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Jack Hall, an American [[Paleoclimatology|paleoclimatologist]], and his colleagues Frank and Jason, drill for ice-core samples in the [[Larsen Ice Shelf]] for the [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]], when the ice shelf splits away. At a [[United Nations|UN]] conference in [[New Delhi]], Jack discusses his research showing that [[climate change]] could cause an [[ice age]], but [[Vice President of the United States|US Vice President]] Raymond Becker dismisses his concerns. Professor Terry Rapson, an [[Oceanography|oceanographer]] of the Hedland Centre in [[Scotland]], befriends Jack over his views of an inevitable climate shift.
Jack Hall, an American [[Paleoclimatology|paleoclimatologist]], and his colleagues Frank and Jason, drill for ice-core samples in the [[Larsen Ice Shelf]] for the [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]], when the ice shelf splits away. At a [[United Nations|UN]] conference in [[New Delhi]], Jack discusses his research showing that [[climate change]] could cause an [[ice age]], but [[Vice President of the United States|US Vice President]] Raymond Becker dismisses his concerns. Professor Terry Rapson, an [[Oceanography|oceanographer]] of the Hedland Centre in [[Scotland]], befriends Jack over his views of an inevitable climate shift.


[[Tokyo]] is struck by a giant hail storm, and astronauts from the [[International Space Station]] spot three gigantic superstorms above [[Canada]], [[Europe]], and [[Siberia]]. Rapson's team in Scotland begin noticing severe temperature drops from multiple buoys from the North Atlantic realizing Jack's theories were correct, but the climate shift is [[Younger Dryas|happening too fast]]. Remnants of a hurricane spawn a destructive [[Tornado outbreak]] over the [[Los Angeles Basin| LA Basin]], and three helicopters sent to rescue the [[British royal family]] from [[Balmoral Castle]] crash in Scotland after they fly into their superstorm's eye. Jack's and Rapson's teams, along with [[NASA]] [[meteorologist]] Janet Tokada, build a forecast model based on Jack's research discovering the impact of climate change will happen in 6-8 weeks (later discovered as being 7-10 days). Rapson notifies Jack that siphon frozen air from the upper [[troposphere]] flash freezes anything caught in the [[Eye (cyclone)|eyes]] of the Superstorms with temperatures below {{convert|-150|F|C|abbr=off}} which was the cause of the helicopter crash.
[[Tokyo]] is struck by a giant hail storm, and astronauts from the [[International Space Station]] spot three gigantic superstorms above [[Canada]], [[Europe]], and [[Siberia]]. Rapson's team in Scotland begin noticing severe temperature drops from multiple buoys from the North Atlantic realizing Jack's theories were correct, but the climate shift is happening too fast. Remnants of a hurricane spawn a destructive [[tornado outbreak]] over the [[Los Angeles Basin| LA Basin]], and three helicopters sent to rescue the [[British royal family]] from [[Balmoral Castle]] crash in Scotland after they fly into their superstorm's eye. Jack's and Rapson's teams, along with [[NASA]] [[meteorologist]] Janet Tokada, build a forecast model based on Jack's research discovering the impact of climate change will happen in 6-8 weeks (later discovered as being 7-10 days). Rapson notifies Jack that siphon frozen air from the upper [[troposphere]] flash freezes anything caught in the [[Eye (cyclone)|eyes]] of the Superstorms with temperatures below {{convert|-150|F|C|abbr=off}} which was the cause of the helicopter crash.


In [[New York City]], Jack's son Sam, along with his friends Brian and Laura, participate in an [[United States Academic Decathlon|academic decathlon]], where they make a new friend, J.D. The North American superstorm creates strong winds and rain that flood [[Manhattan]] in knee-deep water. All transportation halts, stranding the city population. A massive [[storm surge]] inundates the city, forcing Sam's group to seek shelter at the [[New York Public Library]], but not before Laura, in an attempt to help rescue two French-speaking tourists in distress from a cab with a police officer, cuts her leg between two taxis. Sam is able to contact Jack and his mother Lucy, a [[Pediatrics|pediatrician]], through a working [[payphone]]. Jack advises Sam to stay inside and warm, as the storm will only get worse, and promises to rescue him. Rapson and his team succumb to the European storm. Lucy remains in her hospital caring for bedridden patients, where the authorities eventually rescue them.
In [[New York City]], Jack's son Sam, along with his friends Brian and Laura, participate in an [[United States Academic Decathlon|academic decathlon]], where they make a new friend, J.D. The North American superstorm creates strong winds and rain that flood [[Manhattan]] in knee-deep water. All transportation halts, stranding the city population. A massive [[storm surge]] inundates the city, forcing Sam's group to seek shelter at the [[New York Public Library]], but not before Laura, in an attempt to help rescue two French-speaking tourists in distress from a cab with a police officer, cuts her leg between two taxis. Sam is able to contact Jack and his mother Lucy, a [[Pediatrics|pediatrician]], through a working [[payphone]]. Jack advises Sam to stay inside and warm, as the storm will only get worse, and promises to rescue him. Rapson and his team succumb to the European storm. Lucy remains in her hospital caring for bedridden patients, where the authorities eventually rescue them.

Revision as of 22:47, 6 May 2024

For other uses, see The Day After Tomorrow (disambiguation).

The Day After Tomorrow
Film poster of a snow-covered New York City skyline
Theatrical release poster
Directed byRoland Emmerich
Screenplay by
Story byRoland Emmerich
Based onThe Coming Global Superstorm
by Art Bell and
Whitley Strieber
Produced by
Starring
CinematographyUeli Steiger
Edited byDavid Brenner
Music byHarald Kloser
Production
companies
Distributed by20th Century Fox
Release dates
  • May 17, 2004 (2004-05-17) (Mexico City)
  • May 28, 2004 (2004-05-28) (United States)
Running time
123 minutes
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Budget$125 million[1]
Box office$552.6 million[1]

The Day After Tomorrow is a 2004 American science fiction disaster film[2] conceived, co-written, co-produced, and directed by Roland Emmerich, based on the 1999 book The Coming Global Superstorm by Art Bell and Whitley Strieber, and starring Dennis Quaid, Jake Gyllenhaal, Sela Ward, Emmy Rossum, and Ian Holm. The film depicts catastrophic climatic effects following the disruption of the North Atlantic Ocean circulation, in which a series of extreme weather events usher in climate change and lead to a new ice age.[3][4]

Originally slated for release in the summer of 2003, it premiered in Mexico City on May 17, 2004, and was released in the US on May 28, 2004. The film was a commercial success, grossing $552 million worldwide against a production budget of $125 million, becoming the sixth-highest-grossing film of 2004. Filmed in Montreal, it was the highest-grossing Hollywood film made in Canada at its time of release. The film received mixed reviews. It was nominated for Best Science Fiction Film and Best Special Effects at the Saturn Awards.

Plot

Jack Hall, an American paleoclimatologist, and his colleagues Frank and Jason, drill for ice-core samples in the Larsen Ice Shelf for the NOAA, when the ice shelf splits away. At a UN conference in New Delhi, Jack discusses his research showing that climate change could cause an ice age, but US Vice President Raymond Becker dismisses his concerns. Professor Terry Rapson, an oceanographer of the Hedland Centre in Scotland, befriends Jack over his views of an inevitable climate shift.

Tokyo is struck by a giant hail storm, and astronauts from the International Space Station spot three gigantic superstorms above Canada, Europe, and Siberia. Rapson's team in Scotland begin noticing severe temperature drops from multiple buoys from the North Atlantic realizing Jack's theories were correct, but the climate shift is happening too fast. Remnants of a hurricane spawn a destructive tornado outbreak over the LA Basin, and three helicopters sent to rescue the British royal family from Balmoral Castle crash in Scotland after they fly into their superstorm's eye. Jack's and Rapson's teams, along with NASA meteorologist Janet Tokada, build a forecast model based on Jack's research discovering the impact of climate change will happen in 6-8 weeks (later discovered as being 7-10 days). Rapson notifies Jack that siphon frozen air from the upper troposphere flash freezes anything caught in the eyes of the Superstorms with temperatures below −150 degrees Fahrenheit (−101 degrees Celsius) which was the cause of the helicopter crash.

In New York City, Jack's son Sam, along with his friends Brian and Laura, participate in an academic decathlon, where they make a new friend, J.D. The North American superstorm creates strong winds and rain that flood Manhattan in knee-deep water. All transportation halts, stranding the city population. A massive storm surge inundates the city, forcing Sam's group to seek shelter at the New York Public Library, but not before Laura, in an attempt to help rescue two French-speaking tourists in distress from a cab with a police officer, cuts her leg between two taxis. Sam is able to contact Jack and his mother Lucy, a pediatrician, through a working payphone. Jack advises Sam to stay inside and warm, as the storm will only get worse, and promises to rescue him. Rapson and his team succumb to the European storm. Lucy remains in her hospital caring for bedridden patients, where the authorities eventually rescue them.

Upon Jack's suggestion, President Blake orders the southern states to be evacuated into Mexico, while the northern ones are warned by the government to seek shelter and stay warm. Jack, Jason, and Frank make their way to New York. In Pennsylvania, Frank falls through the skylight of a mall covered in snow and sacrifices himself by cutting his rope to prevent his friends from falling in with him.

In the library, most survivors decide to head south once the floodwater freezes, despite Sam's warnings. In Mexico, Becker learns that Blake's motorcade perished in the superstorm.

Laura develops sepsis from her injury, whereupon Sam, Brian, and J.D. scour an abandoned Russian cargo ship that drifted into the city before the water froze for penicillin and supplies. Although they find them, they also encounter a pack of escaped wolves from the Central Park Zoo. The boys fend off the wolves and make it back to the library with what they need as the eye of the North American superstorm passes over and freezes Manhattan. Jack and Jason take shelter in an abandoned Burger King.

Days later, the superstorms dissipate. After finding people outside frozen to death including those from the library who tried to escape, Jack and Jason reach the library, finding Sam's group alive. Jack sends a radio message to US forces in Mexico.

In his first address as the new president from the US embassy in Mexico, Becker apologizes on The Weather Channel for his ignorance and sends helicopters to rescue survivors including Jack and Sam's group in the northern states. On the International Space Station, astronauts look down in awe at Earth's transformed surface, now with ice sheets extending across much of the Northern Hemisphere, remarking that the air never looked so clear.

Cast

Production

Development

The Day After Tomorrow was inspired by Coast to Coast AM talk-radio host Art Bell and Whitley Strieber's book, The Coming Global Superstorm,[5] and Strieber wrote the film's novelization. To choose a studio, writer Michael Wimer created an auction, with a copy of the script being sent to all major studios along with a term sheet. They had a 24-hour window to decide whether to produce the movie with Roland Emmerich directing, and Fox Studios was the only studio to accept the terms.[6]

Filming

The Day After Tomorrow was filmed predominantly in Montreal[7] and Toronto,[8] with some footage also shot in New York City[9] and Chiyoda, Tokyo.[10] Filming ran from November 7, 2002, until October 18, 2003.[11]

Special effects

The Day After Tomorrow features 416 visual effects shots, with nine effects houses, notably Industrial Light & Magic and Digital Domain, and over 1,000 artists, working on the film for over a year.[12]

Although a miniature set was initially considered according to the behind-the-scenes documentary, for the destruction of New York, effects artists instead utilized a 13-block-sized, LIDAR-scanned 3D model of Manhattan,[13] with over 50,000 scanned photographs used for building textures.[14] Due to its overall complexity and a tight schedule, the storm surge scene required as many as three special effects vendors for certain shots, with the digital water created by either Digital Domain or small effects house Tweak Films, depending on the shot.[15] Miniatures were employed for a later underwater scene in which a city bus is crushed under the bulb stern of an abandoned Russian tanker ship that had drifted inland.[16]

Similarly, the opening flyover of Antarctica was also computer-generated, created by digitally scanning miniature iceberg models created out of sculpted styrofoam; the falling pieces of ice as the shelf cracks were entirely hand-animated. Created by the effects company Hydraulx and running for approximately two and a half minutes in length, the scene was at the time the longest continuous all-CG shot in film history, surpassing the space zoom-out from the opening of Contact (1997).[17]

Music

Soundtrack

The Day After Tomorrow (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)
Soundtrack album by
Harald Kloser
ReleasedMay 18, 2004
GenreSoundtrack
Length38:18
Label
ProducerVarious Artists
Harald Kloser chronology
Rudy: The Rudy Giuliani Story
(2004) 		The Day After Tomorrow (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)
(2004) 		Alien vs. Predator (soundtrack)
(2004)

The Day After Tomorrow (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) is the soundtrack of the film. It was released on May 18, 2004.

Release

The film had its world premiere in Mexico City in May 17, 2004. It was released to theaters in the United States on May 28, 2004.

Home media

The film was released on VHS and DVD by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment on October 12, 2004, and was released in high-definition video on Blu-ray in North America on October 2, 2007, and in the United Kingdom on April 28, 2008, in 1080p with a lossless DTS-HD Master Audio track and few bonus features. DVD sales were $110 million, bringing the film's gross to $652,771,772.[18]

Reception

Box office

The film came in second at the US box office behind Shrek 2 over its four-day Memorial Day opening and grossed $85,807,341.[19] It led the per-theater average, with a four-day average of $25,053 (compared to Shrek 2's four-day average of $22,633). At the end of its theatrical run, the film had grossed $186,740,799 domestically and $552,639,571 worldwide. It was the second-highest opening-weekend film not to lead at the box office; Inside Out surpassed it in June 2015.[1]

Critical response

On Rotten Tomatoes, 45% of 219 critics gave the film a positive review, with an average rating of 5.3/10. The website's critics consensus reads: "The Day After Tomorrow is a ludicrous popcorn thriller filled with clunky dialogue, but spectacular visuals save it from being a total disaster."[20] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 47 out of 100 based on 38 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[21] Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade "B" on an A+ to F scale.[22]

Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times described the film as "profoundly silly", but nonetheless said the film was effective and praised the special effects. He gave it three stars out of four.[23] Mark Caro of the Chicago Tribune wrote a completely negative review which considered the film unworthy of publicity for the climate change debate it had created.[24]

Accolades

Award Subject Nominee(s) Result
Saturn Awards Best Science Fiction Film The Day After Tomorrow Nominated
Best Special Effects Karen E. Goulekas, Neil Corbould, Greg Strause and Remo Balcells Nominated
BAFTA Awards Best Special Visual Effects Won
VES Awards Outstanding Visual Effects in an Effects Driven Motion Picture Karen Goulekas, Mike Chambers, Greg Strause, Remo Balcells Nominated
Best Single Visual Effect Karen Goulekas, Mike Chambers, Chris Horvath, Matthew Butler Won
MTV Movie Awards Best Action Sequence "The destruction of Los Angeles" Won
Best Breakthrough Performance Emmy Rossum Nominated
Irish Film & Television Awards Best International Actor Jake Gyllenhaal Nominated
Golden Trailer Awards Best Action Film The Day After Tomorrow Nominated
Environmental Media Awards Best Film The Day After Tomorrow Won
BMI Film Awards Best Music Harald Kloser Won
Golden Reel Awards Best Sound Editing – Effects & Foley Mark P. Stoeckinger, Larry Kemp, Glenn T. Morgan, Alan Rankin, Michael Kamper, Ann Scibelli, Randy Kelley, Harry Cohen, Bob Beher and Craig S. Jaeger Nominated

Political and scientific criticism

Emmerich did not deny that his casting of a weak president and the resemblance of Kenneth Welsh to Vice President Dick Cheney were intended to criticize the climate change policy of the George W. Bush administration.[25] Responding to claims of insensitivity in his inclusion of scenes of a devastated New York City less than three years after the September 11 attacks, Emmerich said that it was necessary to showcase the increased unity of people in the face of disaster because of the attacks.[26][27][28]

Some scientists criticized the film's scientific aspects. Paleoclimatologist and professor of earth and planetary science at Harvard University Daniel P. Schrag said, "On the one hand, I'm glad that there's a big-budget movie about something as critical as climate change. On the other, I'm concerned that people will see these over-the-top effects and think the whole thing is a joke ... We are indeed experimenting with the Earth in a way that hasn't been done for millions of years. But you're not going to see another ice age – at least not like that."[25] J. Marshall Shepherd, a research meteorologist at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, expressed a similar sentiment: "I'm heartened that there's a movie addressing real climate issues. But as for the science of the movie, I'd give it a D minus or an F. And I'd be concerned if the movie was made to advance a political agenda."[25] According to University of Victoria climatologist Andrew Weaver, "It's The Towering Inferno of climate science movies, but I'm not losing any sleep over a new ice age, because it's impossible."[25]

Patrick J. Michaels, a former research professor of environmental science at the University of Virginia and fellow at the Cato Institute who rejected the scientific consensus[29] on global warming, called the film "propaganda" in a USA Today editorial: "As a scientist, I bristle when lies dressed up as 'science' are used to influence political discourse."[30] College instructor and retired NASA Office of Inspector General senior special agent Joseph Gutheinz called The Day After Tomorrow "a cheap thrill ride, which many weak-minded people will jump on and stay on for the rest of their lives" in a Space Daily editorial.[31]

Stefan Rahmstorf of the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, an expert on thermohaline circulation and its effect on climate, said after a talk with scriptwriter Jeffrey Nachmanoff at the film's Berlin preview:

Clearly this is a disaster movie and not a scientific documentary, [and] the film makers have taken a lot of artistic license. But the film presents an opportunity to explain that some of the basic background is right: humans are indeed increasingly changing the climate and this is quite a dangerous experiment, including some risk of abrupt and unforeseen changes ... Luckily it is extremely unlikely that we will see major ocean circulation changes in the next couple of decades (I'd be just as surprised as Jack Hall if they did occur); at least most scientists think this will only become a more serious risk towards the end of the century. And the consequences would certainly not be as dramatic as the 'superstorm' depicted in the movie. Nevertheless, a major change in ocean circulation is a risk with serious and partly unpredictable consequences, which we should avoid. And even without events like ocean circulation changes, climate change is serious enough to demand decisive action.[32]

Environmental activist and Guardian columnist George Monbiot called The Day After Tomorrow "a great movie and lousy science".[33]

In 2008, Yahoo! Movies listed The Day After Tomorrow as one of its top-10 scientifically inaccurate films.[34] It was criticized for depicting meteorological phenomena as occurring over the course of hours, instead of decades or centuries.[35] A 2015 Washington Post article reported on a paper published in Scientific Reports which indicated that global temperatures could drop relatively rapidly (one degree Fahrenheit change or 0.5 degrees Celsius change over an 11-year period) due to a temporary shutdown of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation caused by global warming.[36]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c "The Day After Tomorrow (2004)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved April 16, 2011.
  2. ^ "The Day After Tomorrow (2004) - Roland Emmerich, Roland Emerich, Mark Gordon | Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related | AllMovie".
  3. ^ Lovgren, Stefan (May 18, 2004). "Day After Tomorrow Movie: Could Ice Age Occur Overnight?". National Geographic News. Archived from the original on May 20, 2004. Retrieved June 24, 2023.
  4. ^ Gillis, Justin (March 22, 2016). "Scientists Warn of Perilous Climate Shift Within Decades, Not Centuries". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 22, 2016.
  5. ^ Emmerich, Roland; Gordon, Mark. "Day After Tomorrow Q&A with Roland Emmerich and Mark Gordon". Phase9 Entertainment. Retrieved November 17, 2017.
  6. ^ Russell, Jamie (April 19, 2012). "Why the Halo Movie Failed to Launch". WIRED. Conde Nast. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
  7. ^ Rocha, Robert (October 19, 2019). "Here's what we learned from 20 years of film shoots in Montreal". CBC.ca. Retrieved October 24, 2020.
  8. ^ Rocha, Robert (September 18, 2017). "Canadian Hot Spots You May Not Realise Were In Your Favourite Movies". Huffington Post. Retrieved October 24, 2020.
  9. ^ "The Day After Tomorrow (2004)". Onthesetofnewyork.com/. Retrieved October 24, 2020.
  10. ^ "15 Famous Movies Filmed in Tokyo (Japan)". The Irishman.com. February 18, 2018. Retrieved October 24, 2020.
  11. ^ "Ciekawostki - Pojutrze (2004)". Filmweb (in Polish). Retrieved May 28, 2021.
  12. ^ "Story Notes for The Day After Tomorrow". AMC. July 2014. Retrieved August 7, 2017.
  13. ^ Teague, Matthew. "Hollywood, Science and the End of the World a Three-Act Screenplay". Popular Science. Retrieved March 1, 2022.
  14. ^ Dirks, Tim. "Visual and Special Effects Film Milestones". AMC filmsite. Retrieved January 17, 2018.
  15. ^ Restuccio, Daniel (June 1, 2004). "THE DAY AFTER TOMORROW'S PHOTOREAL EFFECTS". Post Magazine. Retrieved January 19, 2018.
  16. ^ Thompson, Anne. "In the World of 'Tomorrow,' Creating New Recipes for Disaster". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 23, 2023.
  17. ^ Dirks, Tim. "Visual and Special Effects Film Milestones". AMC filmsite. Retrieved May 28, 2021.
  18. ^ "DVD Sales Chart – 2004 Full Year". Lee's Movie Info. Retrieved April 16, 2011.
  19. ^ C.S.Strowbridge (June 1, 2004). "Record Breaking Weekend for Day After, but still can't top Shrek 2". The Numbers. started the weekend in first place, but by the time Saturday rolled around its mediocre word of mouth started to adversely affect it.
  20. ^ "The Day After Tomorrow". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved April 8, 2024.
  21. ^ "The Day After Tomorrow". Metacritic. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
  22. ^ "DAY AFTER TOMORROW, THE (2004) B". CinemaScore. Archived from the original on December 20, 2018.
  23. ^ Ebert, Roger (May 28, 2004). "The Day After Tomorrow Movie Review". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved August 7, 2017 – via RogerEbert.com.
  24. ^ https://www.newspapers.com/image/235822086/?terms=The%20Day%20After%20Tomorrow&match=1 Chicago Tribune, 30 May 2004, Section 7, Page 3
  25. ^ a b c d Bowles, Scott (May 26, 2004). "'The Day After Tomorrow' heats up a political debate Storm of opinion rains down on merits of disaster movie". USA Today. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  26. ^ Gilchrist, Todd (May 2004). "The Day After Tomorrow: An Interview with Roland Emmerich". BlackFilm.com. Retrieved March 16, 2009.
  27. ^ Robert Epstein, Daniel. "Roland Emmerich of The Day After Tomorrow (20th Century Fox) Interview". UGO.com. Archived from the original on June 13, 2004. Retrieved March 16, 2009.
  28. ^ Chau, Thomas (May 27, 2004). "INTERVIEW: Director Roland Emmerich on 'The Day After Tomorrow'". Cinema Confidential. Archived from the original on June 6, 2004. Retrieved March 16, 2009.
  29. ^ "Scientific consensus: Earth's climate is warming". Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet. Retrieved January 31, 2017.
  30. ^ Michaels, Patrick J. (May 25, 2014). "'Day After Tomorrow': A lot of hot air". Editorials. USA Today. Retrieved April 16, 2011.
  31. ^ Richard Gutheniz, Joseph Jr. (May 27, 2004). "There Will Be a Day After Tomorrow". Space Daily. Retrieved April 16, 2011.
  32. ^ Rahmstorf, Stefan. "The Day After Tomorrow—Some comments on the movie". Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research. Archived from the original on October 11, 2004. Retrieved August 7, 2016.
  33. ^ Monbiot, George (May 14, 2004). "A hard rain's a-gonna fall". The Guardian. Retrieved April 16, 2011.
  34. ^ "Top 10: Scientifically Inaccurate Movies". Yahoo! Movies. July 28, 2008. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved August 7, 2017 – via Wayback Machine.
  35. ^ "Disaster Flick Exaggerates Speed of Ice Age". Science Daily. May 13, 2004. Retrieved April 16, 2011.
  36. ^ Wang, Yanan (October 12, 2015). "Model suggests possibility of a 'Little Ice Age'". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 7, 2016.

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