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[[File:Destroyed bus in Rainsville.JPG|thumb|288x288px|School bus torn to its chassis east of Rainsville. This is considered to be some of the worst damage ever inflicted on a vehicle by a tornado.|left]]
[[File:Destroyed bus in Rainsville.JPG|thumb|288x288px|School bus torn to its chassis east of Rainsville. This is considered to be some of the worst damage ever inflicted on a vehicle by a tornado.|left]]
Just east of [[Rainsville, Alabama|Rainsville]], the tornado grew to {{convert|1/2|mi|km|spell=in|adj=on}} wide and reached its peak intensity of EF5. Numerous homes, businesses, and public facilities were decimated, with little to no debris left behind. Vehicles were lofted hundreds of yards and mangled beyond recognition, including a school bus that was thrown across a highway, and stripped down to its [[chassis]]. A [[Huddle House]] was impacted with enough strength to distort its metal frame, and only one wall was left standing. [[Plainview High School (Rainsville, Alabama)|Plainview High School]] sustained $10 to $15 million (2011 USD) in damage to the main school buildings, gymnasiums, sports fields, cafeteria, as well as the DeKalb County Schools Coliseum.<ref name="auto1"/> Many homes were swept clean from their foundations, their debris having been strewn up to a mile away.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=US Department of Commerce |first=NOAA |title=April 27th, Dekalb county - Lakeview to Rainsville to Cartersville EF5 Tornado |url=https://www.weather.gov/hun/4272011_dekalb_county |access-date=2023-05-20 |website=www.weather.gov }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-04-27 |title=Remembering April 25 Minute to Minute: 5:19 CST Rainsville |url=https://www.wdef.com/remembering-april-25-minute-minute/ |access-date=2023-05-20 |website=WDEF}}</ref> Trees were debarked, mobile homes were obliterated, and homes anchored with bolts and foundation straps were destroyed. The devastation became especially extreme around a small corridor directly east of downtown Rainsville along Lingerfeldt Road, where one exceptionally well-built stone house was utterly obliterated at high-end EF5 strength, the debris widely scattered. A large supporting cement and stone pillar at this property was uprooted entirely, lifting a section of the concrete foundation with it. Multiple vehicles were deformed and destroyed as well, with one tossed into a nearby [[ravine]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=EF5 tornado on Apr. 27, 2011 14:28 PM CDT |url=https://data.montgomeryadvertiser.com/tornado-archive/alabama/301811/ |access-date=2023-05-20 |website=Montgomery Advertiser}}</ref> Deep scouring of the ground and pock-marking were observed, and a considerable number of homes along Lingerfeldt Road were swept away. Several roads had their pavement stripped away, and at one residence, an {{convert|800|lb|kg|adj=on}} [[safe]] was thrown over {{convert|600|ft|m}} into a wooded area. When found, the safe's door had been ripped open and completely torn off. A pick-up truck of considerable size at this location was discovered dispersed in fragments, at a distance of over {{convert|250|yd|m}} within the same forest area. The house's occupants took refuge in a [[Storm cellar|storm pit]] situated nearby, and while left unharmed, the tornado partially exposed the storm pit, causing soil to be drawn up and removed from around the entrance. The force of the tornado caused another underground storm shelter to heave upwards slightly.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-06-17 |title=April 27th tornado in Rainsville, AL upgraded to EF-5 |url=https://www.local3news.com/april-27th-tornado-in-rainsville-al-upgraded-to-ef-5/article_4065c0f2-540b-5685-be9f-dd7b0fc47457.html |access-date=2023-05-20 |website=Local3News.com }}</ref> Slightly northeast of Lingerfeldt Road, more extreme damage was discovered in another corridor from County Road 515 through a neighborhood along County Road 441. Multiple large, two-story homes were wiped completely off their foundations, and cars in this location were also lofted a considerable distance. Another section of pavement near this location was lifted up, and around the pavement significant ground scouring was present. While the damage was exceptional, almost all the homes in this location were identified to have poor anchoring, and this damage was rated EF4.<ref>Wingo, Stephanie & Schultz, Elise & Knupp, Kevin & Klockow, Kim. (2023). PUBLIC PERCEPTION AND RESPONSE TO SEVERE WEATHER: LESSONS FROM THE 27 APRIL 2011 TORNADO OUTBREAK ACROSS N ALABAMA.</ref>
Just east of [[Rainsville, Alabama|Rainsville]], the tornado grew to {{convert|1/2|mi|km|spell=in|adj=on}} wide and reached its peak intensity of EF5. Numerous homes, businesses, and public facilities were decimated, with little to no debris left behind. Vehicles were lofted hundreds of yards and mangled beyond recognition, including a school bus that was thrown across a highway, and stripped down to its [[chassis]]. A [[Huddle House]] was impacted with enough strength to distort its metal frame, and only one wall was left standing. [[Plainview High School (Rainsville, Alabama)|Plainview High School]] sustained $10 to $15 million (2011 USD) in damage to the main school buildings, gymnasiums, sports fields, cafeteria, as well as the DeKalb County Schools Coliseum.<ref name="auto1"/> Many homes were swept clean from their foundations, their debris having been strewn up to a mile away.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=US Department of Commerce |first=NOAA |title=April 27th, Dekalb county - Lakeview to Rainsville to Cartersville EF5 Tornado |url=https://www.weather.gov/hun/4272011_dekalb_county |access-date=2023-05-20 |website=www.weather.gov }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-04-27 |title=Remembering April 25 Minute to Minute: 5:19 CST Rainsville |url=https://www.wdef.com/remembering-april-25-minute-minute/ |access-date=2023-05-20 |website=WDEF}}</ref> Trees were debarked, mobile homes were disintegrated, and homes anchored with bolts and foundation straps were destroyed. The devastation became especially extreme around a small corridor directly east of downtown Rainsville along Lingerfeldt Road, where one exceptionally well-built stone house was utterly obliterated at high-end EF5 strength, the debris widely scattered. A large supporting cement and stone pillar at this property was uprooted entirely, lifting a section of the concrete foundation with it. Multiple vehicles were deformed and destroyed as well, with one tossed into a nearby [[ravine]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=EF5 tornado on Apr. 27, 2011 14:28 PM CDT |url=https://data.montgomeryadvertiser.com/tornado-archive/alabama/301811/ |access-date=2023-05-20 |website=Montgomery Advertiser}}</ref> Deep scouring of the ground and pock-marking were observed, and a considerable number of homes along Lingerfeldt Road were swept away. Several roads had their pavement stripped away, and at one residence that suffered EF5 damage, an {{convert|800|lb|kg|adj=on}} [[safe]] was pulled off of its anchorage and thrown over {{convert|600|ft|m}} into a wooded area. When found, the safe's door had been ripped open and completely torn off. A pick-up truck of considerable size at this location was discovered dispersed in fragments, at a distance of over {{convert|250|yd|m}} within the same forest area. The house's occupants took refuge in a [[Storm cellar|storm pit]] situated nearby, and while left unharmed, the tornado partially exposed the storm pit, causing soil to be drawn up and removed from around the entrance. The force of the tornado caused another underground storm shelter to heave upwards slightly.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-06-17 |title=April 27th tornado in Rainsville, AL upgraded to EF-5 |url=https://www.local3news.com/april-27th-tornado-in-rainsville-al-upgraded-to-ef-5/article_4065c0f2-540b-5685-be9f-dd7b0fc47457.html |access-date=2023-05-20 |website=Local3News.com }}</ref> Slightly northeast of Lingerfeldt Road, more extreme damage was discovered in another corridor from County Road 515 through a neighborhood along County Road 441. Multiple large, two-story homes were wiped completely off their foundations, and cars in this location were also lofted a considerable distance. Another section of pavement near this location was lifted up, and around the pavement significant ground scouring was present. While the damage was exceptional, almost all the homes in this location were identified to have poor anchoring, and this damage was rated EF4.<ref>Wingo, Stephanie & Schultz, Elise & Knupp, Kevin & Klockow, Kim. (2023). PUBLIC PERCEPTION AND RESPONSE TO SEVERE WEATHER: LESSONS FROM THE 27 APRIL 2011 TORNADO OUTBREAK ACROSS N ALABAMA.</ref>
[[File:Rainsville Tornado Damage Aerial (Blue Pond Blvd E).png|thumb|247x247px|High-end EF4 damage to a neighborhood north of Rainsville.]]
[[File:Rainsville Tornado Damage Aerial (Blue Pond Blvd E).png|thumb|247x247px|High-end EF4 damage to a neighborhood north of Rainsville.]]
The tornado continued across the eastern fringes of [[Sylvania, Alabama|Sylvania]], obliterating the Mountain View Baptist Church, pulling up a section of sidewalk, and sweeping away more homes. One home was found obliterated, with a couple being thrown into an open field; their bodies were later found by the police.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-04-29 |title=Killer Tornado Causes 32 Deaths On Sand Mountain |url=https://www.chattanoogan.com/2011/4/28/199984/Killer-Tornado-Causes-32-Deaths-On-Sand.aspx |access-date=2023-05-20 |website=www.chattanoogan.com}}</ref> Although some of these homes were inadequately anchored to their foundations, multiple residences were discovered to have been very well constructed, with adequate anchor bolting and foundation straps. Vehicles in the Sylvania area were mangled as well.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-04-30 |title=Scientists investigate twisters like detectives |url=https://www.deseret.com/2011/4/29/20188642/scientists-investigate-twisters-like-detectives |access-date=2023-05-20 |website=Deseret News}}</ref> More homes were leveled as the tornado tracked further northeast. In the High Point area, metal [[Transmission tower|transmission truss towers]] were crumpled on County Road 112. Most homes in this area were poorly constructed and completely destroyed; however, large pieces of debris were found close by, suggesting a decrease in intensity. As the tornado moved southeast of [[Henagar, Alabama|Henagar]] and [[Ider, Alabama|Ider]], many hardwood trees were stripped; some had no stubs of any branches remaining and were partially debarked. A very old, one-story section of a church was completely destroyed near the [[Blake, Alabama|Blake]] community. The tornado began to shrink rapidly after this. Upon crossing into [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] near [[Fox Mountain, Georgia|Fox Mountain]], the tornado continued to produce high-end EF1 damage. The tornado tracked another {{convert|3|mi|km|spell=in}}, crossing [[Interstate 59|I-59]] and moving through [[Rising Fawn, Georgia|Rising Fawn]], before finally dissipating outside the community at 6:55&nbsp;p.m. CDT/7:55&nbsp;p.m. EDT (23:55 UTC).<ref name=":0" /> The supercell responsible for this tornado would later go on to produce an EF4 tornado that hit the town of [[Ringgold, Georgia]], about 30 minutes later, the fourth violent EF4+ tornado from the cell.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=304706|title=NCDC Storm Events Database|author=National Climatic Data Center|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|year=2011|access-date=June 13, 2023}}</ref>
The tornado continued across the eastern fringes of [[Sylvania, Alabama|Sylvania]], obliterating the Mountain View Baptist Church, pulling up a section of sidewalk, and sweeping away more homes. One home was found obliterated, with a couple being thrown into an open field; their bodies were later found by the police.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-04-29 |title=Killer Tornado Causes 32 Deaths On Sand Mountain |url=https://www.chattanoogan.com/2011/4/28/199984/Killer-Tornado-Causes-32-Deaths-On-Sand.aspx |access-date=2023-05-20 |website=www.chattanoogan.com}}</ref> Although some of these homes were inadequately anchored to their foundations, multiple residences were discovered to have been very well constructed, with adequate anchor bolting and foundation straps. Vehicles in the Sylvania area were mangled as well.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-04-30 |title=Scientists investigate twisters like detectives |url=https://www.deseret.com/2011/4/29/20188642/scientists-investigate-twisters-like-detectives |access-date=2023-05-20 |website=Deseret News}}</ref> More homes were leveled as the tornado tracked further northeast. In the High Point area, metal [[Transmission tower|transmission truss towers]] were crumpled on County Road 112. Most homes in this area were poorly constructed and completely destroyed; however, large pieces of debris were found close by, suggesting a decrease in intensity. As the tornado moved southeast of [[Henagar, Alabama|Henagar]] and [[Ider, Alabama|Ider]], many hardwood trees were stripped; some had no stubs of any branches remaining and were partially debarked. A very old, one-story section of a church was completely destroyed near the [[Blake, Alabama|Blake]] community. The tornado began to shrink rapidly after this. Upon crossing into [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] near [[Fox Mountain, Georgia|Fox Mountain]], the tornado continued to produce high-end EF1 damage. The tornado tracked another {{convert|3|mi|km|spell=in}}, crossing [[Interstate 59|I-59]] and moving through [[Rising Fawn, Georgia|Rising Fawn]], before finally dissipating outside the community at 6:55&nbsp;p.m. CDT/7:55&nbsp;p.m. EDT (23:55 UTC).<ref name=":0" /> The supercell responsible for this tornado would later go on to produce an EF4 tornado that hit the town of [[Ringgold, Georgia]], about 30 minutes later, the fourth violent EF4+ tornado from the cell.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=304706|title=NCDC Storm Events Database|author=National Climatic Data Center|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|year=2011|access-date=June 13, 2023}}</ref>

Revision as of 10:55, 4 October 2024

2011 Rainsville, Alabama, tornado
The Rainsville tornado exiting town at EF5 strength.
Meteorological history
DateApril 27, 2011
Formed6:19 p.m. CDT (23:19 UTC)
Dissipated6:55 p.m. CDT (23:55 UTC)
Duration36 minutes
EF5 tornado
on the Enhanced Fujita scale
Highest winds>200 mph (320 km/h)
Overall effects
Fatalities25
InjuriesUnknown
Damage>$10 million (2011 USD)
Areas affectedDeKalb County, Alabama and Dade County, Georgia
Part of the 2011 Super Outbreak and Tornadoes of 2011

The 2011 Rainsville, Alabama tornado was a catastrophic EF5 tornado that struck parts of northeast Alabama on the late afternoon of April 27, 2011. It was the fourth and final EF5 of the historic 2011 Super Outbreak, the largest tornado outbreak ever recorded. The multi-vortex tornado remained on the ground for 36 minutes, carving a path of 36.63 miles (58.95 km) long through DeKalb County, causing 25 deaths, an unspecified yet sizable number of injuries, and an estimated $10+ million in damage.[1] According to storm chaser Maximilian Hagen, this tornado produced some of the most violent damage ever surveyed.[2][better source needed]

The supercell thunderstorm responsible for this tornado first developed at around 1:45 p.m. CDT near Harperville, Mississippi. It swiftly moved northeast, producing an EF5 tornado in Mississippi and an EF4 tornado in Central Alabama before entering DeKalb County by 5:45 p.m. CDT. The tornado touched down at 6:19 p.m. CDT near the Lakeview community and quickly escalated in intensity. EF5 damage was noted in several pockets near Shiloh, Rainsville, and Henagar, where severe ground scouring occurred and numerous homes were destroyed, resulting in the multiple fatalities and injuries. The damage path was characterized by extensive tree damage, the complete obliteration of structures, and extensive damage to property. The tornado eventually dissipated near Rising Fawn, Georgia.[3]

Meteorological synopsis

Rare high risk outlook issued by the National Weather Service on April 27, 2011.

The meteorological conditions leading up to the tornado were among the most favorable for violent tornadoes ever documented.[4][5] On April 25, a potent upper-level shortwave trough advanced into the Southern Plains states.[6] The combination of abundant instability, low-level moisture, and wind shear generated a significant tornado outbreak spanning from Texas to Tennessee, with at least 42 tornadoes touching down on that day.[7]

On April 26, an area of low pressure developed over Texas and moved eastward, while the previously mentioned shortwave trough progressed through the Mississippi River and Ohio River valleys. This resulted in an additional 55 tornadoes.[7] The multi-day outbreak reached its peak on April 27, witnessing the most violent single day of tornado activity since the 1974 Super Outbreak. The day featured multiple rounds of tornadic activity, with two waves of mesoscale convective systems in the morning, followed by an extensive outbreak of supercells from Mississippi to North Carolina during the afternoon and evening hours.[6]

The tornado activity on April 27 was triggered by a 995 mbar (hPa; 29.39 inHg) surface low located over Kentucky and a deep, negatively tilted (aligned northwest to southeast) trough over Arkansas and Louisiana. A robust southwesterly surface jet intersected these systems at a 60° angle, generating an ageostrophic flow that resulted in storm-relative helicity values exceeding 500 m2/s2. These values are indicative of extreme wind shear and a very high potential for rotating updrafts within supercells. Moisture from the Gulf of Mexico surged northward across the Deep South, causing daytime high temperatures to reach 77 to 81 °F (25 to 27 °C) and dewpoints to range between 66 and 72 °F (19 to 22 °C). Additionally, convective available potential energy (CAPE) values climbed to 2,500–3,000 J/kg.[8][9]

Tornado summary

Radar loop showing storm development and path.

At around 5:45 p.m. CDT on the evening of April 27, the supercell thunderstorm began to re-intensify in northeastern Alabama. Initially, a severe thunderstorm warning was issued for the region, before a tornado warning was issued for the Lakeview community and surrounding areas at 6:10 p.m. CDT. At approximately 6:19 p.m. CDT (23:19 UTC), the tornado touched down in Lakeview, northeast of Geraldine.[10]

The tornado began with relatively modest structural damage to smaller buildings trees in the Lakeview area. The tornado ran parallel to SR 75, moving toward Fyffe. As it approached Fyffe, the tornado displayed multiple vortices, wavering between thin horizontal sub-vortices and a solidified wedge appearance.[11] Swaths of trees around Beulah Baptist Cemetery, east of Lakeview, were snapped, and significant destruction of homes and trees was observed in Fyffe. Generally at EF3 intensity up to this point, the tornado moved toward Shiloh and intensified. Along Heaton Road, the tornado grew much wider, reaching EF5 intensity for the first time shortly thereafter. A metal farm building was completely destroyed, along with numerous homes, with some lower-bound homes being wiped off their foundations. The tornado maintained EF5 intensity, producing significant ground scouring, as it exited Shiloh.[12]

School bus torn to its chassis east of Rainsville. This is considered to be some of the worst damage ever inflicted on a vehicle by a tornado.

Just east of Rainsville, the tornado grew to one-half-mile (0.80 km) wide and reached its peak intensity of EF5. Numerous homes, businesses, and public facilities were decimated, with little to no debris left behind. Vehicles were lofted hundreds of yards and mangled beyond recognition, including a school bus that was thrown across a highway, and stripped down to its chassis. A Huddle House was impacted with enough strength to distort its metal frame, and only one wall was left standing. Plainview High School sustained $10 to $15 million (2011 USD) in damage to the main school buildings, gymnasiums, sports fields, cafeteria, as well as the DeKalb County Schools Coliseum.[1] Many homes were swept clean from their foundations, their debris having been strewn up to a mile away.[3][13] Trees were debarked, mobile homes were disintegrated, and homes anchored with bolts and foundation straps were destroyed. The devastation became especially extreme around a small corridor directly east of downtown Rainsville along Lingerfeldt Road, where one exceptionally well-built stone house was utterly obliterated at high-end EF5 strength, the debris widely scattered. A large supporting cement and stone pillar at this property was uprooted entirely, lifting a section of the concrete foundation with it. Multiple vehicles were deformed and destroyed as well, with one tossed into a nearby ravine.[14] Deep scouring of the ground and pock-marking were observed, and a considerable number of homes along Lingerfeldt Road were swept away. Several roads had their pavement stripped away, and at one residence that suffered EF5 damage, an 800-pound (360 kg) safe was pulled off of its anchorage and thrown over 600 feet (180 m) into a wooded area. When found, the safe's door had been ripped open and completely torn off. A pick-up truck of considerable size at this location was discovered dispersed in fragments, at a distance of over 250 yards (230 m) within the same forest area. The house's occupants took refuge in a storm pit situated nearby, and while left unharmed, the tornado partially exposed the storm pit, causing soil to be drawn up and removed from around the entrance. The force of the tornado caused another underground storm shelter to heave upwards slightly.[15] Slightly northeast of Lingerfeldt Road, more extreme damage was discovered in another corridor from County Road 515 through a neighborhood along County Road 441. Multiple large, two-story homes were wiped completely off their foundations, and cars in this location were also lofted a considerable distance. Another section of pavement near this location was lifted up, and around the pavement significant ground scouring was present. While the damage was exceptional, almost all the homes in this location were identified to have poor anchoring, and this damage was rated EF4.[16]

High-end EF4 damage to a neighborhood north of Rainsville.

The tornado continued across the eastern fringes of Sylvania, obliterating the Mountain View Baptist Church, pulling up a section of sidewalk, and sweeping away more homes. One home was found obliterated, with a couple being thrown into an open field; their bodies were later found by the police.[17] Although some of these homes were inadequately anchored to their foundations, multiple residences were discovered to have been very well constructed, with adequate anchor bolting and foundation straps. Vehicles in the Sylvania area were mangled as well.[18] More homes were leveled as the tornado tracked further northeast. In the High Point area, metal transmission truss towers were crumpled on County Road 112. Most homes in this area were poorly constructed and completely destroyed; however, large pieces of debris were found close by, suggesting a decrease in intensity. As the tornado moved southeast of Henagar and Ider, many hardwood trees were stripped; some had no stubs of any branches remaining and were partially debarked. A very old, one-story section of a church was completely destroyed near the Blake community. The tornado began to shrink rapidly after this. Upon crossing into Georgia near Fox Mountain, the tornado continued to produce high-end EF1 damage. The tornado tracked another three miles (4.8 km), crossing I-59 and moving through Rising Fawn, before finally dissipating outside the community at 6:55 p.m. CDT/7:55 p.m. EDT (23:55 UTC).[3] The supercell responsible for this tornado would later go on to produce an EF4 tornado that hit the town of Ringgold, Georgia, about 30 minutes later, the fourth violent EF4+ tornado from the cell.[19]

Aftermath

The remains of the Mountain View Baptist Church near Sylvania along Hwy 27.

Some tornado victims were missing for days following the tornado.[20] Critically injured children were brought to the Children's Hospital in Birmingham.[21] In the direct aftermath, Alabama Governor Robert Bentley declared a state of emergency for DeKalb County and other counties affected by the tornado outbreak. Congressman Robert Aderholt arrived in DeKalb County within days of the storms to survey the damage with FEMA Deputy Administrator Richard Serino.[22]

In the towns of Fyffe and Rainsville, volunteer groups from local schools, churches, and community organizations joined forces to provide immediate assistance. The FTC issued their emergency plan to bring service back to areas, as other volunteers focused on removing debris, providing food and shelter, and offering emotional support to those affected. Similarly, in Georgia, community volunteers in Rising Fawn provided assistance to local residents with clean-up efforts and basic needs. The American Red Cross set up a disaster relief center in Rainsville at the local high school, offering shelter, food, and counseling to those affected.[23] The Salvation Army also worked diligently, setting up mobile feeding units in each of the heavily impacted areas.[24] The Southern Baptist Convention served food and aid for those affected in Rainsville as well.[25] Many funerals took place in Rainsville in the weeks following the event.[26]

Months after April 27, many citizens affected in the area gathered with FEMA at the Tom Bevill Enrichment Center in Rainsville to discuss ways to rebuild the area.[20]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Plainview School unites after tornado". Gadsden Times. Retrieved 2023-05-20.
  2. ^ Hagen, Maximilian (15 August 2012). "Amazing Damage Pictures from the EF5 Rainsville Tornado – April 27, 2011". ExtremePlanet. Archived from the original on 2 September 2024. Retrieved 2 September 2024.
  3. ^ a b c US Department of Commerce, NOAA. "April 27th, Dekalb county - Lakeview to Rainsville to Cartersville EF5 Tornado". www.weather.gov. Retrieved 2023-05-20.
  4. ^ "NWS". 2016-03-03. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2023-05-20.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  5. ^ "April 2011 tornado information". 2011-05-11. Archived from the original on 2011-05-11. Retrieved 2023-05-20.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  6. ^ a b US Department of Commerce, NOAA. "Historic Outbreak of April 27, 2011". www.weather.gov. Retrieved 2023-05-20.
  7. ^ a b "SPC Severe Weather Event Review for Monday April 25, 2011". www.spc.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2023-05-20.
  8. ^ Knupp, Kevin R.; Murphy, Todd A.; Coleman, Timothy A.; Wade, Ryan A.; Mullins, Stephanie A.; Schultz, Christopher J.; Schultz, Elise V.; Carey, Lawrence; Sherrer, Adam; McCaul, Eugene W.; Carcione, Brian; Latimer, Stephen; Kula, Andy; Laws, Kevin; Marsh, Patrick T. (2014-07-01). "Meteorological Overview of the Devastating 27 April 2011 Tornado Outbreak". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 95 (7): 1041–1062. Bibcode:2014BAMS...95.1041K. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00229.1. ISSN 0003-0007.
  9. ^ Yussouf, Nusrat; Dowell, David C.; Wicker, Louis J.; Knopfmeier, Kent H.; Wheatley, Dustan M. (2015-08-01). "Storm-Scale Data Assimilation and Ensemble Forecasts for the 27 April 2011 Severe Weather Outbreak in Alabama". Monthly Weather Review. 143 (8): 3044–3066. doi:10.1175/MWR-D-14-00268.1. ISSN 1520-0493.
  10. ^ "April 27, 2011 in Alabama". 04272011-noaa.hub.arcgis.com. Retrieved 2023-05-20.
  11. ^ April Tornado 4-27-2011 Fyffe Alabama, retrieved 2023-05-20
  12. ^ Lopez, Suheiley (April 27, 2011). "dekalb lakeview cartersville". www.weather.gov.
  13. ^ "Remembering April 25 Minute to Minute: 5:19 CST Rainsville". WDEF. 2016-04-27. Retrieved 2023-05-20.
  14. ^ "EF5 tornado on Apr. 27, 2011 14:28 PM CDT". Montgomery Advertiser. Retrieved 2023-05-20.
  15. ^ "April 27th tornado in Rainsville, AL upgraded to EF-5". Local3News.com. 2011-06-17. Retrieved 2023-05-20.
  16. ^ Wingo, Stephanie & Schultz, Elise & Knupp, Kevin & Klockow, Kim. (2023). PUBLIC PERCEPTION AND RESPONSE TO SEVERE WEATHER: LESSONS FROM THE 27 APRIL 2011 TORNADO OUTBREAK ACROSS N ALABAMA.
  17. ^ "Killer Tornado Causes 32 Deaths On Sand Mountain". www.chattanoogan.com. 2011-04-29. Retrieved 2023-05-20.
  18. ^ "Scientists investigate twisters like detectives". Deseret News. 2011-04-30. Retrieved 2023-05-20.
  19. ^ National Climatic Data Center (2011). "NCDC Storm Events Database". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved June 13, 2023.
  20. ^ a b "Tornado - Rainsville, Ala. , August 22, 2011 -- Rainsville citizens share their ideas for rebuilding their community during a meeting at the Tom Bevill Enrichment Center in Rainsville. Three tornadoes destroyed a large portion of Rainsville on April 27th. Currently the FEMA ESF#14 team is working closely with Rainsville to rebuild the community to be better and stronger than before. FEMA Photo/Ruth Kennedy". The U.S. National Archives. 2011-08-22. Retrieved 2023-05-20.
  21. ^ "Henagar tornado survivors want to bring hope to others". WHNT.com. 2021-04-27. Retrieved 2023-05-20.
  22. ^ Farmers Telecommunications Cooperative. (2011). Tragedy in North Alabama. Connected, May/June 2011. WordSouth Public Relations, Inc. www.farmerstel.com
  23. ^ "Valley is source of Red Cross assistance". Daily News. 2011-05-27. Retrieved 2023-05-20.
  24. ^ "Rainsville death toll climbs to 32 | Chattanooga Times Free Press". www.timesfreepress.com. 2011-04-30. Retrieved 2023-05-20.
  25. ^ Severson, Kim (2011-05-09). "For Some, Helping With Disaster Relief Is Not Just Aid, It's a Calling". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-05-20.
  26. ^ "Disaster cleanup is shared in South". Arkansas Online. 2011-05-01. Retrieved 2023-05-20.
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