1951 Lebanese general election: Difference between revisions
Line 974: | Line 974: | ||
|4053 |
|4053 |
||
|29.33% |
|29.33% |
||
|{{na}} |
|||
|} |
|||
===North Lebanon II=== |
|||
{{Bulleted list|'''Voters''': 33698|'''Total Votes''': 18975|'''Turnout''': 56.31%}} |
|||
{| class="wikitable sortable" |
|||
! colspan="8" |Maronite |
|||
|- |
|||
! colspan="2" |Candidates |
|||
!List |
|||
! colspan="2" |Party Affiliation |
|||
!Votes |
|||
!% of Total Votes |
|||
!Elected? |
|||
|- |
|||
|Antoine Estefan |
|||
|انطوان اسطفان |
|||
|Karam-Estefan |
|||
| style="background: {{party color|Independent politician}};" | |
|||
|Unclear |
|||
|8739 |
|||
|46.06% |
|||
|{{ya}} |
|||
|- |
|||
|Camille Akl |
|||
|كميل عقل |
|||
|Karam-Estefan |
|||
| style="background: {{party color|National Bloc (Lebanon)}};" | |
|||
|[[National Bloc (Lebanon)|National Bloc]] |
|||
|8150 |
|||
|42.95% |
|||
|{{ya}} |
|||
|- |
|||
|Youssef Karam |
|||
|يوسف كرم |
|||
|Karam-Estefan |
|||
| style="background: {{party color|Independent politician}};" | |
|||
|Unclear |
|||
|7928 |
|||
|41.78% |
|||
|{{ya}} |
|||
|- |
|||
|Fouad Douaihy |
|||
|فؤاد الدويهي |
|||
|Karam-Estefan |
|||
| style="background: {{party color|Independent politician}};" | |
|||
|Unclear |
|||
|6903 |
|||
|36.38% |
|||
|{{na}} |
|||
|- |
|||
|Nadra Issa Al-Khoury |
|||
|ندرة عيسى الخوري |
|||
|Karam-Estefan |
|||
| style="background: {{party color|Independent politician}};" | |
|||
|Unclear |
|||
|6855 |
|||
|36.13% |
|||
|{{na}} |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[Hamid Frangieh]] |
|||
|حميد فرنجية |
|||
|Frangieh |
|||
| style="background: {{party color|Marada Movement}};" | |
|||
|[[Frangieh family|Frangieh]] affiliates |
|||
|7922 |
|||
|41.75% |
|||
|{{ya}} |
|||
|- |
|||
|Qabalan Issa Al-Khoury |
|||
|قبلان عيسى الخوري |
|||
|Frangieh |
|||
| style="background: {{party color|Independent politician}};" | |
|||
|Unclear |
|||
|7625 |
|||
|40.18% |
|||
|{{ya}} |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[Rene Moawad]] |
|||
|رينيه معوض |
|||
|Frangieh |
|||
| style="background: {{party color|Marada Movement}};" | |
|||
|[[Frangieh family|Frangieh]] affiliates |
|||
|6886 |
|||
|36.29% |
|||
|{{na}} |
|||
|- |
|||
|Youssef Daw |
|||
|يوسف ضو |
|||
|Frangieh |
|||
| style="background: {{party color|Independent politician}};" | |
|||
|Unclear |
|||
|6676 |
|||
|35.18% |
|||
|{{na}} |
|||
|- |
|||
|Boutros Tarabieh |
|||
|بطرس طربيه |
|||
|Frangieh |
|||
| style="background: {{party color|Independent politician}};" | |
|||
|Unclear |
|||
|6245 |
|||
|32.91% |
|||
|{{na}} |
|||
|- |
|||
|Jean Harb |
|||
|جان حرب |
|||
| - |
|||
| style="background: {{party color|Independent politician}};" | |
|||
|Unclear |
|||
|4483 |
|||
|23.63% |
|||
|{{na}} |
|||
|- |
|||
|Jawad Boulos |
|||
|جواد بولس |
|||
| - |
|||
| style="background: {{party color|Independent politician}};" | |
|||
|Unclear |
|||
|4301 |
|||
|22.67% |
|||
|{{na}} |
|||
|- |
|||
|Asaad Al-Khoury |
|||
|أسعد الخوري |
|||
| - |
|||
| style="background: {{party color|Independent politician}};" | |
|||
|Unclear |
|||
|3665 |
|||
|19.31% |
|||
|{{na}} |
|||
|- |
|||
|Saed Touq |
|||
|سعيد طوق |
|||
| - |
|||
| style="background: {{party color|Independent politician}};" | |
|||
|Unclear |
|||
|3399 |
|||
|17.91% |
|||
|{{na}} |
|||
|- |
|||
|Jamil Kayrouz |
|||
|جميل كيروز |
|||
| - |
|||
| style="background: {{party color|Independent politician}};" | |
|||
|Unclear |
|||
|529 |
|||
|2.79% |
|||
|{{na}} |
|||
|- |
|||
|Elias Al-Hayek |
|||
|الياس الحويك |
|||
| - |
|||
| style="background: {{party color|Independent politician}};" | |
|||
|Unclear |
|||
|352 |
|||
|1.86% |
|||
|{{na}} |
|||
|} |
|||
{| class="wikitable sortable" |
|||
! colspan="8" |Greek Orthodox |
|||
|- |
|||
! colspan="2" |Candidates |
|||
!List |
|||
! colspan="2" |Party Affiliation |
|||
!Votes |
|||
!% of Total Votes |
|||
!Elected? |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[Philippe Najib Boulos|Philippe Boulos]] |
|||
|فيليب بولس |
|||
|Karam-Estefan |
|||
| style="background: {{party color|Independent politician}};" | |
|||
|Unclear |
|||
|7775 |
|||
|40.98% |
|||
|{{ya}} |
|||
|- |
|||
|Nicolas Ghosn |
|||
|نقولا غصن |
|||
|Frangieh |
|||
| style="background: {{party color|Marada Movement}};" | |
|||
|[[Frangieh family|Frangieh]] affiliates |
|||
|7670 |
|||
|40.42% |
|||
|{{na}} |
|||
|- |
|||
|Michel Mufrej |
|||
|ميشال مفرج |
|||
| - |
|||
| style="background: {{party color|Independent politician}};" | |
|||
|Unclear |
|||
|3836 |
|||
|20.22% |
|||
|{{na}} |
|{{na}} |
||
|} |
|} |
Revision as of 01:36, 27 October 2024
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
This lists parties that won seats. See the complete results below.
|
General elections were held in Lebanon on 15 April 1951, with a second round in some constituencies on 22 April.[1] Independent candidates won the majority of seats. Voter turnout was 54.7%.[2] The governing party, Constitutional Bloc, did not have a clear organization, so it is difficult to determine the number of its members who participated in this election.[3] Nonetheless, the government backed three "Constutional" lists in Mount Lebanon and had 14 of their 22 candidates elected.[4] Former Constitutionalist minister Camille Chamoun became an opposition candidate in an alliance with Kamal Jumblatt.
Results
Party | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Constitutional Bloc | – | N/A | |||
Kataeb Party | 3 | +3 | |||
Progressive Socialist Party | 3 | New | |||
Armenian Revolutionary Federation | 2 | 0 | |||
National Bloc | 2 | +2 | |||
Armenian Democratic Liberal Party | 0 | 0 | |||
Independents | – | +21 | |||
Total | 10 | +22 | |||
Total votes | 194,849 | – | |||
Registered voters/turnout | 355,902 | 54.75 | |||
Source: Suleiman. |
Elected Members
List of elected members[5] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Constituency | Elected member | Name in Arabic | List[4] | Demographic |
Beirut | Sami Solh | سامي الصلح | Solh | Sunni |
Abdallah El-Yafi | عبدالله اليافي | |||
Saeb Salam | صائب سلام | |||
Amin Beyhum | أمين بيهم | |||
Rashid Baydoun | رشيد بيضون | Shiite | ||
Ramez Sarkis | رامز سركيس | Protestant | ||
Henri Pharaoun | هنري فرعون | Greek Catholic | ||
Charles Helou | شارل حلو | Maronite | ||
Musa de Freij | موسى دي فريج | Minorities | ||
Movses Ter-Kaloustyan[A] | موسيس دركالوستيان | Armenian Orthodox | ||
Melkon Hayrapetyan[A] | ملكون هيرايديان | Armenian Orthodox | ||
Habib Abu Shahla | حبيب أبو شهلا | Greek Orthodox | ||
Joseph Chader[B] | جوزيف شادر | Armenian Catholic | ||
North Lebanon I | Rashid Karami | رشيد كرامي | Karami | Sunni |
Hashem Al-Husseini | هاشم الحسيني | |||
Qabuli Zouk | قبولي الذوق | |||
Saadi Al Munla | سعدي المنلا | |||
Nasuh Al-Fadil | نصوح الفاضل | |||
Fouad Al-Bart | فؤاد البرط | Greek Orthodox | ||
North Lebanon II | Antoine Estefan | انطوان اسطفان | Karam-Estefan | Maronite |
Camille Akl[C] | كميل عقل | |||
Youssef Karam | يوسف كرم | |||
Hamid Frangieh | حميد فرنجية | Frangieh | ||
Qabalan Issa Al-Khoury | قبلان عيسى الخوري | |||
Philippe Najib Boulos | فيليب بولس | Karam-Estefan | Greek Orthodox | |
North Lebanon III | Suleiman Al-Ali | سليمان العلي | Ali | Sunni |
Bashir Al-Othman | بشير العثمان | |||
Yaqoub Al-Sarraf | يعقوب الصرّاف | Greek Orthodox | ||
Albert Al-Hajj[D] | ألبير الحاج | Maronite | ||
South Lebanon | Riad Al Solh[E] | رياض الصلح | Asaad | Sunni |
Ahmed Asaad | أحمد الأسعد | Shiite | ||
Muhammad Safieddine | محمّد صفي الدين | |||
Ali Badreddine | علي بدرالدين | |||
Muhammad Al-Fadl | محمّد الفضل | |||
Ali Bazzi | علي بزي | |||
Hussein Abdallah | حسين العبدالله | |||
Suleiman Arab | سليمان عرب | |||
Muhammad Ali Al-Azimi | محمّد علي غطيمي | |||
Maroun Kanaan | مارون كنعان | Maronite | ||
Rashad Azar | رشاد عازار | |||
Nikola Salem | نقولا سالم | Greek Catholic | ||
Suhail Shehab | سهيل شهاب | Sunni | ||
Elias Traboulsi | الياس طرابلسي | Greek Orthodox | ||
Beqaa | Sabri Hamadeh[F] | صبري حمادة | Hamadeh-Haidar | Shiite |
Ibrahim Haidar | إبراهيم حيدر | |||
Fadlallah Hamadeh | فضل الله حمادة | |||
Nazem Qadri | ناظم القادري | Sunni | ||
Rifaat Qazoun | رفعت قزعون | |||
Jean Skaff[B] | جان سكاف | Greek Catholic | ||
Habib Al-Mutran | حبيب المطران | |||
Youssef Hrawi | يوسف الهراوي | Maronite | ||
Shafiq Hanna Al-Daher | شفيق حنا الضاهر | |||
Salim Al-Daoud | سليم الداود | Druze | ||
Iskander Sursock | اسكندر سرسق | Greek Orthodox | ||
Mount Lebanon I | Emile Lahoud | اميل لحود | Constitutional | Maronite |
Elias Al-Khoury | الياس الخوري | |||
Michel Doumit | ميشال ضومط | |||
Bashir Al-Awar | بشير الأعور | Druze | ||
Fouad Al-Khoury | فؤاد الخوري | Greek Orthodox | ||
Dikran Tosbat | ديكران توسباط | Opposition | Armenian Orthodox | |
Elia Abu Joudeh | ايليا أبو جودة | Maronite | ||
Abdallah Al-Hajj[G] | عبدالله الحاج | Shiite | ||
Pierre Eddé[H] | بيار إده | National Bloc | Maronite | |
Mount Lebanon II | Emile Bustani | اميل البستاني | Chamoun-Jumblatt | Maronite |
Camille Chamoun | كميل شمعون | |||
Kamal Jumblatt[I] | كمال جنبلاط | Druze | ||
Anwar Al-Khatib[G] | أنور الخطيب | Sunni | ||
Ghassan Tueni[J] | غسّان التويني | Greek Orthdox | ||
Majid Arslan | مجيد أرسلان | Constitutional | Druze | |
Salim Al-Khoury | سليم الخوري | Maronite | ||
Bahij Takieddine | بهيج تقي الدين | Druze | ||
Philippe Takla | فيليب تقلا | Greek Catholic | ||
Mount Lebanon III | Salim Al-Khazen | سليم الخازن | Constitutional | Maronite |
George Zouein | جورج زوين | |||
Raphael Lahoud | روفائيل لحود | |||
George Karam | جورج كرم | |||
Ahmed Al-Husseini | أحمد الحسيني | Shiite |
Notes:
- ^ a b Member of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation.
- ^ a b Member of the Kataeb Party.
- ^ Member of the Party of the National Bloc.
- ^ Member of the Kataeb Party. However, he was expelled soon after being elected.[6]
- ^ Riad Solh's name was also on the opposition list, headed by Adel Osseiran and Mutran Al-Khoury, both lost the election.
- ^ Member of the Constitutional Bloc.
- ^ a b Member of the Progressive Socialist Party.
- ^ Elected in a runoff against Pierre Gemayel, leader of the Kataeb Party and a candidate on the Opposition list. Kamal Jumblatt allegedly persuaded the Syrian Social Nationalist Party to support Eddé.
- ^ Leader of the Progressive Socialist Party.
- ^ Former member of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party which he was still affiliated with until around 1958.
Results by Constituencies
All candidates that could be identified as being close to the Constitutional Bloc or President Bechara El-Khoury, whether they were actually members by 1951, are marked as "Pro-Consitutional Bloc" below. It should be noted that there were confirmed Constitutionalists at the time of the election, such as Sabri Hamadeh and Majid Arslan, though the latter of which resigned from the bloc soon after the election.
Beirut
A list headed by the former Prime Minister during the mandate era, Sami Solh, won in its entirety. Although the list had a pro-government nature, after being appointed Prime Minister on 11 February 1952, Sami turned against the President, citing the Constitutional Bloc to be "men with authority hold power without being accountable and they interfere in all the affairs of the State".[7]
- Voters: 57652
- Total Votes: 21988
- Turnout: 38.14%
Sunni | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Candidates | List | Party Affiliation | Votes | % of Total Votes | Elected? | ||
Sami Solh | سامي الصلح | Solh | Pro-Constitutional Bloc | 14752 | 67.09% | ||
Abdallah El-Yafi | عبدالله اليافي | Solh | Pro-Constitutional Bloc | 14629 | 66.53% | ||
Saeb Salam | صائب سلام | Solh | Pro-Constitutional Bloc | 12808 | 58.25% | ||
Amin Beyhum | أمين بيهم | Solh | Unclear | 12175 | 55.37% | ||
Muhammad Al-Jarawi | محمّد الجاروي | Popular | Unclear | 7171 | 32.61% | ||
Muhyiddin Al-Nsouli | محيي الدين النصولي | Popular | Unclear | 6584 | 29.94% | ||
Hussein Sejaan | حسين سجعان | Popular | Unclear | 4073 | 18.52% | ||
Takieddin el-Solh | تقي الدين الصلح | Popular | National Call Party | 3348 | 15.36% | ||
Mustafa Al-Wais | مصطفى الويس | - | Unclear | 5502 | 25.02% | ||
Wafiq Tabbara | وفيق طبارة | - | Unclear | 1653 | 7.52% |
Shiite | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Candidates | List | Party Affiliation | Votes | % of Total Votes | Elected? | ||
Rashid Baydoun | رشيد بيضون | Solh | Pro-Constitutional Bloc | 14779 | 67.21% | ||
Zahir Osseiran | زهير عسيران | Popular | National Call Party | 6538 | 29.73% |
Protestant | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Candidates | List | Party Affiliation | Votes | % of Total Votes | Elected? | ||
Ramez Sarkis | رامز سركيس | Solh | Unclear | 14775 | 67.20% | ||
Anis Hanikati | أنيس هنيكاتي | Popular | Unclear | 5380 | 24.47% |
Greek Catholic | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Candidates | List | Party Affiliation | Votes | % of Total Votes | Elected? | ||
Henri Pharaoun | هنري فرعون | Solh | Pro-Constitutional Bloc | 13284 | 60.41% | ||
Nasri Maalouf | نصري المعلوف | Popular | Chamoun affiliates | 7411 | 33.70% |
Maronite | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Candidates | List | Party Affiliation | Votes | % of Total Votes | Elected? | ||
Charles Helou | شارل حلو | Solh | Pro-Constitutional Bloc | 13180 | 59.94% | ||
Jean Jalakh | جان جلخ | Popular | Unclear | 3789 | 17.23% | ||
Raif Abi Al-Lamaa | رئيف أبو اللمع | - | Independent | 3930 | 17.87% |
Minorities | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Candidates | List | Party Affiliation | Votes | % of Total Votes | Elected? | ||
Musa de Freij | موسى دي فريج | Solh | Pro-Constitutional Bloc | 12747 | 57.97% | ||
Benoît Abu Sawan | بنوا أبو صوان | Popular | Unclear | 6634 | 30.40% | ||
Elie Khayat | ايلي خياط | - | Unclear | 2257 | 10.26% |
Armenian Orthodox | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Candidates | List | Party Affiliation | Votes | % of Total Votes | Elected? | ||
Movses Ter-Kaloustyan | موسيس دركالوستيان | Solh | Tashnag | 12004 | 54.59% | ||
Melkon Hayrapetyan | ملكون هيرايديان | Solh | Tashnag | 11946 | 54.33% | ||
Edward Barsoum | أدوار برصوم | Popular | Unclear | 5888 | 26.78% | ||
Hrach Sharakyan | هراتش شراكيان | Popular | Unclear | 6583 | 29.94% | ||
Artin Madoyan | ارتين مادويان | - | Lebanese Communist Party | 2765 | 12.58% | ||
Grigor Khachatryan | كريكور خاتشاريان | - | Unclear | 1099 | 5.00% |
Greek Orthodox | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Candidates | List | Party Affiliation | Votes | % of Total Votes | Elected? | ||
Habib Abu Shahla | حبيب أبو شهلا | Solh | Pro-Constitutional Bloc | 11016 | 50.10% | ||
Naseem Majdalani | نصري المعلوف | Popular | Progressive Socialist Party | 10333 | 46.99% |
Armenian Catholic | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Candidates | List | Party Affiliation | Votes | % of Total Votes | Elected? | ||
Joseph Chader | جوزيف شادر | Solh | Kataeb Party | 9660 | 43.93% | ||
Nubar Tor Sargsyan | نوبار طور سركسيان | Popular | Unclear | 6987 | 31.78% | ||
Tigran Shadarifyan | ديكران شادرفيان | - | Unclear | 231 | 1.05% |
North Lebanon I
Here, Rashid Karami made his debut in the parliamentary life of Lebanon. From then on, he would win every parliamentary election and sit in the parliament until his death in 1976. His list won in its entirety.
- Voters: 23676
- Total Votes: 13820
- Turnout: 58.37%
Sunni | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Candidates | List | Party Affiliation | Votes | % of Total Votes | Elected? | ||
Rashid Karami | رشيد كرامي | Karami | Karami affiliates | 7684 | 55.60% | ||
Hashem Al-Husseini | هاشم الحسيني | Karami | Karami affiliates | 7590 | 54.92% | ||
Qabuli Zouk | قبولي الذوق | Karami | National Call Party | 6873 | 49.73% | ||
Saadi Al Munla | سعدي المنلا | Karami | Unclear | 6714 | 48.58% | ||
Nasuh Al-Fadil | نصوح الفاضل | Karami | Unclear | 6404 | 46.34% | ||
Mayez Muqqadam | مايز المقدم | Muqqadam | Unclear | 4238 | 30.67% | ||
Ashraf Kabbara | اشرف كبارة | Muqqadam | Unclear | 3687 | 26.68% | ||
Shamseddine Raad | شمس الدين رعد | Muqqadam | Unclear | 3550 | 25.69% | ||
Muhammad Mustafa Alameddine | محمّد مصطفى علم الدين | Muqqadam | Unclear | 3321 | 24.03% | ||
Mustafa Zouk | مصطفى الذوق | Muqqadam | Unclear | 3229 | 23.36% | ||
Tariq Al-Yafi | طارق اليافي | - | Unclear | 3135 | 22.68% | ||
Samir Al-Rafei | سمير الرافعي | - | Unclear | 2884 | 20.87% | ||
Radwan Chahal | رضوان الشهال | - | Unclear | 2666 | 19.29% | ||
Akram Sultan | اكرم سلطان | - | Unclear | 2065 | 14.94% | ||
Hussein Al-Samad | حسين الصمد | - | Unclear | 2159 | 15.62% | ||
Salem Kabbara | سالم كبارة | - | Unclear | 1407 | 10.18% | ||
Abdallah Al-Bissar | عبدالله البيسار | - | Unclear | 569 | 4.12% |
Greek Orthodox | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Candidates | List | Party Affiliation | Votes | % of Total Votes | Elected? | ||
Fouad Al-Bart | هاشم الحسيني | Karami | Karami affiliates | 7734 | 55.96% | ||
Gibran Nahas | جبران نحاس | Muqqadam | Pro-Constitutional Bloc | 4053 | 29.33% |
North Lebanon II
- Voters: 33698
- Total Votes: 18975
- Turnout: 56.31%
Maronite | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Candidates | List | Party Affiliation | Votes | % of Total Votes | Elected? | ||
Antoine Estefan | انطوان اسطفان | Karam-Estefan | Unclear | 8739 | 46.06% | ||
Camille Akl | كميل عقل | Karam-Estefan | National Bloc | 8150 | 42.95% | ||
Youssef Karam | يوسف كرم | Karam-Estefan | Unclear | 7928 | 41.78% | ||
Fouad Douaihy | فؤاد الدويهي | Karam-Estefan | Unclear | 6903 | 36.38% | ||
Nadra Issa Al-Khoury | ندرة عيسى الخوري | Karam-Estefan | Unclear | 6855 | 36.13% | ||
Hamid Frangieh | حميد فرنجية | Frangieh | Frangieh affiliates | 7922 | 41.75% | ||
Qabalan Issa Al-Khoury | قبلان عيسى الخوري | Frangieh | Unclear | 7625 | 40.18% | ||
Rene Moawad | رينيه معوض | Frangieh | Frangieh affiliates | 6886 | 36.29% | ||
Youssef Daw | يوسف ضو | Frangieh | Unclear | 6676 | 35.18% | ||
Boutros Tarabieh | بطرس طربيه | Frangieh | Unclear | 6245 | 32.91% | ||
Jean Harb | جان حرب | - | Unclear | 4483 | 23.63% | ||
Jawad Boulos | جواد بولس | - | Unclear | 4301 | 22.67% | ||
Asaad Al-Khoury | أسعد الخوري | - | Unclear | 3665 | 19.31% | ||
Saed Touq | سعيد طوق | - | Unclear | 3399 | 17.91% | ||
Jamil Kayrouz | جميل كيروز | - | Unclear | 529 | 2.79% | ||
Elias Al-Hayek | الياس الحويك | - | Unclear | 352 | 1.86% |
Greek Orthodox | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Candidates | List | Party Affiliation | Votes | % of Total Votes | Elected? | ||
Philippe Boulos | فيليب بولس | Karam-Estefan | Unclear | 7775 | 40.98% | ||
Nicolas Ghosn | نقولا غصن | Frangieh | Frangieh affiliates | 7670 | 40.42% | ||
Michel Mufrej | ميشال مفرج | - | Unclear | 3836 | 20.22% |
References
- ^ Dieter Nohlen, Florian Grotz & Christof Hartmann (2001) Elections in Asia: A data handbook, Volume I, p183 ISBN 0-19-924958-X
- ^ Nohlen et al., p184
- ^ Suleiman, Michael W. (1967). Political Parties in Lebanon: The Challenge of a Fragmented Political Culture. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. p. 265.
- ^ a b Majid, Al-Raed Majid. تاريخ الإنتخابات النيابية من الآستانة إلى الدوحة (13) [History of parliamentary elections from Astana to Doha (13)]. Al Liwaa (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 25 October 2024. Retrieved 25 October 2024.
- ^ "الدور التشريعي السابع" (in Arabic). الجامعة اللبنانية مركز الابحاث والدراسات في المعلوماتية القانونية. Retrieved 4 September 2024.
- ^ دهام, هتاف. "هل ينجح سامي الجميّل بين تسونامي «التيار» ودلال «القوات» في 14 آذار؟". Al Binaa (in Arabic). Retrieved 4 September 2024.
- ^ Traboulsi, Fawwaz (2007). A History of Modern Lebanon. London: Pluto Press. p. 125. ISBN 9780745324388.