Parliament constituency)|Bassetlaw]], [[Nottingham South]], [[Rushcliffe (UK Parliament constituency)|Rushcliffe]], [[Newark (UK Parliament constituency)|Newark]], [[Henley (UK Parliament constituency)|Henley]], [[Ludlow (UK Parliament constituency)|Ludlow]], [[Oswestry (UK Parliament constituency)|Oswestry]], [[Yeovil (UK Parliament constituency)|Yeovil]], [[Burton (UK Parliament constituency)|Burton]], [[Stafford (UK Parliament constituency)|Stafford]], [[Stone (UK Parliament constituency)|Stone]], [[Tamworth (UK Parliament constituency)|Tamworth]], [[Bilston (UK Parliament constituency)|Bilston]], [[Wolverhampton West (UK Parliament constituency)|Wolverhampton West]], [[Bury St Edmunds (UK Parliament constituency)|Bury St Edmunds]], [[Woodbridge (UK Parliament constituency)|Woodbridge]], [[Chertsey (UK Parliament constituency)|Chertsey]], [[Croydon North (UK Parliament constituency)|Croydon North]], [[Croydon South (UK Parliament constituency)|Croydon South]], [[Epsom (UK Parliament constituency)|Epsom]], [[Farnham (UK Parliament constituency)|Farnham]], [[Guildford (UK Parliament constituency)|Guildford]], [[Kingston upon Thames (UK Parliament constituency)|Kingston upon Thames]], [[Mitcham (UK Parliament constituency)|Mitcham]], [[Reigate (UK Parliament constituency)|Reigate]], [[Surrey East]], [[Wimbledon (UK Parliament constituency)|Wimbledon]], [[Brighton (UK Parliament constituency)|Brighton]] (both seats), [[East Grinstead (UK Parliament constituency)|East Grinstead]], [[Eastbourne (UK Parliament constituency)|Eastbourne]], [[Hastings (UK Parliament constituency)|Hastings]], [[Horsham and Worthing]], [[Lewes (UK Parliament constituency)|Lewes]], [[Rye (UK Parliament constituency)|Rye]], [[Birmingham Aston (UK Parliament constituency)|Aston]], [[Birmingham Deritend (UK Parliament constituency)|Deritend]], [[Birmingham Erdington (UK Parliament constituency)|Erdington]], [[Birmingham King's Norton (UK Parliament constituency)|King's Norton]], [[Birmingham Ladywood (UK Parliament constituency)|Ladywood]], [[Birmingham Yardley (UK Parliament constituency)|Yardley]], [[Birmingham Sparkbrook (UK Parliament constituency)|Sparkbrook]], [[Birmingham West (UK Parliament constituency)|Birmingham West]], [[Birmingham Edgbaston (UK Parliament constituency)|Edgbaston]], [[Birmingham Handsworth (UK Parliament constituency)|Handsworth]], [[Birmingham Moseley (UK Parliament constituency)|Moseley]], [[Warwick and Leamington]], [[Swindon (UK Parliament constituency)|Swindon]], [[York (UK Parliament constituency)|York]], [[Richmond (Yorks)]], [[Scarborough and Whitby]], [[Thirsk and Malton]], [[Barkston Ash (UK Parliament constituency)|Barkston Ash]], [[Ripon (UK Parliament constituency)|Ripon]], [[Sheffield Ecclesall (UK Parliament constituency)|Ecclesall]], [[Sheffield Hallam (UK Parliament constituency)|Hallam]], [[Skipton (UK Parliament constituency)|Skipton]], [[Leeds North East]], [[Sheffield Central]], [[Monmouth (UK Parliament constituency)|Monmouth]], [[Llandaff & Barry]], [[Cardiff Central (UK Parliament constituency)|Cardiff C]], [[Bournemouth (UK Parliament constituency)|Bournemouth]], [[Hertford (UK Parliament constituency)|Hertford]], [[Bedford (UK Parliament constituency)|Bedford]], [[Cambridgeshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Cambridgeshire]], [[South Derbyshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Derbyshire South]], [[Southampton (UK Parliament constituency)|Southampton]] (both seats), [[Buckrose (UK Parliament constituency)|Buckrose]], [[Peckham (UK Parliament constituency)|Peckham]], [[Banbury (UK Parliament constituency)|Banbury]], [[Lowestoft (UK Parliament constituency)|Lowestoft]], [[Pudsey and Otley]], [[Leeds North (UK Parliament constituency)|Leeds North]], [[Leeds Central]], [[Newport (Monmouthshire) (UK Parliament constituency)|Newport (Monmouthshire)]], [[Bodmin (UK Parliament constituency)|Bodmin]], [[Saffron Walden (UK Parliament constituency)|Saffron Walden]], [[Stourbridge (UK Parliament constituency)|Stourbridge]], [[Berwick-upon-Tweed (UK Parliament constituency)|Berwick-upon-Tweed]], [[Birmingham Duddeston]], [[Stockport (UK Parliament constituency)|Stockport]] (one of two), [[Clitheroe (UK Parliament constituency)|Clitheroe]], [[Ormskirk (UK Parliament constituency)|Ormskirk]], [[Bolton (UK Parliament constituency)|Bolton]] (one of two) |
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The 1923 United Kingdom general election was held on Thursday 6 December 1923.[1] The Conservatives, led by Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin, won the most seats, but Labour, led by Ramsay MacDonald, and H. H. Asquith's reunited Liberal Party gained enough seats to produce a hung parliament. It is the most recent UK general election in which a third party won over 100 seats (158 for the Liberals) and the most narrow gap, of a "mere" 100 seats, between the first and third parties since. The Liberals' percentage of the vote, 29.7%, has not been exceeded by a third party at any general election since.
MacDonald formed the first ever Labour government with tacit support from the Liberals. Rather than trying to bring the Liberals back into government, Asquith's motivation for permitting Labour to enter power was that he hoped they would prove to be incompetent and quickly lose support. Being a minority, MacDonald's government only lasted ten months and another general election was held in October 1924.
Overview
In May 1923, Prime Minister Bonar Law fell ill and resigned on 22 May,[2] after just 209 days in office. He was replaced by Chancellor of the Exchequer, Stanley Baldwin. The Labour Party had also changed leaders since the previous election, after J. R. Clynes was defeated in a leadership challenge by former leader Ramsay MacDonald.
Having won an election just the year before, Baldwin's Conservative Party had a comfortable majority in the House of Commons and could have waited another four years, but the government was concerned and the Conservatives were divided. Baldwin felt the need to receive a mandate from the people, which, if successful, would strengthen his grip on the Conservative Party leadership and allow him to introduce tariff reform and imperial preference as protectionist trade policies over the objections of the free trade elements of his party.
Oxford historian and Conservative MP John Marriott depicts the gloomy national mood:
The times were still out of joint. Mr. Baldwin had indeed succeeded in negotiating (January 1923) a settlement of the British debt to the United States, but on terms which involved an annual payment of £34 million, at the existing rate of exchange. The French remained in the Ruhr. Peace had not yet been made with Turkey; unemployment was a standing menace to national recovery; there was continued unrest among the wage-earners, and a significant strike among farm labourers in Norfolk.
Confronted by these difficulties, convinced that economic conditions in England called for a drastic change in fiscal policy, and urged thereto by the Imperial Conference of 1923, Mr. Baldwin decided to ask the country for a mandate for Preference and Protection.[3]
Parliament was dissolved on 16 November[4] and the result backfired on Baldwin, who lost a host of seats to Labour and the Liberals, resulting in a hung parliament. A reformation of the Conservative-Liberal coalition which had governed the country until the previous year was not practical, as Baldwin had alienated both of the two most prominent Liberals, Asquith and David Lloyd George.
Faced with the choice of supporting either a minority Conservative or Labour government on an issue-by-issue basis, Asquith ultimately chose the latter, partly because Lloyd George's faction was vehemently opposed to working with Baldwin (though Asquith's allies were themselves unenthusiastic about such a prospect), and partly because he believed that Labour's electoral success thus far was mostly the result of the previous split in the Liberal Party, and that a Labour government would expose the party's policies as unworkable, allowing for the Liberals to overtake them at the next election. The Liberals therefore combined with Labour to vote down the King's Speech prepared by Baldwin, causing his government to fall. For the first time in history, Labour formed a government.
Results
Candidates | Votes | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Leader | Stood | Elected | Gained | Unseated | Net | % of total | % | No. | Net % | |
Conservative | Stanley Baldwin | 536 | 258 | 23 | 109 | −86 | 41.95 | 38.0 | 5,286,159 | −0.5 | |
Labour | Ramsay MacDonald | 427 | 191 | 64 | 15 | +49 | 31.06 | 30.7 | 4,267,831 | +1.0 | |
Liberal | H. H. Asquith | 457 | 158 | 86 | 43 | +43 | 25.69 | 29.7 | 4,129,922 | +0.9 | |
Nationalist | Joseph Devlin | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 43,835 | N/A | |
Independent | N/A | 6 | 2 | 0 | 1 | −1 | 0.325 | 0.3 | 36,802 | −0.5 | |
Communist | Albert Inkpin | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | −1 | 0.2 | 34,258 | 0.0 | ||
Belfast Labour | David Robb Campbell | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.2 | 22,255 | N/A | ||
Independent Labour | N/A | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | −1 | 0.2 | 17,331 | 0.0 | ||
Independent Liberal | N/A | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 16,184 | 0.0 | |
Constitutionalist | N/A | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | −1 | 0.1 | 15,500 | 0.0 | ||
Ind. Conservative | N/A | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 | −3 | 0.1 | 15,171 | −0.8 | ||
Scottish Prohibition | Edwin Scrymgeour | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 12,877 | 0.0 | ||
Irish Nationalist | N/A | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 10,322 | N/A | |
Christian Pacifist | N/A | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0.0 | 570 | N/A |
Votes summary
Seats summary
Constituency results
Transfers of seats
- All comparisons are with the 1922 election.
- In some cases the change is due to the MP defecting to the gaining party. Such circumstances are marked with a *.
- In other circumstances the change is due to the seat having been won by the gaining party in a by-election in the intervening years, and then retained in 1923. Such circumstances are marked with a †.
See also
- List of MPs elected in the 1923 United Kingdom general election
- 2019 United Kingdom general election, the next UK general election after 1923 to be held in December.
- 1923 United Kingdom general election in Northern Ireland
Notes
- ^ This represents the joint total of the Liberals and the National Liberals in the 1922 election. The two parties reunified for the 1923 election.
- ^ All parties shown. Conservatives include Ulster Unionists. Liberal total is compared to joint total of Liberals and National Liberals in 1922.
- ^ The seat and vote count figures for the Liberals given here include the Speaker of the House of Commons
References
- ^ Morgan, William Thomas (1924). "The British Elections of December, 1923". American Political Science Review. 18 (2): 331–340. doi:10.2307/1943928. ISSN 0003-0554.
- ^ "Andrew Bonar Law". Number10.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 25 August 2008. Retrieved 31 July 2008.
- ^ Marriott 1948, p. 517; Doerr 1998, p. 75–76.
- ^ "Parliamentary Election Timetables" (PDF) (3rd ed.). House of Commons Library. 25 March 1997. Retrieved 3 July 2022.
- ^ "Election Statistics: UK 1918–2007" (PDF). House of Commons Library. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 July 2014. Retrieved 23 May 2014.
Sources
- Craig, F. W. S. (1989), British Electoral Facts: 1832–1987, Dartmouth: Gower, ISBN 0900178302
- Doerr, Paul W. (1998), British foreign policy 1919–1939, Manchester: Manchester University Press, ISBN 0719046718
- Marriott, J. A. R. (1948), Modern England: 1885–1945
Further reading
- Cook, Chris P. (1969), "Wales and the General Election of 1923", Welsh History Review, 4 (4): 393–4
- Craig, F. W. S., ed. (1975), British General Election Manifestos, 1900-74
- Irwin, Douglas A. (1995), Industry or Class Cleavages over Trade Policy? Evidence from the British General Election of 1923 (PDF), National Bureau of Economic Research
- Self, Robert (1992), "Conservative reunion and the general election of 1923: a reassessment", Twentieth Century British History, 3 (3): 249–273, doi:10.1093/tcbh/3.3.249
- Smart, Nick (1996), "Baldwin's Blunder? The General Election of 1923", Twentieth Century British History, 7 (1): 110–139, doi:10.1093/tcbh/7.1.110
External links
- United Kingdom election results—summary results 1885–1979 Archived 8 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine