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'''Lee Youn Chin''' ({{Lang-zh|c=李雲珍|p=Li Yunzhen}}; 1906–1991) was a Chinese [[Hakka people|Hakka]] community leader in [[India]] for over half a century. He was born in the Hakka village of [[Meixian District|Meixian]] in [[Guangdong]], [[China]], and emigrated to [[Kolkata]] at age eighteen. Lee was instrumental in founding the Chinese Tannery Owners Association of India, the newspaper ''Seong Pow'' (Overseas Chinese Commerce of India) and the new Pei May High School. These institutions for [[commerce]], [[education]], and [[journalism]] had a profound impact on the Hakka Chinese settlement in Kolkata.
'''Lee Youn Chin''' ({{Lang-zh|c=李雲珍|p=Li Yunzhen}}; 1906–1991) was a Chinese [[Hakka people|Hakka]] community leader in [[India]] for over half a century. Lee was instrumental in founding the Chinese Tannery Owners Association of India, the newspaper ''Seong Pow'' (Overseas Chinese Commerce of India), and the new Pei May High School. These institutions for [[commerce]], [[education]], and [[journalism]] had a profound impact on the Hakka Chinese settlement in Kolkata.


== Personal life ==
== Personal life ==
Lee Youn Chin was born in 1906 in [[Meixian District|Meixian]], Guangdong, China. He was the fourth of five children of Lee Sie Xhien and Zhu Juying, consisting of one older sister and four brothers. At six years of age, his father died, and he was raised by his mother and relatives. He completed high school and was encouraged to join the next wave of migrants to [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]]. At eighteen, he arrived in the [[Bay of Bengal]]. The [[Chinese people in India]] had earlier pioneers, but the first to arrive in Kolkata was Yang Tai Chow.<ref name=getbengal>{{cite web |title=How did the Chinese land up in Kolkata and Bengal? |url=https://www.getbengal.com/details/how-did-the-chinese-land-up-in-kolkata-and-bengal |website=getbengal.com |date=2020-06-21 |access-date=2023-03-23}}</ref> 
Lee Youn Chin was born in 1906 in the Hakka village of [[Meixian District|Meixian]], [[Guangdong]], [[China]]. He was the fourth of five children of Lee Sie Xhien and Zhu Juying, consisting of one older sister and four brothers. When Lee was six years old, his father died, and he was raised by his mother and relatives. He completed high school and was encouraged to join the next wave of migrants to [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]]. At the age of 18, he emigrated to [[Kolkata]]. The [[Chinese people in India]] had earlier pioneers, but the first to arrive in Kolkata was Yang Tai Chow.<ref name=getbengal>{{cite web |title=How did the Chinese land up in Kolkata and Bengal? |url=https://www.getbengal.com/details/how-did-the-chinese-land-up-in-kolkata-and-bengal |website=getbengal.com |date=2020-06-21 |access-date=2023-03-23}}</ref> 


Lee had uncles already settled in Kolkata who gave him shelter. At his uncle’s shoe shop, he worked and took on an [[apprenticeship]]. He saved money over a few years to visit China, where he married his wife, Koo Tek Xiu. He took her to India. They had a business selling products used in the [[leather]] industry. Lee prospered and also owned several shoe shops with his other relatives. He purchased a large plot of land and built his house, where he moved in with his ten children: seven daughters and three sons. He later expanded and established his company, the Lee Youn Chin [[Tanning (leather)|Tannery]], adjoining it.<ref>{{Cite book |author=India Labour Bureau |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GSvoAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22Lee+Youn+Chin%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA329 |title=Large Industrial Establishments in India |publisher=Manager of Publications |year=1958 |pages= |language=en}}</ref> He was granted Indian [[citizenship]] under the [[British Raj]].
Lee had uncles already settled in Kolkata who gave him shelter. At his uncle’s shoe shop, he worked and took on an [[apprenticeship]]. He saved money over a few years to visit China, where he married his wife, Koo Tek Xiu. He took her to India. They had a business selling products used in the [[leather]] industry. Lee prospered and also owned several shoe shops with his other relatives. He purchased a large plot of land and built his house, where he moved in with his ten children: seven daughters and three sons. He later expanded and established his company, the Lee Youn Chin [[Tanning (leather)|Tannery]], adjoining it.<ref>{{Cite book |author=India Labour Bureau |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GSvoAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22Lee+Youn+Chin%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA329 |title=Large Industrial Establishments in India |publisher=Manager of Publications |year=1958 |pages= |language=en}}</ref> He was granted Indian [[citizenship]] under the [[British Raj]].

Revision as of 04:20, 15 May 2024

Lee Youn Chin
李雲珍
Born1906
Guangdong, Qing Empire (present day China)
Died1991/10/08
Kolkata, India
Burial placeChinese Cemetery, Kolkata, India
CitizenshipIndian
Years active1933–1989
Board member ofThe Chinese Tannery Owners Association

The Overseas Chinese Commerce Association of India Overseas Chinese Commerce Journal 'Seong Pow'

Pei May High School
SpouseKoo Tek Xiu
Children10
Parent(s)Lee Sie Xhien (father)
Zhu Juying (mother)

Lee Youn Chin (Chinese: 李雲珍; pinyin: Li Yunzhen; 1906–1991) was a Chinese Hakka community leader in India for over half a century. Lee was instrumental in founding the Chinese Tannery Owners Association of India, the newspaper Seong Pow (Overseas Chinese Commerce of India), and the new Pei May High School. These institutions for commerce, education, and journalism had a profound impact on the Hakka Chinese settlement in Kolkata.

Personal life

Lee Youn Chin was born in 1906 in the Hakka village of Meixian, Guangdong, China. He was the fourth of five children of Lee Sie Xhien and Zhu Juying, consisting of one older sister and four brothers. When Lee was six years old, his father died, and he was raised by his mother and relatives. He completed high school and was encouraged to join the next wave of migrants to British India. At the age of 18, he emigrated to Kolkata. The Chinese people in India had earlier pioneers, but the first to arrive in Kolkata was Yang Tai Chow.[1] 

Lee had uncles already settled in Kolkata who gave him shelter. At his uncle’s shoe shop, he worked and took on an apprenticeship. He saved money over a few years to visit China, where he married his wife, Koo Tek Xiu. He took her to India. They had a business selling products used in the leather industry. Lee prospered and also owned several shoe shops with his other relatives. He purchased a large plot of land and built his house, where he moved in with his ten children: seven daughters and three sons. He later expanded and established his company, the Lee Youn Chin Tannery, adjoining it.[2] He was granted Indian citizenship under the British Raj.

Lee lived a long life of community involvement and service. He died in 1991 and was buried in Kolkata, India.

Hakka community

Lee founded and was the chairman of the Chinese Tannery Owners Association, the Overseas Chinese Commerce Association of India, and the founder of the local Chinese-language newspaper Seong Pow (Overseas Chinese Commerce of India).[3][4][5] When the small and old Pei May school needed more space, Lee built a new school on a large plot of land. Construction started in later 1940s, but was interrupted over payment issues. The association filed a case in court. Classes began in the 1950s in the new, as yet incomplete, building. After a period, another of the Association's English-speaking manager was assigned and a new builder was brought in to complete its construction. These institutions formed an integral part of the community, which flourished as the largest minority culture in Kolkata.[6] There were 1,466 Chinese in Chinatown in 1901, and by 1936 there were 14,000.[7][8] By the mid 1990s, the unofficial population count was estimated to be around 20,000.

Lee Youn Chin

Tanneries were the largest businesses of the growing community, with smaller trades such as carpentry, shoe shops, restaurants, herbal stores, beauty parlors, and dentistry. Tangra or Dhapa, was located outside the city where the majority of the Chinese settled. Chinatown or Tiretta Bazaar was situated in the interior part of the city.[1]

Working with him on the Chinese Tannery Owners Association board were:

Chen Zaan Xhen, Chung Yat Xheng, Lee Vaan Yao, Chung Lee Ming, Liu Sem Nyan, Chung Kwi Xheng, Lee Shie Yen and Liu Daou Nyan.

Chinese Tannery Owners Association of India

Lee leased the land and built the Chinese Tannery Owners Association.[5] This association's initiatives included:

  • Centralizing a tanner market for owners to benefit in the procurement sourcing of the highest market price for finished leather. The tannery owners contributed to the immense wealth of the West Bengal government in producing leather and leather products for export.
  • Introducing recycling by reducing and recycling the collective byproduct wastage of hide shavings by curing it and selling it for profit. The community benefited from this recycling scheme.[citation needed]

Overseas Chinese Commerce Journal

He allocated space for The Overseas Chinese Commerce Association of India within the existing Chinese Tannery Owners Association where he:

  • Launched the Overseas Chinese Commerce newspaper, a local Seong Pow news in Chinese. The paper disseminated community announcements and overseas news in 1969.[9][10][11][5]
    The Overseas Chinese Commerce of India (1969) newspaper. Photo courtesy of Biswarup ganguly
    Founded: The Overseas Chinese Commerce of India (1969). Photo courtesy of Biswarup Ganguly

This newspaper published the local news compared with a pro-Kuomintang newspaper, The Chinese Journal of India and a few other journals that had existed before his arrival. The Overseas Chinese Commerce of India, or 'Seong Pow' newspaper, survived until its last publication with the death of its last editor of forty years, Kuo-Tsai Chang, in 2020.[12][5][13][14]

Pei May High School

  • He leased the land, built, and founded the new Pei May High School for the increasing younger generation. This school became the new grounds for a combined elementary and high school education. It was a Chinese medium school that also taught English.[15] At its peak, the school had over a thousand students, but declined over the years until the school was closed in 2010.[16]

Lee left behind a legacy of distinguished works as the Hakka community leader for over half a century. In his lifetime, the community grew to over 15,000 people.[17]

Sino-Indian war repercussion on the community

When the Sino-Indian war broke out in 1962, the community went through an upheaval with their civil liberties and freedom violated. Lee, through his English-speaking son, had been helping the community with their application submission and follow-up years before the war broke out. His family and those who possessed Permanent Indian Residency papers were not detained.[18][19] After the war, the community gathered themselves and set about to find their families, restore their properties and businesses.

Environmental Plan for Relocation of the community tanneries

Four years after his death, a directive on the community came by the order of the Supreme court (1995) to relocate the Kolkata tanneries.[20][21] This caused more Chinese community to leave India on their own, while others stayed and converted their tanneries into restaurants.[22][11][23][24] The majority of the community immigrated to Canada.[25][26] An unofficial census in 2020 estimated that the remaining Hakka Chinese population in Kolkata to be only about 2,000 people.

References

  1. ^ a b "How did the Chinese land up in Kolkata and Bengal?". getbengal.com. 2020-06-21. Retrieved 2023-03-23.
  2. ^ India Labour Bureau (1958). Large Industrial Establishments in India. Manager of Publications.
  3. ^ Kumar, Rajesh (2020-12-29). "Is this the end for India's last Chinese-language newspaper?". todayonline.com. Retrieved 2023-03-13.
  4. ^ Pathak, Nilima (2018-01-01). "Chinese newspaper that's Made in India". gulfnews.com. Retrieved March 11, 2023.
  5. ^ a b c d Homegrown Staff (2021-06-08). "Kolkata's Tannery Neighbourhood Is Home To India's Only Chinese Language Newspaper". homegrown.co.in. Retrieved 2023-03-20.
  6. ^ Sircar, Jawhar. "The Chinese of Calcutta".
  7. ^ Bose, Arpita (2019-06-01). "The Chinese in Calcutta: A Study on Settlement and Demographical Patterns". Indian Historical Review. 46 (1): 132–149. doi:10.1177/0376983619856540. ISSN 0376-9836.
  8. ^ Mukherjee, Amrita (2021-09-01). "Chinese Community of Kolkata: A Forgotten Chapter in History". map.sahapedia.org. Retrieved 2023-03-19.
  9. ^ Mukherjee, Soham (2018-11-28). "Chinese Newspaper". Jiyo Bangla. Retrieved 2023-03-17.
  10. ^ Ayandas (2018-05-08). "A Chinese newspaper that represents the indomitable spirit of Kolkata » The Bengal Story". The Bengal Story. Retrieved 2023-03-18.
  11. ^ a b Datta, Sjrita (2019-10-11). "Tucked away in a Kolkata bylane, India's only Chinese newspaper runs on old methods and perseverance". Firstpost. Retrieved 2023-03-18.
  12. ^ Monitor, South Asian (2020-12-28). "Is this the end for India's last Chinese-language newspaper? Editor's death leaves questions over SeongPow's future". South Asian Monitor. Retrieved 2023-03-19.
  13. ^ Gupta, Abir (2016-06-30). "The Story of Chinese People in Kolkata and How it Gave Us Our Favorite Chinese Food". StoryPick. Retrieved 2023-03-11.
  14. ^ Roy, Rajdeep Datta (2008-07-26). "News from Tangra". Mint. Retrieved 2023-03-11.
  15. ^ Nyogi Subhro, Yengkhom Sumati (2009-03-25). "Questions from a vanishing generation". The Times of India. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 2023-03-20.
  16. ^ Jawed, Jeeshan (2010-06-14). "Lone Chinese school shuts down". Telegraph India. Retrieved 2023-03-20.
  17. ^ Mukherjee, Amrita (2021-09-01). "Chinese Community of Kolkata: A Forgotten Chapter in History". map.sahapedia.org. Retrieved 2023-03-17.
  18. ^ GUPTA, UTTARAN DAS (2020-06-09). "When India put Indians in camps". Himal Southasian. Retrieved 2023-03-20.
  19. ^ D’Souza, Dilip. "Chinese-Indians from Deoli Camp write to Modi again urging India to apologise for 1962 internment". Scroll.in. Retrieved 2023-03-20.
  20. ^ GB Get Bengal, Information Desk (2019-02-20). "How did the Hakka Chinese Community learn Bengali". GB Get Bengal. Retrieved 2023-03-11.
  21. ^ Rajamanj S.; Ravindranath; Sarkar; Ramasamj, Louxborough University (2002-01-01). "Major Integrated Environmental System Relocation of 540 Tanneries in Kolkata City" (PDF). Loughborough University (Kolkata Calcutta, India 2002). Retrieved 2023-03-26.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  22. ^ Mukherjee, Amrita (2021-09-01). "Chinatown in Kolkata: A Heritage of Negotiation and Survival". map.sahapedia.org. Retrieved 2023-03-17.
  23. ^ Mazumder, Abir Lal. "From Tanneries to kitchens: Indian Hakka Chinese and their memories of making and remaking the Tangra Chinatown in Kolkata, India". nomadit.co.uk. Retrieved 2023-03-19.
  24. ^ Cakeray, Priya (2018-03-21). "Learning about the Deoli Camp of 1962". Medium. Retrieved 2023-03-20.
  25. ^ Adler, Mike (2018-11-06). "Scarborough's Chinese Cultural Centre puts Hakka culture on display". Sachem.ca. Retrieved 2023-03-20.
  26. ^ The Official site of the city of Markham, ON, Canada, Markham City website (2016-07-16). "Markham named Host City of 31st Hakka World Conference in 2021!". Markham City official website (Canada). Retrieved 2023-03-29.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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