Huayna Capac: Difference between revisions

Huayna Capac
Wayna Qhapaq
Huayna Capac; Wayna Qhapaq
	Huayna Capac drawn by Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala. The title, in Poma de Ayala's nonstandard spelling, reads: El onceno inga Guainacapac, "The Eleventh Inca, Huayna Capac".
Sapa Inca of the Inca Empire
Reign	1493 – 1527
Predecessor	Topa Inca Yupanqui
Successor	Huáscar and Atahualpa ; Ninan Cuyochi (titular)
Born	before 1487
Died	1527; Tumipampa, Inca Empire, modern-day Ecuador
Consort	Kuya Kusi Rimay, Kuya Rawa Ukllu
Issue	Ninan Cuyochi, Huáscar, Atahualpa, Túpac Huallpa, Manco Inca Yupanqui, Atoc, Paullu Inca, Quispe Sisa, Coya Asarpay, Konono, and others
Inca	Runa Simi, Qhapaq Simi
House	Tumipampa Ayllu
Dynasty	Hanan Qusqu
Father	Túpac Inca Yupanqui
Mother	Kuya Mama Ukllu

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Wayna Qhapaq (before 1493 – 1527) was the third Sapa Inca of Tawantinsuyu, the Inca Empire. He was the son of and successor to Túpac Inca Yupanqui.,^[1]^: 108 the sixth Sapa Inca of the Hanan dynasty, and eleventh of the Inca civilization. He was born in Tumipampa^[2]^[3] and tutored to become Sapa Inca from a young age.

Tawantinsuyu reached its greatest extent under Wayna Qhapaq, as he expanded the empire's borders south along the Chilean coast, and north through what is now Ecuador and southern Colombia. According to the priest Juan de Velasco he absorbed the Quito Confederation into his empire by marrying Queen Paccha Duchicela, halting a long protracted war.^[4] Wayna Qhapaq founded the city Atuntaqui and developed the city Cochabamba as an agriculture and administrative center. The Sapa Inca greatly expanded the Inca road system and had many qullqa (storehouses) built.^[5]

Wayna Qhapaq died in 1527, likely from a European disease introduced to the Americas by the Spaniards. The death of him and his eldest son Ninan Cuyochi sparked the Inca Civil War, in which his sons Waskar and Atawallpa fought over succession as the next Sapa Inca. Tawantinsuyu fell to Spanish conquests shortly after Atawallpa's victory.^[6]^[7]^[8]

Names

Wayna Qhapaq's original name was Titu Kusi Wallpa before ascending to Sapa Inca.^[9]^[10] Wayna Qhapaq has many alternative transliterations, including Guayna Cápac, Guayna Capac, Huain Capac,^[11] Guain Capac, Guayana Capac^[12] (in Hispanicized spellings), Wayna Kapa, Wayn Capac,^[13] Wayana Qhapaq, Wayna Kapak,^[14] Wayna Capac, and Wayna Qhapaq. The name comes from Quechua wayna boy, young, young man; qhapaq "the mighty one",^[15]^[16] "the young mighty one", "powerful young one"^[17] or "powerful youth"^[9]

Subjects commonly approached Sapa Incas adding epithets and titles when addressing them, such as Wayna Qhapaq Inka Sapa'lla Tukuy Llaqt'a Uya "Unique Sovereign Wayna Qhapaq Listener to All Peoples".^[18]

Background and family

The exact place and date of Wayna Qhapaq's birth are unknown. Though he was raised in Cusco, he may have been born in 1468 in Tumebamba (modern Cuenca) and have spent part of his childhood there.^[19]^[20]^[21]^[22] He was the son of Túpac Inca Yupanqui (ruled 1471–1493) who had extended Inca rule north into present-day Ecuador, a process continued by Wayna Qhapaq.^[23]^: 253^[10]

Wayna Qhapaq's first wife was his full sister, Koya "Queen"^[24] Coya Cusirimay.^[23]^: 109 The couple produced no male heirs, but Wayna Qhapaq sired more than 50 legitimate sons, and about 200 illegitimate children^[23]^: 113 with other women. Wayna Qhapaq took another sister, Araua Ocllo, as his royal wife. They had a son they named Thupaq Kusi Wallpa,^[9] later known as Waskar.

Other sons included Ninan Cuyochi (the Crown Prince), Atawallpa, Túpac Huallpa, Manco Inca, Paullu Inca, Atoc, Konono, Wanka Auqui, Kizu Yupanqui, Tito Atauchi, Waman Wallpa, Kusi Wallpa, Tilka Yupanqu.^[23]^{: 109–112} Some of them later held the title of Sapa Inca, although some later Sapa Inca were installed by the Spaniards.

Among the daughters of Wayna Qhapaq were Coya Asarpay (the First Princess of the Empire), Quispe Sisa, Cura Ocllo, Marca Chimbo, Pachacuti Yamqui, Miro, Kusi Warkay, Francisca Coya^[25]^[26] and others.^[23]^: 112^[1]^{: 112, 118}

In addition to Kusi Rimay and Rawa Okllo, Wayna Qhapaq had more than 50 wives including Osika, Lari, Anawarque, Kontarwachu and Añas Qolque.^[14]^:143^[23]^{: 109–112}

Administration

As a "boy chief" or "boy sovereign", Wayna Qhapaq had a tutor, Wallpaya,^[9]^:218 a nephew of Túpac Inca Yupanqui. This tutor's plot to assume the Incaship was discovered by his uncle, the Governor Waman Achachi, who had Wallpaya killed.^[1]^: 109

In the south, Wayna Qhapaq continued the expansion of Tawantinsuyu into what is now Chile and Argentina, and tried to annex territories towards the north in what is now Ecuador and southern Colombia.

According to the Ecuadorian priest Juan de Velasco Wayna Qhapaq absorbed the kingdom of Quito into the Inca Empire. He supposedly married Paccha Duchicela, the queen of Quito.^[6]^[4]

Wayna Qhapaq became fond of Ecuador and spent most of his time there, founding cities like Atuntaqui. Wayna Qhapaq rebuilt Quito to make it the "second capital" of the empire, besides Cusco.^[27]

As Sapa Inca, he built astronomical observatories in Ecuador such as Ingapirca. Wayna Qhapaq hoped to establish a northern stronghold in the city of Tumebamba, inhabited by the Cañari people. In the Sacred Valley, the sparse remains of one of Wayna Qhapaq's estates and his country palace called Kispiwanka^[28] can still be found in the present-day town of Urubamba, Peru.

In what is now Bolivia, Wayna Qhapaq was responsible for developing Cochabamba as an important agriculture and administrative center, with more than two thousand silos (qullqas) for corn storage built in the area.^{[citation needed]} Further north in Ecuador, Wayna Qhapaq's forces attempted to expand into the lowlands of the Amazon basin, reaching the Chinchipe River, but they were pushed back by the Shuar.^[29]

Wayna Qhapaq acquired a special fondness for the central Peruvian Andes and its local highlights; he is recorded as having spent time relaxing in the Chinchaycocha lake on the Bombon plateau. Many Inca rafts were brought to the lake directly from Ecuador for his amusement.^[30] On its way to Cusco, after Wayna Qhapaq's death in Quito, the procession carrying his body stopped in the vicinity of Shawsha, a city in the central Peruvian Andes, acknowledging the fondness that he had felt for the region, and because the local inhabitants had been some of the most loyal to its causes.

Tawantinsuyu, or the Inca Empire, reached the height of its size and power under his rule, stretching over much of what is now Bolivia, Peru, Argentina, Chile, Ecuador, and southwestern Colombia. It included varying terrain from high frozen Andes to the densest swamps. His subjects spanned more than two hundred distinct ethnic groups, each with their own customs and languages. The empire spanned 3,500 kilometres (2,200 mi) north to south, comprising the desert coast of Pacific Ocean on the west, the high Andes in the southeast and the forests of the Amazon Basin on the east.^[31] A dedicated ruler, Wayna Qhapaq did much to improve the lives of his people. In addition to building temples and other works, Wayna Qhapaq greatly expanded the road network.^[32]^: 144 He had qollqa built along it for food so that aid could be quickly rushed to any who were in danger of starvation.

Wayna Qhapaq knew of the Spanish arrival off the coast of his empire^[1]^: 131 as early as 1515.

Death and legacy

Wayna Qhapaq died in 1527.^[33]^{: 82–83, 85} When Wayna Qhapaq returned to Quito he had already contracted a fever while campaigning in present-day Colombia (though some historians dispute this),^[34] likely resulting from the introduction of European disease like measles or smallpox.^[1]^: 117^[35]^: 115 The Spaniards had carried a wide variety of deadly diseases to North, Central and South America; and the Indigenous peoples had no acquired immunity against them. Millions of Central- and South Americans died in that epidemic including Wayna's brother, Auqui Tupac Inca, and Wayna's would-be successor and eldest son, Ninan Cuyochi. According to some sources, his sons Atawallpa and Waskar were granted two separate realms of Tawantinsuyu: his favorite Atawallpa, the northern portion centered on Quito; and Waskar, the southern portion centered on Cusco.^[32]^: 146 According to other sources, Atuahualpa was acting as provincial governor on behalf of his brother. The two sons reigned peacefully for four to five years before Waskar (or possibly Atawallpa) decided to grab power.^[33]^: 89

Waskar quickly secured power in Cusco and had his brother arrested. However, Atawallpa escaped from his imprisonment with the help of his wife. Atawallpa began securing support from Wayna Qhapaq's best generals, Chalcuchímac and Quizquiz, who happened to be near Quito, the nearest major city. Atawallpa rebelled against his brother and won the ensuing civil war, imprisoning Waskar at the end of the war.^[33]^: 89–94 Wayna Qhapaq's city of Tumebamba was destroyed during the war. The Spanish Francisco Pizarro and his men ascended into the Andes just as Atawallpa was returning to Cusco after the successful conclusion of his northern campaigns. After launching a surprise attack in Cajamarca and massacring upward of 6,000 Incan soldiers, Pizarro took Atawallpa prisoner. Pizarro's ransom of Atawallpa and his subsequent execution marked the immediate turning point of the Spanish conquest of Tawantinsuyu.

Lost mummy

All the Inca emperors had their bodies mummified after death. Wayna Qhapaq's mummy was housed in his palace in Cusco and was seen by the Spanish conquistadors. Later, it was taken from Cusco to his royal estate of Kispiwanka where it was hidden from the Spanish by Wayna Qhapaq's relatives and servants. At some point it was taken back to Cusco, where it was discovered in 1559 by the Spanish. Along with mummies of 10 other Inca emperors and their wives, the mummy was taken to Lima where it was displayed in the San Andres Hospital. The mummies deteriorated in the damp climate of Lima and eventually they were either buried or destroyed by the Spanish.^[34]^[36]

An attempt to find the mummies of the Inca emperors beneath the San Andres hospital in 2001 was unsuccessful. The archaeologists found a crypt, but it was empty. The mummies may have been removed when the building was repaired after an earthquake.^[36]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Sarmiento de Gamboa, Pedro, 2015, Originally published in Spanish in 1572, History of the Incas, Lexington, ISBN 9781463688653
^ "Biography of Huayna Capac o Huaina Capac. Emperador inca". TheBiography.com. Archived from the original on December 7, 2021. Retrieved March 29, 2019.
^ "Huayna Capac". mayaincaaztec.com. Archived from the original on August 30, 2019. Retrieved March 29, 2019.
^ ^a ^b de Velasco, Juan. Historia del Reino de Quito en la América Meridional.
^ Sarmiento de Gamboa, Pedro. Historia de los Incas.
^ ^a ^b Rostworowski, María. History of the Inca Realm. Translated by Iceland, Harry B. Cambridge University Press.
^ de Betanzos, Juan. Suma y narración de los Incas.
^ de León, Cieza. El Señorio de los Incas.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d D'Altroy, Terence N. (2014-05-27). The Incas. John Wiley & Sons. p. 6. ISBN 9781444331158.
^ ^a ^b Sarmiento de Gamboa, Pedro (2007) [Originally published in Spanish in 1572]. Bauer, Brian S.; Smith, Vania (eds.). The History of the Incas. Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 171, 173.
^ Echard, Lawrence (1815). Diccionario geografico universal: O-S (in Spanish). por Francisco Martínez Dávila.
^ Portnoy, Nestor F. (1997). Estudio en tradición oral: "Sobre la vida del Inca Guayana Capac" (in Spanish).
^ Silverman-Proust, Gail (1987). "The Woven Shadow of Time: Four Inti Mofits from Q'ero" (PDF). Diálogo Andino (6): 117. ISSN 0716-2278. "Wayn Capac kay pachala riki puntata chinkaypushan". (In this world, Wayna Capac sets into a mountain peak. (Taped 1985).
^ ^a ^b Ellefsen, Bernardo (1989-01-01). Matrimonio y sexo en el incario (in Spanish). Editorial Los Amigos del Libro. p. 143. ISBN 9788483701560. Dos casos notables se refieren a las concubinas de Wayna Kapak: Kontarwacho y Añas Kolke, ambas de la etnia huaylla.
^ Teofilo Laime Ajacopa, Diccionario Bilingüe Iskay simipi yuyayk'ancha, La Paz, 2007 (Quechua-Spanish dictionary): wayna. - adj. s. m. Joven. Hombre que está en la juventud. qhapaq. - adj. Principal. Primero en importancia. || Noble, ilustre. Qhapaq. / Rico, -ca. Noble, adinerado. / adj. y s. Poderoso, -sa. Acaudalado, adinerado. || El que tiene extensas tierras.
^ Diccionario Quechua - Español - Quechua, Academía Mayor de la Lengua Quechua, Gobierno Regional Cusco, Cusco 2005: qhapaq - s. Hist. Término utilizado en el inkanato para denominar al poderosos, ilustre, eminente, regio, próspero, glorioso, de sangre real, etc. ...
^ Graziano, Frank (1999). The Millennial New World. Oxford University Press. p. 202. ISBN 9780195124323.
^ Conocimiento indígena y globalización (in Spanish). Editorial Abya Yala. 2005. p. 41. ISBN 9789978223864.
^ Rostworowski, Maria. Enciclopedia Temática del Perú (in Spanish). Vol. 1. p. 67.
^ Cabello Valboa, Miguel (1945). Miscelánea Antártica (in Spanish). pp. 142, 143, 146.
^ de Santa Cruz Pachacuti Yamqui, Juan (1879) [c. 1620]. Jiménez de la Espada, Marcos (ed.). Relación de las antigüedades deste Reyno del Pirú (in Spanish). pp. 249, 255.
^ Cobo, Bernabé (1964) [1890]. Historia del Nuevo Mundo (in Spanish). Vol. 2. p. 90.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Niles, Susan A. (1999). The Shape of Inca History: Narrative and Architecture in an Andean Empire. University of Iowa Press. ISBN 9781587292941.
^ Cadena, María Soledad De la (1996). Race, ethnicity, and the struggle for indigenous self-representation: de-indianization in Cuzco, Peru, 1919-1992. University of Wisconsin--Madison. p. 292. The sacred animals, royal servants, the Virgins of the Sun, the priests, the high dignitaries of the Court, the Koya (Queen) and the Inca paraded through the scene, these last occupying their respective seats of honor.
^ Costales, Piedad Peñaherrera de; Costales Samaniego, Alfredo; Jurado Noboa, Fernando (1982). "Los señores naturales de la tierra : Las Coyas y Pallas del Tahuantinsuyo". Cultura y Patrimonio (in Spanish).
^ Zapata-Jaramillo, Juan G. Descendientes del Emperador Inca Pachacútec. Academia.edu (Report).
^ González Ochoa, José María (2018). "Huayna Capac". Diccionario Biográfico Español (in Spanish). Real Academia de la Historia.
^ Saintenoy, Thibault. "Choqek'iraw et la vallée de l'Apurimac : paysages et sociétés préhispaniques tardives". HTTP WWW Theses Fr.
^ Ernesto Salazar (1977). An Indian federation in lowland Ecuador (PDF). International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs. p. 13. Retrieved 16 February 2013.
^ Raimondi, Antonio (1876). El Perú - Historia de la geografía del Perú, Libro Primero, Tomo II (in Spanish). Lima: Imprenta del Estado.
^ "Maya, Aztecs, Inca, Inuit: before Columbus." Archived 2011-03-20 at the Wayback Machine Worldwide Story for Civilization. (retrieved 3 July 2011)
^ ^a ^b Prescott, W.H., 2011, The History of the Conquest of Peru, Digireads.com Publishing, ISBN 9781420941142
^ ^a ^b ^c de la Vega, G., "El Inca", 2006, Royal Commentaries of the Incas and General History of Peru, Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Co., Inc., ISBN 9780872208438
^ ^a ^b McCaa, Robert; Nimlos, Aleta; Hampe Martinez, Teodoro (6 March 2011). "Why Blame Smallpox? The Death of the Inca Huayna Capac and the Demographic Destruction of Tawantinsuyu (Ancient Peru)" (PDF).
^ Leon, P., 1998, The Discovery and Conquest of Peru, Chronicles of the New World Encounter, edited and translated by Cook and Cook, Durham: Duke University Press, ISBN 9780822321460
^ ^a ^b Pringle, Harriet (April 2011). "Inca Empire". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 20 March 2011.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Infobox royalty
-| name         = Huayna Capac
+| name         = Huayna Capac<br /><small>Wayna Qhapaq</small>
 | image        = File:Hp inka11.jpg
 | caption      = Huayna Capac drawn by [[Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala]]. The title, in Poma de Ayala's nonstandard spelling, reads: ''El onceno inga Guainacapac'', "The Eleventh Inca, Huayna Capac".
@@ Line 22: / Line 22: @@
 | mother       = Kuya [[Mama Ocllo Coya|Mama Ukllu]]
 }}
-'''Huayna Capac''' (before 1493{{spnd}}1527) was the third [[Sapa Inca]] of [[Tawantinsuyu]], the Inca Empire. He was the son of and successor to [[Túpac Inca Yupanqui]].,<ref name=Gamboa>Sarmiento de Gamboa, Pedro, 2015, Originally published in Spanish in 1572, History of the Incas, Lexington, {{ISBN|9781463688653}}</ref>{{rp|108}} the sixth Sapa Inca of the Hanan dynasty, and eleventh of the [[Inca civilization]]. He was born in [[Tomebamba|Tumipampa]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thebiography.us/en/huayna-capac|title=Biography of Huayna Capac o Huaina Capac. Emperador inca|website=TheBiography.com|access-date=March 29, 2019|archive-date=December 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207032929/https://thebiography.us/en/huayna-capac|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mayaincaaztec.com/huaynacapac.html|title=Huayna Capac|website=mayaincaaztec.com|access-date=March 29, 2019|archive-date=August 30, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830062627/http://mayaincaaztec.com/huaynacapac.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> and tutored to become Sapa Inca from a young age.
+'''Wayna Qhapaq''' (before 1493{{spnd}}1527) was the third [[Sapa Inca]] of [[Tawantinsuyu]], the Inca Empire. He was the son of and successor to [[Túpac Inca Yupanqui]].,<ref name=Gamboa>Sarmiento de Gamboa, Pedro, 2015, Originally published in Spanish in 1572, History of the Incas, Lexington, {{ISBN|9781463688653}}</ref>{{rp|108}} the sixth Sapa Inca of the Hanan dynasty, and eleventh of the [[Inca civilization]]. He was born in [[Tomebamba|Tumipampa]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thebiography.us/en/huayna-capac|title=Biography of Huayna Capac o Huaina Capac. Emperador inca|website=TheBiography.com|access-date=March 29, 2019|archive-date=December 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207032929/https://thebiography.us/en/huayna-capac|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mayaincaaztec.com/huaynacapac.html|title=Huayna Capac|website=mayaincaaztec.com|access-date=March 29, 2019|archive-date=August 30, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830062627/http://mayaincaaztec.com/huaynacapac.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> and tutored to become Sapa Inca from a young age.
-Tawantinsuyu reached its greatest extent under Huayna Capac, as he expanded the empire's borders south along the Chilean coast, and north through what is now Ecuador and southern Colombia. According to the priest [[Juan de Velasco]] he absorbed the [[Quitu culture|Quito Confederation]] into his empire by marrying Queen [[Paccha Duchicela]], halting a long protracted war.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=de Velasco |first=Juan |title=Historia del Reino de Quito en la América Meridional}}</ref> Huayna Capac founded the city [[Atuntaqui]] and developed the city [[Cochabamba]] as an agriculture and administrative center. The Sapa Inca greatly expanded the [[Inca road system]] and had many [[qullqa]] (storehouses) built.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarmiento de Gamboa |first=Pedro |title=Historia de los Incas}}</ref>
+Tawantinsuyu reached its greatest extent under Wayna Qhapaq, as he expanded the empire's borders south along the Chilean coast, and north through what is now Ecuador and southern Colombia. According to the priest [[Juan de Velasco]] he absorbed the [[Quitu culture|Quito Confederation]] into his empire by marrying Queen [[Paccha Duchicela]], halting a long protracted war.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=de Velasco |first=Juan |title=Historia del Reino de Quito en la América Meridional}}</ref> Wayna Qhapaq founded the city [[Atuntaqui]] and developed the city [[Cochabamba]] as an agriculture and administrative center. The Sapa Inca greatly expanded the [[Inca road system]] and had many [[qullqa]] (storehouses) built.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarmiento de Gamboa |first=Pedro |title=Historia de los Incas}}</ref>
-Huayna Capac died in 1527, likely from a [[Native American disease and epidemics|European disease]] introduced to the Americas by the Spaniards. The death of him and his eldest son [[Ninan Cuyochi]] sparked the [[Inca Civil War]], in which his sons [[Huáscar]] and [[Atahualpa]] fought over succession as the next Sapa Inca. Tawantinsuyu fell to [[Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire|Spanish conquests]] shortly after Atahualpa's victory.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Rostworowski |first=María |title=History of the Inca Realm |publisher=Cambridge University Press |translator-last=Iceland |translator-first=Harry B.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=de Betanzos |first=Juan |title=Suma y narración de los Incas}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=de León |first=Cieza |title=El Señorio de los Incas}}</ref>
+Wayna Qhapaq died in 1527, likely from a [[Native American disease and epidemics|European disease]] introduced to the Americas by the Spaniards. The death of him and his eldest son [[Ninan Cuyochi]] sparked the [[Inca Civil War]], in which his sons [[Huáscar|Waskar]] and [[Atahualpa|Atawallpa]] fought over succession as the next Sapa Inca. Tawantinsuyu fell to [[Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire|Spanish conquests]] shortly after Atawallpa's victory.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Rostworowski |first=María |title=History of the Inca Realm |publisher=Cambridge University Press |translator-last=Iceland |translator-first=Harry B.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=de Betanzos |first=Juan |title=Suma y narración de los Incas}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=de León |first=Cieza |title=El Señorio de los Incas}}</ref>
 ==Names==
-Huayna Capac's original name was '''Titu Kusi Wallpa''' before ascending to Sapa Inca.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=sarmiento>{{cite book|last=Sarmiento de Gamboa|first=Pedro|title=The History of the Incas|year=2007|orig-date=Originally published in Spanish in 1572|editor1-last=Bauer|editor1-first=Brian S.|editor2-last=Smith|editor2-first=Vania|location=Austin|publisher=University of Texas Press|pages=171, 173}}</ref> Huayna Capac has many alternative transliterations, including ''Guayna Cápac'', ''Guayna Capac'', ''Huain Capac'',<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B-Fu0iwBTe8C&pg=PA114|title=Diccionario geografico universal: O-S|last=Echard|first=Lawrence|date=1815|publisher=por Francisco Martínez Dávila|language=es}}</ref> ''Guain Capac'', ''Guayana Capac''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6eK_twAACAAJ|title=Estudio en tradición oral: "Sobre la vida del Inca Guayana Capac"|last=Portnoy|first=Nestor F.|date=1997|publisher=|language=es}}</ref> (in Hispanicized spellings), ''Wayna Kapa'', ''Wayn Capac'',<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Silverman-Proust|first=Gail|title=The Woven Shadow of Time: Four Inti Mofits from Q'ero|url=http://dialogoandino.cl/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/DA-06-1987-06.pdf|journal=[[Diálogo Andino]] |issue=6 |year=1987|page=117|issn=0716-2278|quote=“Wayn Capac kay pachala riki puntata chinkaypushan". (In this world, Wayna Capac sets into a mountain peak. (Taped 1985).}}</ref> ''Wayana Qhapaq'', ''Wayna Kapak'',<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qo9uAAAAMAAJ|title=Matrimonio y sexo en el incario|last=Ellefsen|first=Bernardo|date=1989-01-01|publisher=Editorial Los Amigos del Libro|isbn=9788483701560|pages=143|language=es|quote=Dos casos notables se refieren a las concubinas de Wayna Kapak: Kontarwacho y Añas Kolke, ambas de la etnia huaylla.}}</ref> ''Wayna Capac'', and ''Wayna Qhapaq''. The name comes from [[Quechua language|Quechua]] ''wayna'' boy, young, young man; ''qhapaq'' "the mighty one",<ref>Teofilo Laime Ajacopa, Diccionario Bilingüe Iskay simipi yuyayk'ancha, La Paz, 2007 (Quechua-Spanish dictionary): '''''wayna'''''. - ''adj. s. m. Joven. Hombre que está en la juventud.'' '''''qhapaq'''''. - ''adj. Principal. Primero en importancia. || Noble, ilustre. Qhapaq. / Rico, -ca. Noble, adinerado. /  adj. y s. Poderoso, -sa. Acaudalado, adinerado. || El que tiene extensas tierras.''</ref><ref>Diccionario Quechua - Español - Quechua, Academía Mayor de la Lengua Quechua, Gobierno Regional Cusco, Cusco 2005: '''''qhapaq''''' - ''s. Hist. Término utilizado en el inkanato para denominar al poderosos, ilustre, eminente, regio, próspero, glorioso, de sangre real, etc. ...''</ref> "the young mighty one", "powerful young one"<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/millennialnewwor00graz|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/millennialnewwor00graz/page/202 202]|title=The Millennial New World|last=Graziano|first=Frank|date=1999|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195124323}}</ref> or "powerful youth"<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzkeAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA6|title=The Incas|last=D'Altroy|first=Terence N.|date=2014-05-27|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9781444331158|pages=6|language=en}}</ref>
+Wayna Qhapaq's original name was '''Titu Kusi Wallpa''' before ascending to Sapa Inca.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=sarmiento>{{cite book|last=Sarmiento de Gamboa|first=Pedro|title=The History of the Incas|year=2007|orig-date=Originally published in Spanish in 1572|editor1-last=Bauer|editor1-first=Brian S.|editor2-last=Smith|editor2-first=Vania|location=Austin|publisher=University of Texas Press|pages=171, 173}}</ref> Wayna Qhapaq has many alternative transliterations, including ''Guayna Cápac'', ''Guayna Capac'', ''Huain Capac'',<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B-Fu0iwBTe8C&pg=PA114|title=Diccionario geografico universal: O-S|last=Echard|first=Lawrence|date=1815|publisher=por Francisco Martínez Dávila|language=es}}</ref> ''Guain Capac'', ''Guayana Capac''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6eK_twAACAAJ|title=Estudio en tradición oral: "Sobre la vida del Inca Guayana Capac"|last=Portnoy|first=Nestor F.|date=1997|publisher=|language=es}}</ref> (in Hispanicized spellings), ''Wayna Kapa'', ''Wayn Capac'',<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Silverman-Proust|first=Gail|title=The Woven Shadow of Time: Four Inti Mofits from Q'ero|url=http://dialogoandino.cl/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/DA-06-1987-06.pdf|journal=[[Diálogo Andino]] |issue=6 |year=1987|page=117|issn=0716-2278|quote=“Wayn Capac kay pachala riki puntata chinkaypushan". (In this world, Wayna Capac sets into a mountain peak. (Taped 1985).}}</ref> ''Wayana Qhapaq'', ''Wayna Kapak'',<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qo9uAAAAMAAJ|title=Matrimonio y sexo en el incario|last=Ellefsen|first=Bernardo|date=1989-01-01|publisher=Editorial Los Amigos del Libro|isbn=9788483701560|pages=143|language=es|quote=Dos casos notables se refieren a las concubinas de Wayna Kapak: Kontarwacho y Añas Kolke, ambas de la etnia huaylla.}}</ref> ''Wayna Capac'', and ''Wayna Qhapaq''. The name comes from [[Quechua language|Quechua]] ''wayna'' boy, young, young man; ''qhapaq'' "the mighty one",<ref>Teofilo Laime Ajacopa, Diccionario Bilingüe Iskay simipi yuyayk'ancha, La Paz, 2007 (Quechua-Spanish dictionary): '''''wayna'''''. - ''adj. s. m. Joven. Hombre que está en la juventud.'' '''''qhapaq'''''. - ''adj. Principal. Primero en importancia. || Noble, ilustre. Qhapaq. / Rico, -ca. Noble, adinerado. /  adj. y s. Poderoso, -sa. Acaudalado, adinerado. || El que tiene extensas tierras.''</ref><ref>Diccionario Quechua - Español - Quechua, Academía Mayor de la Lengua Quechua, Gobierno Regional Cusco, Cusco 2005: '''''qhapaq''''' - ''s. Hist. Término utilizado en el inkanato para denominar al poderosos, ilustre, eminente, regio, próspero, glorioso, de sangre real, etc. ...''</ref> "the young mighty one", "powerful young one"<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/millennialnewwor00graz|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/millennialnewwor00graz/page/202 202]|title=The Millennial New World|last=Graziano|first=Frank|date=1999|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195124323}}</ref> or "powerful youth"<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzkeAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA6|title=The Incas|last=D'Altroy|first=Terence N.|date=2014-05-27|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9781444331158|pages=6|language=en}}</ref>
 Subjects commonly approached Sapa Incas adding epithets and titles when addressing them, such as '''Wayna Qhapaq Inka Sapa'lla Tukuy Llaqt'a Uya''' "Unique Sovereign Wayna Qhapaq Listener to All Peoples".<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xgoogjV9ANgC&pg=PA41|title=Conocimiento indígena y globalización|date=2005|publisher=Editorial Abya Yala|isbn=9789978223864|pages=41|language=es}}</ref>
@@ Line 35: / Line 35: @@
 == Background and family ==
 {{hatnote|Names are in Quechua, but given in their usual Spanish spellings, more widely known than the correct Quechua spellings.}}
-The exact place and date of Huayna Capac's birth are unknown. Though he was raised in [[Cusco]], he may have been born in 1468 in [[Tumebamba]] (modern [[Cuenca, Ecuador|Cuenca]]) and have spent part of his childhood there.<ref>{{cite book|last=Rostworowski|first=Maria|author-link1=María Rostworowski|title=Enciclopedia Temática del Perú|volume=1|page=67|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Cabello Valboa|first=Miguel|title=Miscelánea Antártica|year=1945|pages=142, 143, 146|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=de Santa Cruz Pachacuti Yamqui|first=Juan|title=Relación de las antigüedades deste Reyno del Pirú|editor1-last=Jiménez de la Espada|editor1-first=Marcos|editor1-link=Marcos Jiménez de la Espada|year=1879|orig-year=c. 1620|pages=249, 255|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Cobo|first=Bernabé|author-link=Bernabé Cobo|title=Historia del Nuevo Mundo|year=1964|orig-year=1890|volume=2|page=90|language=es}}</ref> He was the son of [[Túpac Inca Yupanqui]] (ruled 1471–1493) who had extended Inca rule north into present-day Ecuador, a process continued by Huayna Capac.<ref name=niles/>{{rp|253}}<ref name=sarmiento/>
+The exact place and date of Wayna Qhapaq's birth are unknown. Though he was raised in [[Cusco]], he may have been born in 1468 in [[Tumebamba]] (modern [[Cuenca, Ecuador|Cuenca]]) and have spent part of his childhood there.<ref>{{cite book|last=Rostworowski|first=Maria|author-link1=María Rostworowski|title=Enciclopedia Temática del Perú|volume=1|page=67|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Cabello Valboa|first=Miguel|title=Miscelánea Antártica|year=1945|pages=142, 143, 146|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=de Santa Cruz Pachacuti Yamqui|first=Juan|title=Relación de las antigüedades deste Reyno del Pirú|editor1-last=Jiménez de la Espada|editor1-first=Marcos|editor1-link=Marcos Jiménez de la Espada|year=1879|orig-year=c. 1620|pages=249, 255|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Cobo|first=Bernabé|author-link=Bernabé Cobo|title=Historia del Nuevo Mundo|year=1964|orig-year=1890|volume=2|page=90|language=es}}</ref> He was the son of [[Túpac Inca Yupanqui]] (ruled 1471–1493) who had extended Inca rule north into present-day Ecuador, a process continued by Wayna Qhapaq.<ref name=niles/>{{rp|253}}<ref name=sarmiento/>
-Huayna Capac's first wife was his full sister, Koya "Queen"<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g6hsAAAAMAAJ|title=Race, ethnicity, and the struggle for indigenous self-representation: de-indianization in Cuzco, Peru, 1919-1992|last=Cadena|first=María Soledad De la|date=1996|publisher=University of Wisconsin--Madison|pages=292|language=en|quote=The sacred animals, royal servants, the Virgins of the Sun, the priests, the high dignitaries of the Court, the Koya (Queen) and the Inca paraded through the scene, these last occupying their respective seats of honor.}}</ref> [[Coya Cusirimay]].<ref name=niles/>{{rp|109}} The couple produced no male heirs, but Huayna Capac sired more than 50 legitimate sons, and about 200 illegitimate children<ref name=niles>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=983nX2KmkFUC|title=The Shape of Inca History: Narrative and Architecture in an Andean Empire|last=Niles|first=Susan A.|date=1999|publisher=University of Iowa Press|isbn=9781587292941|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|113}} with other women. Huayna Capac took another sister, [[Araua Ocllo]], as his royal wife. They had a son they named Thupaq Kusi Wallpa,<ref name=":0" /> later known as [[Huáscar]].
+Wayna Qhapaq's first wife was his full sister, Koya "Queen"<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g6hsAAAAMAAJ|title=Race, ethnicity, and the struggle for indigenous self-representation: de-indianization in Cuzco, Peru, 1919-1992|last=Cadena|first=María Soledad De la|date=1996|publisher=University of Wisconsin--Madison|pages=292|language=en|quote=The sacred animals, royal servants, the Virgins of the Sun, the priests, the high dignitaries of the Court, the Koya (Queen) and the Inca paraded through the scene, these last occupying their respective seats of honor.}}</ref> [[Coya Cusirimay]].<ref name=niles/>{{rp|109}} The couple produced no male heirs, but Wayna Qhapaq sired more than 50 legitimate sons, and about 200 illegitimate children<ref name=niles>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=983nX2KmkFUC|title=The Shape of Inca History: Narrative and Architecture in an Andean Empire|last=Niles|first=Susan A.|date=1999|publisher=University of Iowa Press|isbn=9781587292941|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|113}} with other women. Wayna Qhapaq took another sister, [[Araua Ocllo]], as his royal wife. They had a son they named Thupaq Kusi Wallpa,<ref name=":0" /> later known as [[Huáscar|Waskar]].
-Other sons included [[Ninan Cuyochi]] (the Crown Prince), [[Atahualpa]], [[Túpac Huallpa]], [[Manco Inca Yupanqui|Manco Inca]], [[Paullu Inca]], [[Atoc]], Konono, Wanka Auqui, Kizu Yupanqui, Tito Atauchi, Waman Wallpa, Kusi Wallpa, Tilka Yupanqu.<ref name=niles/>{{rp|109–112}} Some of them later held the title of [[Sapa Inca]], although some later Sapa Inca were installed by the Spaniards.
+Other sons included [[Ninan Cuyochi]] (the Crown Prince), [[Atahualpa|Atawallpa]], [[Túpac Huallpa]], [[Manco Inca Yupanqui|Manco Inca]], [[Paullu Inca]], [[Atoc]], Konono, Wanka Auqui, Kizu Yupanqui, Tito Atauchi, Waman Wallpa, Kusi Wallpa, Tilka Yupanqu.<ref name=niles/>{{rp|109–112}} Some of them later held the title of [[Sapa Inca]], although some later Sapa Inca were installed by the Spaniards.
-Among the daughters of Huayna Capac were [[Coya Asarpay]] (the First Princess of the Empire), [[Quispe Sisa]], [[Cura Ocllo]], Marca Chimbo, Pachacuti Yamqui, Miro, Kusi Warkay, [[Francisca Coya]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Costales |first1=Piedad Peñaherrera de |last2=Costales Samaniego |first2=Alfredo |last3=Jurado Noboa |first3=Fernando |url=http://biblioteca.culturaypatrimonio.gob.ec/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=114417 |title=Los señores naturales de la tierra : Las Coyas y Pallas del Tahuantinsuyo |website=Cultura y Patrimonio |language=Spanish |date=1982 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite report|url=https://www.academia.edu/10355786|url-access=registration|title=Descendientes del Emperador Inca Pachacútec|first=Juan G.|last=Zapata-Jaramillo|website=Academia.edu}}</ref> and others.<ref name=niles/>{{rp|112}}<ref name="Gamboa" />{{rp|112,118}}
+Among the daughters of Wayna Qhapaq were [[Coya Asarpay]] (the First Princess of the Empire), [[Quispe Sisa]], [[Cura Ocllo]], Marca Chimbo, Pachacuti Yamqui, Miro, Kusi Warkay, [[Francisca Coya]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Costales |first1=Piedad Peñaherrera de |last2=Costales Samaniego |first2=Alfredo |last3=Jurado Noboa |first3=Fernando |url=http://biblioteca.culturaypatrimonio.gob.ec/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=114417 |title=Los señores naturales de la tierra : Las Coyas y Pallas del Tahuantinsuyo |website=Cultura y Patrimonio |language=Spanish |date=1982 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite report|url=https://www.academia.edu/10355786|url-access=registration|title=Descendientes del Emperador Inca Pachacútec|first=Juan G.|last=Zapata-Jaramillo|website=Academia.edu}}</ref> and others.<ref name=niles/>{{rp|112}}<ref name="Gamboa" />{{rp|112,118}}
-In addition to Kusi Rimay and Rawa Okllo, Huayna Capac had more than 50 wives including Osika, Lari, Anawarque, Kontarwachu and Añas Qolque.<ref name=":2" /><sup>:143</sup><ref name=niles/>{{rp|109–112}}
+In addition to Kusi Rimay and Rawa Okllo, Wayna Qhapaq had more than 50 wives including Osika, Lari, Anawarque, Kontarwachu and Añas Qolque.<ref name=":2" /><sup>:143</sup><ref name=niles/>{{rp|109–112}}
 ==Administration==
-[[File:Inca roads-en.svg|thumb|left|250px|Tawantinsuyu or Inca empire at its peak under Huayna Capac.]]
+[[File:Inca roads-en.svg|thumb|left|250px|Tawantinsuyu or Inca empire at its peak under Wayna Qhapaq.]]
-As a "boy chief" or "boy sovereign", Huayna Capac had a tutor, Wallpaya,<ref name=":0" /><sup>:218</sup> a nephew of Túpac Inca Yupanqui. This tutor's plot to assume the Incaship was discovered by his uncle, the Governor Waman Achachi, who had Wallpaya killed.<ref name="Gamboa" />{{rp|109}}
+As a "boy chief" or "boy sovereign", Wayna Qhapaq had a tutor, Wallpaya,<ref name=":0" /><sup>:218</sup> a nephew of Túpac Inca Yupanqui. This tutor's plot to assume the Incaship was discovered by his uncle, the Governor Waman Achachi, who had Wallpaya killed.<ref name="Gamboa" />{{rp|109}}
-In the south, Huayna Capac continued the expansion of Tawantinsuyu into what is now Chile and Argentina, and tried to annex territories towards the north in what is now Ecuador and southern Colombia.
+In the south, Wayna Qhapaq continued the expansion of Tawantinsuyu into what is now Chile and Argentina, and tried to annex territories towards the north in what is now Ecuador and southern Colombia.
-[[File:Pumpu, an Inca site.png|thumb|290x290px|Ruins of the Inca city of Pumpu. Huayna Capac used to spend time relaxing in the nearby [[Lake Junin|Chinchay Cocha]] lake connected to the city by a river.]]
+[[File:Pumpu, an Inca site.png|thumb|290x290px|Ruins of the Inca city of Pumpu. Wayna Qhapaq used to spend time relaxing in the nearby [[Lake Junin|Chinchay Cocha]] lake connected to the city by a river.]]
-According to the Ecuadorian priest [[Juan de Velasco]] Huayna Capac absorbed the [[Cara culture|kingdom of Quito]] into the Inca Empire. He supposedly married [[Paccha Duchicela]], the queen of Quito.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" />
+According to the Ecuadorian priest [[Juan de Velasco]] Wayna Qhapaq absorbed the [[Cara culture|kingdom of Quito]] into the Inca Empire. He supposedly married [[Paccha Duchicela]], the queen of Quito.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" />
-Huayna Capac became fond of Ecuador and spent most of his time there, founding cities like [[Atuntaqui]]. Huayna Capac rebuilt Quito to make it the "second capital" of the empire, besides [[Cusco]].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Huayna Capac |publisher=Real Academia de la Historia |encyclopedia=Diccionario Biográfico Español |last=González Ochoa |first=José María |date=2018 |url= https://dbe.rah.es/biografias/94965/huayna-capac |language=es}}</ref>
+Wayna Qhapaq became fond of Ecuador and spent most of his time there, founding cities like [[Atuntaqui]]. Wayna Qhapaq rebuilt Quito to make it the "second capital" of the empire, besides [[Cusco]].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Huayna Capac |publisher=Real Academia de la Historia |encyclopedia=Diccionario Biográfico Español |last=González Ochoa |first=José María |date=2018 |url= https://dbe.rah.es/biografias/94965/huayna-capac |language=es}}</ref>
-As Sapa Inca, he built astronomical observatories in Ecuador such as [[Ingapirca]]. Huayna Capac hoped to establish a northern stronghold in the city of [[Tumebamba]], inhabited by the [[Cañari|Cañari people]]. In the [[Sacred Valley]], the sparse remains of one of Huayna Capac's estates and his country palace called [[Quispiguanca|Kispiwanka]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Saintenoy|first=Thibault|title=Choqek'iraw et la vallée de l'Apurimac : paysages et sociétés préhispaniques tardives|url=https://www.academia.edu/27190289|journal=HTTP WWW Theses Fr|language=en}}</ref> can still be found in the present-day town of [[Urubamba, Peru]].
+As Sapa Inca, he built astronomical observatories in Ecuador such as [[Ingapirca]]. Wayna Qhapaq hoped to establish a northern stronghold in the city of [[Tumebamba]], inhabited by the [[Cañari|Cañari people]]. In the [[Sacred Valley]], the sparse remains of one of Wayna Qhapaq's estates and his country palace called [[Quispiguanca|Kispiwanka]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Saintenoy|first=Thibault|title=Choqek'iraw et la vallée de l'Apurimac : paysages et sociétés préhispaniques tardives|url=https://www.academia.edu/27190289|journal=HTTP WWW Theses Fr|language=en}}</ref> can still be found in the present-day town of [[Urubamba, Peru]].
-In what is now Bolivia, Huayna Capac was responsible for developing [[Cochabamba]] as an important agriculture and administrative center, with more than two thousand silos ([[qullqa]]s) for corn storage built in the area.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}} Further north in Ecuador, Huayna Capac's forces attempted to expand into the lowlands of the [[Amazon basin]], reaching the [[Chinchipe River]], but they were pushed back by the [[Shuar people|Shuar]].<ref name="Salazar1977">{{cite book|author=Ernesto Salazar|title=An Indian federation in lowland Ecuador|url=http://www.iwgia.org/iwgia_files_publications_files/0106_28Ecuador.pdf|access-date=16 February 2013|year=1977|publisher=[[International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs]]|page=13}}</ref>
+In what is now Bolivia, Wayna Qhapaq was responsible for developing [[Cochabamba]] as an important agriculture and administrative center, with more than two thousand silos ([[qullqa]]s) for corn storage built in the area.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}} Further north in Ecuador, Wayna Qhapaq's forces attempted to expand into the lowlands of the [[Amazon basin]], reaching the [[Chinchipe River]], but they were pushed back by the [[Shuar people|Shuar]].<ref name="Salazar1977">{{cite book|author=Ernesto Salazar|title=An Indian federation in lowland Ecuador|url=http://www.iwgia.org/iwgia_files_publications_files/0106_28Ecuador.pdf|access-date=16 February 2013|year=1977|publisher=[[International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs]]|page=13}}</ref>
-Huayna Capac acquired a special fondness for the central Peruvian Andes and its local highlights; he is recorded as having spent time relaxing in the [[Chinchaycocha]] lake on the Bombon plateau. Many [[Pre-Columbian rafts|Inca rafts]] were brought to the lake directly from Ecuador for his amusement.<ref>{{Cite book|title=El Perú - Historia de la geografía del Perú, Libro Primero, Tomo II|last=Raimondi|first=Antonio|publisher=Imprenta del Estado|location=Lima|year=1876|language=es}}</ref> On its way to Cusco, after Huayna Capac's death in Quito, the procession carrying his body stopped in the vicinity of Shawsha, a city in the central Peruvian Andes, acknowledging the fondness that he had felt for the region, and because the local inhabitants had been some of the most loyal to its causes.
+Wayna Qhapaq acquired a special fondness for the central Peruvian Andes and its local highlights; he is recorded as having spent time relaxing in the [[Chinchaycocha]] lake on the Bombon plateau. Many [[Pre-Columbian rafts|Inca rafts]] were brought to the lake directly from Ecuador for his amusement.<ref>{{Cite book|title=El Perú - Historia de la geografía del Perú, Libro Primero, Tomo II|last=Raimondi|first=Antonio|publisher=Imprenta del Estado|location=Lima|year=1876|language=es}}</ref> On its way to Cusco, after Wayna Qhapaq's death in Quito, the procession carrying his body stopped in the vicinity of Shawsha, a city in the central Peruvian Andes, acknowledging the fondness that he had felt for the region, and because the local inhabitants had been some of the most loyal to its causes.
-Tawantinsuyu, or the Inca Empire, reached the height of its size and power under his rule, stretching over much of what is now Bolivia, Peru, Argentina, Chile, Ecuador, and southwestern Colombia. It included varying terrain from high frozen [[Andes]] to the densest swamps. His subjects spanned more than two hundred distinct ethnic groups, each with their own customs and languages. The empire spanned {{convert|3500|km|mi}} north to south, comprising the desert coast of [[Pacific Ocean]] on the west, the high Andes in the southeast and the forests of the [[Amazon Basin]] on the east.<ref name=maya>[http://www.mahafatna.com/php/2009/11/maya-aztecs-inca-inuit-before-columbus/ "Maya, Aztecs, Inca, Inuit: before Columbus."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110320072655/http://www.mahafatna.com/php/2009/11/maya-aztecs-inca-inuit-before-columbus/ |date=2011-03-20 }} ''Worldwide Story for Civilization.'' (retrieved 3 July 2011)</ref> A dedicated ruler, Huayna Capac did much to improve the lives of his people. In addition to building temples and other works, Huayna Capac greatly expanded the [[Incan roads|road network]].<ref name=Prescott>Prescott, W.H., 2011, The History of the Conquest of Peru, Digireads.com Publishing, {{ISBN|9781420941142}}</ref>{{rp|144}} He had [[qollqa]] built along it for food so that aid could be quickly rushed to any who were in danger of starvation.
+Tawantinsuyu, or the Inca Empire, reached the height of its size and power under his rule, stretching over much of what is now Bolivia, Peru, Argentina, Chile, Ecuador, and southwestern Colombia. It included varying terrain from high frozen [[Andes]] to the densest swamps. His subjects spanned more than two hundred distinct ethnic groups, each with their own customs and languages. The empire spanned {{convert|3500|km|mi}} north to south, comprising the desert coast of [[Pacific Ocean]] on the west, the high Andes in the southeast and the forests of the [[Amazon Basin]] on the east.<ref name=maya>[http://www.mahafatna.com/php/2009/11/maya-aztecs-inca-inuit-before-columbus/ "Maya, Aztecs, Inca, Inuit: before Columbus."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110320072655/http://www.mahafatna.com/php/2009/11/maya-aztecs-inca-inuit-before-columbus/ |date=2011-03-20 }} ''Worldwide Story for Civilization.'' (retrieved 3 July 2011)</ref> A dedicated ruler, Wayna Qhapaq did much to improve the lives of his people. In addition to building temples and other works, Wayna Qhapaq greatly expanded the [[Incan roads|road network]].<ref name=Prescott>Prescott, W.H., 2011, The History of the Conquest of Peru, Digireads.com Publishing, {{ISBN|9781420941142}}</ref>{{rp|144}} He had [[qollqa]] built along it for food so that aid could be quickly rushed to any who were in danger of starvation.
-Huayna Capac knew of the Spanish arrival off the coast of his empire<ref name=Gamboa/>{{rp|131}} as early as 1515.
+Wayna Qhapaq knew of the Spanish arrival off the coast of his empire<ref name=Gamboa/>{{rp|131}} as early as 1515.
 ==Death and legacy==
-[[File:Huayna Cápac en el Monumento a Olmedo.JPG|thumb|right|Statue of Huayna Capac in [[Guayaquil]]]]
+[[File:Huayna Cápac en el Monumento a Olmedo.JPG|thumb|right|Statue of Wayna Qhapaq in [[Guayaquil]]]]
-Huayna Capac died in 1527.<ref name=Inca>de la Vega, G., "El Inca", 2006, Royal Commentaries of the Incas and General History of Peru, Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Co., Inc., {{ISBN|9780872208438}}</ref>{{rp|82–83,85}} When Huayna Capac returned to Quito he had already contracted a fever while campaigning in present-day Colombia (though some historians dispute this),<ref name=mccaa>{{cite web|title=Why Blame Smallpox? The Death of the Inca Huayna Capac and the Demographic Destruction of Tawantinsuyu (Ancient Peru)|last1=McCaa |first1=Robert |last2=Nimlos |first2=Aleta |last3=Hampe Martinez |first3=Teodoro |date=6 March 2011<!--from PDF source-->|url=http://users.pop.umn.edu/~rmccaa/aha2004/why_blame_smallpox.pdf<!--Web:http://www.hist.umn.edu/~rmccaa/aha2004/whypox.htm-->}}</ref> likely resulting from the introduction of European disease like [[measles]] or [[smallpox]].<ref name=Gamboa/>{{rp|117}}<ref name=Leon>Leon, P., 1998, The Discovery and Conquest of Peru, Chronicles of the New World Encounter, edited and translated by Cook and Cook, Durham: Duke University Press, {{ISBN|9780822321460}}</ref>{{rp|115}} The Spaniards had carried [[Native American disease and epidemics|a wide variety of deadly diseases]] to North, Central and South America; and the [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Indigenous peoples]] had no acquired immunity against them. Millions of Central- and South Americans died in that [[epidemic]] including Huayna's brother, Auqui Tupac Inca, and Huayna's would-be successor and eldest son, Ninan Cuyochi. According to some sources, his sons [[Atahualpa]] and [[Huáscar]] were granted two separate realms of Tawantinsuyu: his favorite Atahualpa, the northern portion centered on Quito; and Huáscar, the southern portion centered on Cusco.<ref name=Prescott/>{{rp|146}} According to other sources, Atuahualpa was acting as provincial governor on behalf of his brother. The two sons reigned peacefully for four to five years before Huáscar (or possibly Atahualpa) decided to grab power.<ref name=Inca/>{{rp|89}}
+Wayna Qhapaq died in 1527.<ref name=Inca>de la Vega, G., "El Inca", 2006, Royal Commentaries of the Incas and General History of Peru, Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Co., Inc., {{ISBN|9780872208438}}</ref>{{rp|82–83,85}} When Wayna Qhapaq returned to Quito he had already contracted a fever while campaigning in present-day Colombia (though some historians dispute this),<ref name=mccaa>{{cite web|title=Why Blame Smallpox? The Death of the Inca Huayna Capac and the Demographic Destruction of Tawantinsuyu (Ancient Peru)|last1=McCaa |first1=Robert |last2=Nimlos |first2=Aleta |last3=Hampe Martinez |first3=Teodoro |date=6 March 2011<!--from PDF source-->|url=http://users.pop.umn.edu/~rmccaa/aha2004/why_blame_smallpox.pdf<!--Web:http://www.hist.umn.edu/~rmccaa/aha2004/whypox.htm-->}}</ref> likely resulting from the introduction of European disease like [[measles]] or [[smallpox]].<ref name=Gamboa/>{{rp|117}}<ref name=Leon>Leon, P., 1998, The Discovery and Conquest of Peru, Chronicles of the New World Encounter, edited and translated by Cook and Cook, Durham: Duke University Press, {{ISBN|9780822321460}}</ref>{{rp|115}} The Spaniards had carried [[Native American disease and epidemics|a wide variety of deadly diseases]] to North, Central and South America; and the [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Indigenous peoples]] had no acquired immunity against them. Millions of Central- and South Americans died in that [[epidemic]] including Wayna's brother, Auqui Tupac Inca, and Wayna's would-be successor and eldest son, Ninan Cuyochi. According to some sources, his sons [[Atahualpa|Atawallpa]] and [[Huáscar|Waskar]] were granted two separate realms of Tawantinsuyu: his favorite Atawallpa, the northern portion centered on Quito; and Waskar, the southern portion centered on Cusco.<ref name=Prescott/>{{rp|146}} According to other sources, Atuahualpa was acting as provincial governor on behalf of his brother. The two sons reigned peacefully for four to five years before Waskar (or possibly Atawallpa) decided to grab power.<ref name=Inca/>{{rp|89}}
-Huáscar quickly secured power in Cusco and had his brother arrested. However, Atahualpa escaped from his imprisonment with the help of his wife. Atahualpa began securing support from Huayna Capac's best generals, [[Chalcuchímac]] and [[Quizquiz]], who happened to be near Quito, the nearest major city. Atahualpa rebelled against his brother and won the [[Inca Civil War|ensuing civil war]], imprisoning Huáscar at the end of the war.<ref name=Inca/>{{rp|89–94}} Huayna Capac's city of [[Tumebamba]] was destroyed during the war. The Spanish [[Francisco Pizarro]] and his men ascended into the Andes just as Atahualpa was returning to Cusco after the successful conclusion of his northern campaigns. After launching a surprise attack in [[Cajamarca]] and massacring upward of 6,000 Incan soldiers, Pizarro took Atahualpa prisoner. Pizarro's [[Ransom Room|ransom of Atahualpa]] and his subsequent execution marked the immediate turning point of the [[Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire|Spanish conquest of Tawantinsuyu]].
+Waskar quickly secured power in Cusco and had his brother arrested. However, Atawallpa escaped from his imprisonment with the help of his wife. Atawallpa began securing support from Wayna Qhapaq's best generals, [[Chalcuchímac]] and [[Quizquiz]], who happened to be near Quito, the nearest major city. Atawallpa rebelled against his brother and won the [[Inca Civil War|ensuing civil war]], imprisoning Waskar at the end of the war.<ref name=Inca/>{{rp|89–94}} Wayna Qhapaq's city of [[Tumebamba]] was destroyed during the war. The Spanish [[Francisco Pizarro]] and his men ascended into the Andes just as Atawallpa was returning to Cusco after the successful conclusion of his northern campaigns. After launching a surprise attack in [[Cajamarca]] and massacring upward of 6,000 Incan soldiers, Pizarro took Atawallpa prisoner. Pizarro's [[Ransom Room|ransom of Atawallpa]] and his subsequent execution marked the immediate turning point of the [[Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire|Spanish conquest of Tawantinsuyu]].
 ==Lost mummy==
 {{further|Religion in the Inca Empire#Mummification}}
-All the Inca emperors had their bodies mummified after death. Huayna Capac's [[mummy]] was housed in his palace in Cusco and was seen by the Spanish conquistadors. Later, it was taken from Cusco to his royal estate of Kispiwanka where it was hidden from the Spanish by Huayna Capac's relatives and servants. At some point it was taken back to Cusco, where it was discovered in 1559 by the Spanish. Along with mummies of 10 other Inca emperors and their wives, the mummy was taken to [[Lima, Peru|Lima]] where it was displayed in the San Andres Hospital. The mummies deteriorated in the damp climate of Lima and eventually they were either buried or destroyed by the Spanish.<ref name=mccaa/><ref name=pringle>{{cite web |last=Pringle |first=Harriet |title=Inca Empire |website=National Geographic |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2011/04/inca-empire/pringle-text/2 |url-status=dead |date=April 2011 |archive-date=20 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110320093857/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2011/04/inca-empire/pringle-text/2 }}</ref>
+All the Inca emperors had their bodies mummified after death. Wayna Qhapaq's [[mummy]] was housed in his palace in Cusco and was seen by the Spanish conquistadors. Later, it was taken from Cusco to his royal estate of Kispiwanka where it was hidden from the Spanish by Wayna Qhapaq's relatives and servants. At some point it was taken back to Cusco, where it was discovered in 1559 by the Spanish. Along with mummies of 10 other Inca emperors and their wives, the mummy was taken to [[Lima, Peru|Lima]] where it was displayed in the San Andres Hospital. The mummies deteriorated in the damp climate of Lima and eventually they were either buried or destroyed by the Spanish.<ref name=mccaa/><ref name=pringle>{{cite web |last=Pringle |first=Harriet |title=Inca Empire |website=National Geographic |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2011/04/inca-empire/pringle-text/2 |url-status=dead |date=April 2011 |archive-date=20 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110320093857/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2011/04/inca-empire/pringle-text/2 }}</ref>
 An attempt to find the mummies of the Inca emperors beneath the San Andres hospital in 2001 was unsuccessful. The archaeologists found a crypt, but it was empty. The mummies may have been removed when the building was repaired after an earthquake.<ref name=pringle/>

v t e Sapa Incas
Hurin dynasty	Manco Cápac (c. 1200 CE) Sinchi Roca (c. 1230) Lloque Yupanqui (c. 1260) Mayta Cápac (c. 1290) Cápac Yupanqui (c. 1320)
Hanan dynasty	Inca Roca (c. 1350) Yawar Waqaq (c. 1380) Viracocha Inca (c. 1410) Pachacuti (1438–1471) Topa Inca Yupanqui (1471–1493) Huayna Capac (1493–1527) Ninan Cuyochi (1527) Huáscar (1527–1532) Atahualpa (1532–1533)

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