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Qanat received a peer review by Wikipedia editors, which is now archived. It may contain ideas you can use to improve this article.

Concept

Traditionally it is recognized that the qanat technology was invented in ancient Iran^[1] sometime in the early 1st millennium BC,^[2]^[3]^[4] and spread from there slowly westward and eastward. Accordingly some sources state qanats were invented in Iran before 1000 BC^[5]^[6] and as far back as 3000 BC.^[7]^[8] Consequently, the qanats of Gonabad have been estimated to be nearly 2700 years old.^[9]^[10]

In 2002, archaeologist Walid Yasin Al Tikriti provided a counterpoint that the qanat did not originate in Persia.^[11] As evidence, he noted seven Iron Age aflaj recently discovered in the Al Ain area of the UAE which were dated back to the first millennium BCE based on sherds, pottery, fireplaces, and architecture.^[12] Tikriti pointed to excavations in Sharjah, by the French archaeological team working there, as well as a German team working in Oman of possible Iron age aflaj.^[13] He concludes that the technology originated in South East Arabia and was taken to Persia, likely by the Sasanian conquest of the Oman peninsular.^[14]

In 2013, Boualem Remini and Bachir Achour, stated that the origin of the qanat technology is uncertain, yet confirmed the technology was in use in northwest Iran c.1000 BCE.^[15]^[16]^[17]

In 2016, Rémy Boucharlat in his paper Qanāt and Falaj: Polycentric and Multi-Period Innovations Iran and the United Arab Emirates as Case Studies, asserted that the attribution of the technology to Iranians in the early first millennium BCE is a position that cannot longer be maintained.^[18] Whereas Boucharlat contends archeological evidence indicates a polycentric innovation as opposed to a radial diffusion.^[19]

References

^ The Protection of Archaeological Heritage in Times of Economic Crisis, ed. Elena Korka, (Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2014), 78.
^ "Qanat: An Ancient Invention for Water Management in Iran" (PDF). hamed.mit.edu. p. 1.
^ Lightfoot, Dale R. "The Origin and Diffusion of Qanats in Arabia: New Evidence from the northern and southern Peninsula". The Geographical Journal. 166 (3): 215.
^ Schneier-Madanes, Graciela; Courel, Marie-Francoise (2009-12-01). Water and Sustainability in Arid Regions: Bridging the Gap Between Physical and Social Sciences. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 125–126.
^ "Review of Ancient Wisdom of Qanat, and Suggestions for Future Water Management" (PDF). www.e-sciencecentral.org. p. 57.
^ "APPLICATION OF TRADITIONAL ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURE AS SUSTAINABLE APPROACH TO MITIGATION OF SHORTAGE WATER SUPPLY IN DESERT REGIONS" (PDF). universitypublications.net. p. 125.
^ "(PDF) Water resource management in Ancient Iran with emphasis on technological approaches: a cultural heritage". ResearchGate. pp. 583–584
^ Saberioon, Mehdi; Gholizadeh, Asa (2010-12-01). "Traditional Water Tunnels (Qanats) in Iran". "Qanats are subterranean tunnels ancient civilizations built to access groundwater that have been originated from rainwater. The technique is a sustainable method of groundwater extraction and date back some 5000 years or more in Iran."
^ The Protection of Archaeological Heritage in Times of Economic Crisis, ed. Elena Korka, page 81-82
^ Underground Aqueducts Handbook, ed. Andreas N. Angelakis, Eustathios Chiotis, Saeid Eslamian, Herbert Weingartner, page 140
^ Tikriti, Walid (2002). "The south-east Arabian origin of the falaj system". Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies. 32. Archaeopress Publishing Ltd.: 117 – via JSTOR.
^ Tikriti, Walid (2002). "The south-east Arabian origin of the falaj system". Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies. 32: 131 – via JSTOR.
^ Tikriti, Walid (2002). "The south-east Arabian origin of the falaj system". Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies. 32: 131 – via JSTOR.
^ Tikriti, Walid (2002). "The south-east Arabian origin of the falaj system". Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies. 32: 137 – via JSTOR.
^ The qanat of the Greatest Western Erg, Boualem Remini and Bachir Achour, Journal (American Water Works Association), Vol. 105, No. 5, International (May 2013), p. 104; "Even though some uncertainty remains regarding the origin of the qanat, several authors agree that this hydraulic system was born in the northwest region of Iran more than 3,000 years ago (Hussain et al, 2008; Kazemi, 2004)."
^ Hussain I.; Abu Rizaiza, O.S.; Habib, M.A.; & Ashfq, M., 2008. Revitalizing a Traditional Dryland Water Supply System: The Karzes in Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistan, and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Water International,33:3:33.
^ Kazemi, G.A, 2004. Temporal Changes in the Physical Properties and Chemical Composition of the Municipal Water Supply of Shahrood, Northeastern Iran. Hydrogeology Journal, 12:723
^ Boucharlat, Rémy (2016-11-25), "Chapter 17 Qanāt and Falaj: Polycentric and Multi-Period Innovations Iran and the United Arab Emirates as Case Studies", Underground Aqueducts Handbook, CRC Press, p. 280, doi:10.1201/9781315368566-18, ISBN 9781498748308, retrieved 2018-12-08
^ Boucharlat, Underground Aqueducts Handbook, page 279.

Unnecessary content duplication

The section on Iran is almost a 100% verbatim copy of https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_water_sources_of_Persian_antiquity, an article the section actually provides a link to.

What is the purpose of this redundancy?

The article is already a wall-of-text; maybe mark the article for clean-up. 99.225.227.193 (talk) 21:11, 22 July 2023 (UTC)[reply]

Sometimes, articles on Wikipedia overlap, that's not different here.---Wikaviani ^{(talk) (contribs)} 21:16, 22 July 2023 (UTC)[reply]

Paragraphs worth ~2300 words overlap. I would say that is different from any article I've encountered on Wikipedia so far.

In my opinion and experience, keeping so much duplicate content synchronized manually over multiple articles will lead to major problems down the road. Signs of this are already showing when affected paragraphs are carefully compared (e.g.: punctuation, grammar, word ordering).

This is the reason why I tried to bring the issue to the attention of those who maintain the article.

Anyhow, if the redundancy is deemed acceptable, then I can live with it too (as long as I am not asked to fix it :) ).

Thank you for following up. 99.225.227.193 (talk) 00:56, 23 July 2023 (UTC)[reply]

Yeah, i get you, but we cannot remove the content from this article, maybe a merger proposal could fix that. Best.---Wikaviani ^{(talk) (contribs)} 03:00, 23 July 2023 (UTC)[reply]

The problem with a merge proposal even if consensus is gained (or if they decide to boldly do it), is that usually the original proposer has to be willing to merge the content themselves. Fork99 (talk) 13:56, 28 August 2023 (UTC)[reply]

[1] The Protection of Archaeological Heritage in Times of Economic Crisis, ed. Elena Korka, (Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2014), 78.

[2] "Qanat: An Ancient Invention for Water Management in Iran" (PDF). hamed.mit.edu. p. 1.

[3] Lightfoot, Dale R. "The Origin and Diffusion of Qanats in Arabia: New Evidence from the northern and southern Peninsula". The Geographical Journal. 166 (3): 215.

[4] Schneier-Madanes, Graciela; Courel, Marie-Francoise (2009-12-01). Water and Sustainability in Arid Regions: Bridging the Gap Between Physical and Social Sciences. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 125–126.

[5] "Review of Ancient Wisdom of Qanat, and Suggestions for Future Water Management" (PDF). www.e-sciencecentral.org. p. 57.

[6] "APPLICATION OF TRADITIONAL ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURE AS SUSTAINABLE APPROACH TO MITIGATION OF SHORTAGE WATER SUPPLY IN DESERT REGIONS" (PDF). universitypublications.net. p. 125.

[7] "(PDF) Water resource management in Ancient Iran with emphasis on technological approaches: a cultural heritage". ResearchGate. pp. 583–584

[8] Saberioon, Mehdi; Gholizadeh, Asa (2010-12-01). "Traditional Water Tunnels (Qanats) in Iran". "Qanats are subterranean tunnels ancient civilizations built to access groundwater that have been originated from rainwater. The technique is a sustainable method of groundwater extraction and date back some 5000 years or more in Iran."

[9] The Protection of Archaeological Heritage in Times of Economic Crisis, ed. Elena Korka, page 81-82

[10] Underground Aqueducts Handbook, ed. Andreas N. Angelakis, Eustathios Chiotis, Saeid Eslamian, Herbert Weingartner, page 140

[11] Tikriti, Walid (2002). "The south-east Arabian origin of the falaj system". Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies. 32. Archaeopress Publishing Ltd.: 117 – via JSTOR.

[12] Tikriti, Walid (2002). "The south-east Arabian origin of the falaj system". Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies. 32: 131 – via JSTOR.

[13] Tikriti, Walid (2002). "The south-east Arabian origin of the falaj system". Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies. 32: 131 – via JSTOR.

[14] Tikriti, Walid (2002). "The south-east Arabian origin of the falaj system". Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies. 32: 137 – via JSTOR.

[15] The qanat of the Greatest Western Erg, Boualem Remini and Bachir Achour, Journal (American Water Works Association), Vol. 105, No. 5, International (May 2013), p. 104; "Even though some uncertainty remains regarding the origin of the qanat, several authors agree that this hydraulic system was born in the northwest region of Iran more than 3,000 years ago (Hussain et al, 2008; Kazemi, 2004)."

[16] Hussain I.; Abu Rizaiza, O.S.; Habib, M.A.; & Ashfq, M., 2008. Revitalizing a Traditional Dryland Water Supply System: The Karzes in Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistan, and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Water International,33:3:33.

[17] Kazemi, G.A, 2004. Temporal Changes in the Physical Properties and Chemical Composition of the Municipal Water Supply of Shahrood, Northeastern Iran. Hydrogeology Journal, 12:723

[:0-18] Boucharlat, Rémy (2016-11-25), "Chapter 17 Qanāt and Falaj: Polycentric and Multi-Period Innovations Iran and the United Arab Emirates as Case Studies", Underground Aqueducts Handbook, CRC Press, p. 280, doi:10.1201/9781315368566-18, ISBN 9781498748308, retrieved 2018-12-08

[19] Boucharlat, Underground Aqueducts Handbook, page 279.

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