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{{short description|Genus of worms}}
{{short description|Genus of worms}}
{{Automatic taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
| taxon = Obama
| taxon = Obamna
| image = Obama nungara (Geoplanidae) from France MNHN JL57 - white background.jpg
| image = Obamna nungara (Geoplanidae) from France MNHN JL57 - white background.jpg
| image_caption = ''Obama nungara''
| image_caption = ''Obamna nungara''
| display_parents = 3
| display_parents = 3
| authority = Carbayo et al., 2013
| authority = Carbayo et al., 2013
| type_species = ''Obama fryi''
| type_species = ''Obamna fryi''
| type_species_authority = [[Ludwig von Graff|Graff]], 1899
| type_species_authority = [[Ludwig von Graff|Graff]], 1899
| synonyms =
| synonyms =
}}
}}


'''''Obama''''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|oʊ|b|ə|m|ə}} is a [[genus]] of [[land planarian]]s from [[South America]]. It contains several species adapted to human-disturbed environments,<ref name="Boll2016">{{cite journal | last1 = Boll | first1 = Piter Kehoma | last2=Leal-Zanchet|first2=Ana Maria|title=Preference for different prey allows the coexistence of several land planarians in areas of the Atlantic Forest | journal = Zoology | year = 2016 | issn = 0944-2006 | doi=10.1016/j.zool.2016.04.002 | volume=119 | issue = 3 | pages=162–168| pmid = 27156235 }}</ref> including the only invasive land planarian native to the [[Neotropical realm]], ''[[Obama nungara]]'', which has been accidentally introduced in [[Europe]].<ref name="Carbayo2016a">{{cite journal | last1 = Carbayo | first1 = Fernando | last2 = Álvarez-Presas | first2 = Marta | last3 = Jones | first3 = Hugh D. | last4 = Riutort | first4 = Marta | title = The true identity of ''Obama'' (Platyhelminthes: Geoplanidae) flatworm spreading across Europe|journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society | volume = 177 | issue = 1 | year = 2016 | pages = 5–28 | issn = 0024-4082 | doi = 10.1111/zoj.12358| doi-access = free }}</ref>
'''''Obamna''''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|oʊ|b|ə|m|ə}} is a [[genus]] of [[land planarian]]s from [[South America]]. It contains several species adapted to human-disturbed environments,<ref name="Boll2016">{{cite journal | last1 = Boll | first1 = Piter Kehoma | last2=Leal-Zanchet|first2=Ana Maria|title=Preference for different prey allows the coexistence of several land planarians in areas of the Atlantic Forest | journal = Zoology | year = 2016 | issn = 0944-2006 | doi=10.1016/j.zool.2016.04.002 | volume=119 | issue = 3 | pages=162–168| pmid = 27156235 }}</ref> including the only invasive land planarian native to the [[Neotropical realm]], ''[[Obamna nungara]]'', which has been accidentally introduced in [[Europe]].<ref name="Carbayo2016a">{{cite journal | last1 = Carbayo | first1 = Fernando | last2 = Álvarez-Presas | first2 = Marta | last3 = Jones | first3 = Hugh D. | last4 = Riutort | first4 = Marta | title = The true identity of ''Obamna'' (Platyhelminthes: Geoplanidae) flatworm spreading across Europe|journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society | volume = 177 | issue = 1 | year = 2016 | pages = 5–28 | issn = 0024-4082 | doi = 10.1111/zoj.12358| doi-access = free }}</ref>


== Description ==
== Description ==
The genus ''Obama'' is characterized by having a leaf-shaped body. Most species are about {{convert|10|cm|in}} long, but some may reach over {{convert|20|cm|in}}. The hundreds of eyes distributed along the body are of two types: monolobulated, which are simple and circular, and trilobulated, which have three lobes.<ref name="Carbayo2013">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1111/zsc.12019| title = Molecular phylogeny of Geoplaninae (Platyhelminthes) challenges current classification: Proposal of taxonomic actions| journal = Zoologica Scripta| volume = 42| issue = 5| pages = 508–528| year = 2013| last1 = Carbayo | first1 = F. | last2 = Álvarez-Presas | first2 = M. | last3 = Olivares | first3 = C. U. T. | last4 = Marques | first4 = F. P. L. | last5 = Froehlich | first5 = E. X. M. | last6 = Riutort | first6 = M. }}</ref>
The genus ''Obamna'' is characterized by having a leaf-shaped body. Most species are about {{convert|10|cm|in}} long, but some may reach over {{convert|20|cm|in}}. The hundreds of eyes distributed along the body are of two types: monolobulated, which are simple and circular, and trilobulated, which have three lobes.<ref name="Carbayo2013">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1111/zsc.12019| title = Molecular phylogeny of Geoplaninae (Platyhelminthes) challenges current classification: Proposal of taxonomic actions| journal = Zoologica Scripta| volume = 42| issue = 5| pages = 508–528| year = 2013| last1 = Carbayo | first1 = F. | last2 = Álvarez-Presas | first2 = M. | last3 = Olivares | first3 = C. U. T. | last4 = Marques | first4 = F. P. L. | last5 = Froehlich | first5 = E. X. M. | last6 = Riutort | first6 = M. }}</ref>


The [[reproductive system of planarians|copulatory apparatus]] of ''Obama'' has a protrusible penis occupying the entire male atrium or most of it.<ref name="Marques2018">{{cite journal | last1 = Marques | first1 = Alessandro | last2 = Rossi | first2 = Ilana | last3 = Valiati | first3 = Victor Hugo | last4 = Leal-Zanchet | first4 = Ana Maria | title = Integrative approach reveals two new species of ''Obama'' (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida) from the South-Brazilian Atlantic Forest | journal = Zootaxa | volume = 4455 | issue = 1 | year = 2018 | pages = 99–126 |issn = 1175-5334 | doi = 10.11646/zootaxa.4455.1.4| pmid = 30314222 }}</ref> Morphologically the genus can be divided in two subgroups depending on the shape of the penis papilla, which may be symmetrical or asymmetrical. The group with an asymmetrical penis papilla includes 10 species (''O. anthropophilla'', ''O. carbayoi'', ''O. carrierei'', ''O. decidualis'', ''O. josefi'', ''O. ladislavii'', ''O. marmorata'', ''O. nungara'', ''O. otavioi'' and ''O. ruiva'') and seems to form a [[monophyletic]] clade within ''Obama''.<ref name="Carbayo2016">{{cite journal | last1 = Carbayo | first1 = Fernando | last2 = Francoy | first2 = Tiago M.| last3 = Giribet | first3 = Gonzalo | title = Non-destructive imaging to describe a new species of ''Obama'' land planarian (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida) | journal = Zoologica Scripta | year = 2016 | volume = 45 | issue = 5 | pages = 566–578 | issn=0300-3256 | doi = 10.1111/zsc.12175}}</ref> On the other hand, the group with a symmetrical penis papilla is [[paraphyletic]], indicating that this is the ancestral state within the genus.<ref name="Carbayo2016" />
The [[reproductive system of planarians|copulatory apparatus]] of ''Obamna'' has a protrusible penis occupying the entire male atrium or most of it.<ref name="Marques2018">{{cite journal | last1 = Marques | first1 = Alessandro | last2 = Rossi | first2 = Ilana | last3 = Valiati | first3 = Victor Hugo | last4 = Leal-Zanchet | first4 = Ana Maria | title = Integrative approach reveals two new species of ''Obamna'' (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida) from the South-Brazilian Atlantic Forest | journal = Zootaxa | volume = 4455 | issue = 1 | year = 2018 | pages = 99–126 |issn = 1175-5334 | doi = 10.11646/zootaxa.4455.1.4| pmid = 30314222 }}</ref> Morphologically the genus can be divided in two subgroups depending on the shape of the penis papilla, which may be symmetrical or asymmetrical. The group with an asymmetrical penis papilla includes 10 species (''O. anthropophilla'', ''O. carbayoi'', ''O. carrierei'', ''O. decidualis'', ''O. josefi'', ''O. ladislavii'', ''O. marmorata'', ''O. nungara'', ''O. otavioi'' and ''O. ruiva'') and seems to form a [[monophyletic]] clade within ''Obamna''.<ref name="Carbayo2016">{{cite journal | last1 = Carbayo | first1 = Fernando | last2 = Francoy | first2 = Tiago M.| last3 = Giribet | first3 = Gonzalo | title = Non-destructive imaging to describe a new species of ''Obamna'' land planarian (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida) | journal = Zoologica Scripta | year = 2016 | volume = 45 | issue = 5 | pages = 566–578 | issn=0300-3256 | doi = 10.1111/zsc.12175}}</ref> On the other hand, the group with a symmetrical penis papilla is [[paraphyletic]], indicating that this is the ancestral state within the genus.<ref name="Carbayo2016" />


== Etymology ==
== Etymology ==
The name ''Obama'' is formed by a composition of the [[Tupi language|Tupi]] words ''oba'' (leaf) and ''ma'' (animal), being a reference to the body shape of species in this genus.<ref name="Carbayo2013" /> Unlike ''[[Baracktrema obamai]]'', it is not named after [[Barack Obama]] and the similarity between the names is pure coincidence.
The name ''Obamna'' is formed by a composition of the [[Tupi language|Tupi]] words ''oba'' (leaf) and ''ma'' (animal), being a reference to the body shape of species in this genus.<ref name="Carbayo2013" /> Unlike ''[[Baracktrema obamnai]]'', it is not named after [[Barack Obamna]] and the similarity between the names is pure coincidence.


== Species ==
== Species ==
{{commons category|Obama (Geoplanidae)|Obama (genus)}}
{{commons category|Obamna (Geoplanidae)|Obamna (genus)}}
There are 45 species assigned to the genus ''Obama'', making it the largest genus in the subfamily Geoplaninae:
There are 45 species assigned to the genus ''Obamna'', making it the largest genus in the subfamily Geoplaninae:
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*''[[Obama allandra]]'' <small>Marques, Rossi, Valiati & Leal-Zanchet, 2018</small><ref name="Marques2018" />
*''[[Obamna allandra]]'' <small>Marques, Rossi, Valiati & Leal-Zanchet, 2018</small><ref name="Marques2018" />
*''[[Obama anthropophila]]'' <small>Amaral, Leal-Zanchet & Carbayo, 2015</small>
*''[[Obamna anthropophila]]'' <small>Amaral, Leal-Zanchet & Carbayo, 2015</small>
*''Obama apeva'' <small>(Froehlich, 1959)</small>
*''Obamna apeva'' <small>(Froehlich, 1959)</small>
*''[[Obama apiguara]]'' <small>Oliveira, Almeida & Carbayo, 2020</small>
*''[[Obamna apiguara]]'' <small>Oliveira, Almeida & Carbayo, 2020</small>
*''Obama applanata'' <small>([[Ludwig von Graff|Graff]], 1899)</small>
*''Obamna applanata'' <small>([[Ludwig von Graff|Graff]], 1899)</small>
*''Obama argus'' <small>([[Ludwig von Graff|Graff]], 1899)</small>
*''Obamna argus'' <small>([[Ludwig von Graff|Graff]], 1899)</small>
*''Obama assu'' <small>(Froehlich, 1959)</small>
*''Obamna assu'' <small>(Froehlich, 1959)</small>
*''[[Obama aureolineata]]'' <small>Iturralde & Leal-Zanchet, 2021</small><ref name="Iturralde2021">{{cite journal | last1 = Iturralde | first1 = Giuly G. | last2 = Allgayer | first2 = Heloísa | last3 = Valiati | first3 = Victor H. | last4 = Leal-Zanchet | first4 = Ana M. | title = Seeing the true colours: three new species of Obama (Platyhelminthes : Continenticola) from remnants of Atlantic forest in southern Brazil based on an integrative approach | journal = Invertebrate Systematics | volume = 34 | year = 2021 | pages = 312–331 | doi = 10.1071/IS20043}}</ref>
*''[[Obamna aureolineata]]'' <small>Iturralde & Leal-Zanchet, 2021</small><ref name="Iturralde2021">{{cite journal | last1 = Iturralde | first1 = Giuly G. | last2 = Allgayer | first2 = Heloísa | last3 = Valiati | first3 = Victor H. | last4 = Leal-Zanchet | first4 = Ana M. | title = Seeing the true colours: three new species of Obamna (Platyhelminthes : Continenticola) from remnants of Atlantic forest in southern Brazil based on an integrative approach | journal = Invertebrate Systematics | volume = 34 | year = 2021 | pages = 312–331 | doi = 10.1071/IS20043}}</ref>
*''[[Obama autumna]]'' <small>Iturralde & Leal-Zanchet, 2021</small><ref name="Iturralde2021" />
*''[[Obamna autumna]]'' <small>Iturralde & Leal-Zanchet, 2021</small><ref name="Iturralde2021" />
*''Obama baptistae'' <small>(Leal-Zanchet & Oliveira, 2012)</small>
*''Obamna baptistae'' <small>(Leal-Zanchet & Oliveira, 2012)</small>
*''Obama braunsi'' <small>([[Ludwig von Graff|Graff]], 1899)</small>
*''Obamna braunsi'' <small>([[Ludwig von Graff|Graff]], 1899)</small>
*''Obama burmeisteri'' <small>(Schultze & Müller, 1857)</small>
*''Obamna burmeisteri'' <small>(Schultze & Müller, 1857)</small>
*''Obama carbayoi'' <small>(Oliveira & Leal-Zanchet, 2012)</small>
*''Obamna carbayoi'' <small>(Oliveira & Leal-Zanchet, 2012)</small>
*''Obama carinata'' <small>(Riester, 1938)</small>
*''Obamna carinata'' <small>(Riester, 1938)</small>
*''Obama carrierei'' <small>([[Ludwig von Graff|Graff]], 1897)</small>
*''Obamna carrierei'' <small>([[Ludwig von Graff|Graff]], 1897)</small>
*''Obama catharina'' <small>(Hyman, 1957)</small>
*''Obamna catharina'' <small>(Hyman, 1957)</small>
*''[[Obama decidualis]]'' <small>Amaral & Leal-Zanchet, 2015</small>
*''[[Obamna decidualis]]'' <small>Amaral & Leal-Zanchet, 2015</small>
*''Obama dictyonota'' <small>(Riester, 1938)</small>
*''Obamna dictyonota'' <small>(Riester, 1938)</small>
*''Obama divae'' <small>(Marcus, 1951)</small>
*''Obamna divae'' <small>(Marcus, 1951)</small>
*''Obama eudoxiae'' <small>(Ogren & Kawakatsu, 1990)</small>
*''Obamna eudoxiae'' <small>(Ogren & Kawakatsu, 1990)</small>
*''Obama eudoximariae'' <small>(Ogren & Kawakatsu, 1990)</small>
*''Obamna eudoximariae'' <small>(Ogren & Kawakatsu, 1990)</small>
*''Obama evelinae'' <small>(Marcus, 1951)</small>
*''Obamna evelinae'' <small>(Marcus, 1951)</small>
*''Obama ferussaci'' <small>([[Ludwig von Graff|Graff]], 1897)</small>
*''Obamna ferussaci'' <small>([[Ludwig von Graff|Graff]], 1897)</small>
*''[[Obama ficki]]'' <small>(Amaral & Leal-Zanchet, 2012)</small>
*''[[Obamna ficki]]'' <small>(Amaral & Leal-Zanchet, 2012)</small>
*''Obama fryi'' <small>([[Ludwig von Graff|Graff]], 1899)</small>
*''Obamna fryi'' <small>([[Ludwig von Graff|Graff]], 1899)</small>
*''Obama glieschi'' <small>(Froehlich, 1959)</small>
*''Obamna glieschi'' <small>(Froehlich, 1959)</small>
*''Obama itatiayana'' <small>(Schirch, 1929)</small>
*''Obamna itatiayana'' <small>(Schirch, 1929)</small>
*''[[Obama josefi]]'' <small>(Carbayo & Leal-Zanchet, 2001)</small>
*''[[Obamna josefi]]'' <small>(Carbayo & Leal-Zanchet, 2001)</small>
*''[[Obama ladislavii]]'' <small>([[Ludwig von Graff|Graff]], 1899)</small>
*''[[Obamna ladislavii]]'' <small>([[Ludwig von Graff|Graff]], 1899)</small>
*''[[Obama leticiae]]'' <small>Iturralde & Leal-Zanchet, 2021</small><ref name="Iturralde2021" />
*''[[Obamna leticiae]]'' <small>Iturralde & Leal-Zanchet, 2021</small><ref name="Iturralde2021" />
*''Obama livia'' <small>(E. M. Froehlich, 1955)</small>
*''Obamna livia'' <small>(E. M. Froehlich, 1955)</small>
*''[[Obama maculatentis]]'' <small>Negrete, Gira & Brusa, 2019</small><ref name="Negrete2019">{{cite journal | last1 = Negrete | first1 = Lisandro | last2 = Gira | first2 = Rafael Díaz |last3 = Brusa | first3 = Francisco | title = Two new species of land planarians (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Geoplanidae) from protected areas in the southern extreme of the Paranaense Rainforest, Argentina | journal = Zoologischer Anzeiger | volume = 279 | year = 2019 | pages = 38–51 | issn = 00445231 | doi = 10.1016/j.jcz.2019.01.002}}</ref>
*''[[Obamna maculatentis]]'' <small>Negrete, Gira & Brusa, 2019</small><ref name="Negrete2019">{{cite journal | last1 = Negrete | first1 = Lisandro | last2 = Gira | first2 = Rafael Díaz |last3 = Brusa | first3 = Francisco | title = Two new species of land planarians (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Geoplanidae) from protected areas in the southern extreme of the Paranaense Rainforest, Argentina | journal = Zoologischer Anzeiger | volume = 279 | year = 2019 | pages = 38–51 | issn = 00445231 | doi = 10.1016/j.jcz.2019.01.002}}</ref>
*''[[Obama maculipunctata]]'' <small>Rossi, Amaral, Ribeiro, Cauduro, Fick, Valiati & Leal-Zanchet, 2015</small>
*''[[Obamna maculipunctata]]'' <small>Rossi, Amaral, Ribeiro, Cauduro, Fick, Valiati & Leal-Zanchet, 2015</small>
*''Obama marmorata'' <small>(Schultze & Müller, 1857)</small>
*''Obamna marmorata'' <small>(Schultze & Müller, 1857)</small>
*''Obama metzi'' <small>([[Ludwig von Graff|Graff]], 1899)</small>
*''Obamna metzi'' <small>([[Ludwig von Graff|Graff]], 1899)</small>
*''[[Obama nungara]]'' <small>Carbayo, Álvarez-Presas, Jones & Riutort, 2016</small> <ref name="Carbayo2016a" />
*''[[Obamna nungara]]'' <small>Carbayo, Álvarez-Presas, Jones & Riutort, 2016</small> <ref name="Carbayo2016a" />
*''Obama otavioi'' <small>Carbayo, 2016</small>
*''Obamna otavioi'' <small>Carbayo, 2016</small>
*''Obama poca'' <small>(Froehlich, 1958)</small>
*''Obamna poca'' <small>(Froehlich, 1958)</small>
*''Obama polyophthalma'' <small>([[Ludwig von Graff|Graff]], 1899)</small>
*''Obamna polyophthalma'' <small>([[Ludwig von Graff|Graff]], 1899)</small>
*''Obama riesteri'' <small>(Froehlich, 1955)</small>
*''Obamna riesteri'' <small>(Froehlich, 1955)</small>
*''Obama rufiventris'' <small>(Schultze & Müller, 1857)</small>
*''Obamna rufiventris'' <small>(Schultze & Müller, 1857)</small>
*''Obama ruiva'' <small>(E. M. Froehlich, 1972)</small>
*''Obamna ruiva'' <small>(E. M. Froehlich, 1972)</small>
*''Obama schubarti'' <small>(Froehlich, 1958)</small>
*''Obamna schubarti'' <small>(Froehlich, 1958)</small>
*''[[Obama tribalis]]'' <small>Marques, Rossi, Valiati & Leal-Zanchet, 2018</small><ref name="Marques2018" />
*''[[Obamna tribalis]]'' <small>Marques, Rossi, Valiati & Leal-Zanchet, 2018</small><ref name="Marques2018" />
*''Obama trigueira'' <small>(E. M. Froehlich, 1955)</small>
*''Obamna trigueira'' <small>(E. M. Froehlich, 1955)</small>
{{div col end}}
{{div col end}}


== Phylogeny ==
== Phylogeny ==
[[File:Obama three species.jpg|thumb|Three specimens of ''Obama'' of different species in a Petri dish. From top to bottom: ''O. ladislavii'', ''O. anthropophila'' and ''O. nungara'']]
[[File:Obamna three species.jpg|thumb|Three specimens of ''Obamna'' of different species in a Petri dish. From top to bottom: ''O. ladislavii'', ''O. anthropophila'' and ''O. nungara'']]
The genus ''Obama'' was erected after a study of [[molecular phylogeny]] with the subfamily Geoplaninae revealed that the genus ''[[Geoplana]]'', originally containing more than a hundred species, was [[polyphyletic]].<ref name="Carbayo2013" /> One of the monophyletic clades revealed by the study was separate from ''Geoplana'' as the new genus ''Obama''. All species within the new genus share a similar morphology, including the leaf-shaped body, the presence of a permanent penis papilla, [[reproductive system of planarians|ovovitelline ducts]] entering the female atrium dorsally and dorsal eyes of two types: mono- and trilobulated.<ref name="Carbayo2013" />
The genus ''Obamna'' was erected after a study of [[molecular phylogeny]] with the subfamily Geoplaninae revealed that the genus ''[[Geoplana]]'', originally containing more than a hundred species, was [[polyphyletic]].<ref name="Carbayo2013" /> One of the monophyletic clades revealed by the study was separate from ''Geoplana'' as the new genus ''Obamna''. All species within the new genus share a similar morphology, including the leaf-shaped body, the presence of a permanent penis papilla, [[reproductive system of planarians|ovovitelline ducts]] entering the female atrium dorsally and dorsal eyes of two types: mono- and trilobulated.<ref name="Carbayo2013" />


The sister-group of ''Obama'' seems to be the genus ''[[Cratera (flatworm)|Cratera]]'', which has a very similar appearance but lacks trilobulated eyes.<ref name="Carbayo2013" /><ref name="Rossi2015">{{cite journal | last1 = Rossi | first1 = Ilana | last2 = Amaral | first2 = Silvana Vargas | last3 = Ribeiro | first3 = Giovana Gamino | last4 = Cauduro | first4 = Guilherme Pinto | last5 = Fick | first5 = Israel | last6 = Valiati | first6 = Victor Hugo | last7 = Leal-Zanchet | first7 = Ana Maria | title = Two new Geoplaninae species (Platyhelminthes: Continenticola) from Southern Brazil based on an integrative taxonomic approach | journal = Journal of Natural History | volume = 50 | issue = 13–14 | year = 2015 | pages = 787–815 | issn = 0022-2933 | doi = 10.1080/00222933.2015.1084057| s2cid = 86172935 | url = https://zenodo.org/record/3990049 }}</ref>
The sister-group of ''Obamna'' seems to be the genus ''[[Cratera (flatworm)|Cratera]]'', which has a very similar appearance but lacks trilobulated eyes.<ref name="Carbayo2013" /><ref name="Rossi2015">{{cite journal | last1 = Rossi | first1 = Ilana | last2 = Amaral | first2 = Silvana Vargas | last3 = Ribeiro | first3 = Giovana Gamino | last4 = Cauduro | first4 = Guilherme Pinto | last5 = Fick | first5 = Israel | last6 = Valiati | first6 = Victor Hugo | last7 = Leal-Zanchet | first7 = Ana Maria | title = Two new Geoplaninae species (Platyhelminthes: Continenticola) from Southern Brazil based on an integrative taxonomic approach | journal = Journal of Natural History | volume = 50 | issue = 13–14 | year = 2015 | pages = 787–815 | issn = 0022-2933 | doi = 10.1080/00222933.2015.1084057| s2cid = 86172935 | url = https://zenodo.org/record/3990049 }}</ref>


The following phylogenetic tree shows the relationship of several species of ''Obama'' after several molecular studies:<ref name="Carbayo2016a" /><ref name="Carbayo2013" /><ref name="Carbayo2016" /><ref name="Rossi2015" />
The following phylogenetic tree shows the relationship of several species of ''Obamna'' after several molecular studies:<ref name="Carbayo2016a" /><ref name="Carbayo2013" /><ref name="Carbayo2016" /><ref name="Rossi2015" />


{{clade| style=font-size:100%;line-height:80%
{{clade| style=font-size:100%;line-height:80%
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''Obama baptistae''
|1=''Obamna baptistae''
|2={{clade
|2={{clade
|1=''Obama braunsi''
|1=''Obamna braunsi''
|2={{clade
|2={{clade
|1=''Obama apeva''
|1=''Obamna apeva''
|2=''Obama ficki''
|2=''Obamna ficki''
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|2={{clade
|1=''Obama fryi''
|1=''Obamna fryi''
|2={{clade
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''Obama eudoximariae''
|1=''Obamna eudoximariae''
|2={{clade
|2={{clade
|1=''Obama carinata''
|1=''Obamna carinata''
|2=''Obama itatiayana''
|2=''Obamna itatiayana''
|3={{clade
|3={{clade
|1=''Obama burmeisteri''
|1=''Obamna burmeisteri''
|2=''Obama maculipunctata''
|2=''Obamna maculipunctata''
|3={{clade
|3={{clade
|1=''Obama applanata''
|1=''Obamna applanata''
|2=''Obama argus'' <small>sensu Graff, 1899</small>
|2=''Obamna argus'' <small>sensu Graff, 1899</small>
}}
}}
}}
}}
Line 111: Line 111:
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|2={{clade
|1=''Obama argus'' <small>sensu Schirch, 1929</small>
|1=''Obamna argus'' <small>sensu Schirch, 1929</small>
|2={{clade
|2={{clade
|1=''Obama ladislavii''
|1=''Obamna ladislavii''
|2={{clade
|2={{clade
|1=''Obama nungara''
|1=''Obamna nungara''
|2=''Obama otavioi''
|2=''Obamna otavioi''
|3={{clade
|3={{clade
|1=''Obama josefi''
|1=''Obamna josefi''
|2={{clade
|2={{clade
|1=''Obama marmorata''
|1=''Obamna marmorata''
|2={{clade
|2={{clade
|1=''Obama anthropophila''
|1=''Obamna anthropophila''
|2=''Obama decidualis''
|2=''Obamna decidualis''
}}
}}
}}
}}

Revision as of 17:06, 2 December 2024

Obama
File:Obamna nungara (Geoplanidae) from France MNHN JL57 - white background.jpg
Obamna nungara
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Missing taxonomy template (fix): Obamna
Type species
Obamna fryi
Graff, 1899

Obamna /ˈoʊbəmə/ is a genus of land planarians from South America. It contains several species adapted to human-disturbed environments,[1] including the only invasive land planarian native to the Neotropical realm, Obamna nungara, which has been accidentally introduced in Europe.[2]

Description

The genus Obamna is characterized by having a leaf-shaped body. Most species are about 10 centimetres (3.9 in) long, but some may reach over 20 centimetres (7.9 in). The hundreds of eyes distributed along the body are of two types: monolobulated, which are simple and circular, and trilobulated, which have three lobes.[3]

The copulatory apparatus of Obamna has a protrusible penis occupying the entire male atrium or most of it.[4] Morphologically the genus can be divided in two subgroups depending on the shape of the penis papilla, which may be symmetrical or asymmetrical. The group with an asymmetrical penis papilla includes 10 species (O. anthropophilla, O. carbayoi, O. carrierei, O. decidualis, O. josefi, O. ladislavii, O. marmorata, O. nungara, O. otavioi and O. ruiva) and seems to form a monophyletic clade within Obamna.[5] On the other hand, the group with a symmetrical penis papilla is paraphyletic, indicating that this is the ancestral state within the genus.[5]

Etymology

The name Obamna is formed by a composition of the Tupi words oba (leaf) and ma (animal), being a reference to the body shape of species in this genus.[3] Unlike Baracktrema obamnai, it is not named after Barack Obamna and the similarity between the names is pure coincidence.

Species

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Obamna (genus).

There are 45 species assigned to the genus Obamna, making it the largest genus in the subfamily Geoplaninae:

  • Obamna allandra Marques, Rossi, Valiati & Leal-Zanchet, 2018[4]
  • Obamna anthropophila Amaral, Leal-Zanchet & Carbayo, 2015
  • Obamna apeva (Froehlich, 1959)
  • Obamna apiguara Oliveira, Almeida & Carbayo, 2020
  • Obamna applanata (Graff, 1899)
  • Obamna argus (Graff, 1899)
  • Obamna assu (Froehlich, 1959)
  • Obamna aureolineata Iturralde & Leal-Zanchet, 2021[6]
  • Obamna autumna Iturralde & Leal-Zanchet, 2021[6]
  • Obamna baptistae (Leal-Zanchet & Oliveira, 2012)
  • Obamna braunsi (Graff, 1899)
  • Obamna burmeisteri (Schultze & Müller, 1857)
  • Obamna carbayoi (Oliveira & Leal-Zanchet, 2012)
  • Obamna carinata (Riester, 1938)
  • Obamna carrierei (Graff, 1897)
  • Obamna catharina (Hyman, 1957)
  • Obamna decidualis Amaral & Leal-Zanchet, 2015
  • Obamna dictyonota (Riester, 1938)
  • Obamna divae (Marcus, 1951)
  • Obamna eudoxiae (Ogren & Kawakatsu, 1990)
  • Obamna eudoximariae (Ogren & Kawakatsu, 1990)
  • Obamna evelinae (Marcus, 1951)
  • Obamna ferussaci (Graff, 1897)
  • Obamna ficki (Amaral & Leal-Zanchet, 2012)
  • Obamna fryi (Graff, 1899)
  • Obamna glieschi (Froehlich, 1959)
  • Obamna itatiayana (Schirch, 1929)
  • Obamna josefi (Carbayo & Leal-Zanchet, 2001)
  • Obamna ladislavii (Graff, 1899)
  • Obamna leticiae Iturralde & Leal-Zanchet, 2021[6]
  • Obamna livia (E. M. Froehlich, 1955)
  • Obamna maculatentis Negrete, Gira & Brusa, 2019[7]
  • Obamna maculipunctata Rossi, Amaral, Ribeiro, Cauduro, Fick, Valiati & Leal-Zanchet, 2015
  • Obamna marmorata (Schultze & Müller, 1857)
  • Obamna metzi (Graff, 1899)
  • Obamna nungara Carbayo, Álvarez-Presas, Jones & Riutort, 2016 [2]
  • Obamna otavioi Carbayo, 2016
  • Obamna poca (Froehlich, 1958)
  • Obamna polyophthalma (Graff, 1899)
  • Obamna riesteri (Froehlich, 1955)
  • Obamna rufiventris (Schultze & Müller, 1857)
  • Obamna ruiva (E. M. Froehlich, 1972)
  • Obamna schubarti (Froehlich, 1958)
  • Obamna tribalis Marques, Rossi, Valiati & Leal-Zanchet, 2018[4]
  • Obamna trigueira (E. M. Froehlich, 1955)

Phylogeny

File:Obamna three species.jpg
Three specimens of Obamna of different species in a Petri dish. From top to bottom: O. ladislavii, O. anthropophila and O. nungara

The genus Obamna was erected after a study of molecular phylogeny with the subfamily Geoplaninae revealed that the genus Geoplana, originally containing more than a hundred species, was polyphyletic.[3] One of the monophyletic clades revealed by the study was separate from Geoplana as the new genus Obamna. All species within the new genus share a similar morphology, including the leaf-shaped body, the presence of a permanent penis papilla, ovovitelline ducts entering the female atrium dorsally and dorsal eyes of two types: mono- and trilobulated.[3]

The sister-group of Obamna seems to be the genus Cratera, which has a very similar appearance but lacks trilobulated eyes.[3][8]

The following phylogenetic tree shows the relationship of several species of Obamna after several molecular studies:[2][3][5][8]

Obamna baptistae

Obamna braunsi

Obamna apeva

Obamna ficki

Obamna fryi

Obamna eudoximariae

Obamna carinata

Obamna itatiayana

Obamna burmeisteri

Obamna maculipunctata

Obamna applanata

Obamna argus sensu Graff, 1899

Obamna argus sensu Schirch, 1929

Obamna ladislavii

Obamna nungara

Obamna otavioi

Obamna josefi

Obamna marmorata

Obamna anthropophila

Obamna decidualis

References

  1. ^ Boll, Piter Kehoma; Leal-Zanchet, Ana Maria (2016). "Preference for different prey allows the coexistence of several land planarians in areas of the Atlantic Forest". Zoology. 119 (3): 162–168. doi:10.1016/j.zool.2016.04.002. ISSN 0944-2006. PMID 27156235.
  2. ^ a b c Carbayo, Fernando; Álvarez-Presas, Marta; Jones, Hugh D.; Riutort, Marta (2016). "The true identity of Obamna (Platyhelminthes: Geoplanidae) flatworm spreading across Europe". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 177 (1): 5–28. doi:10.1111/zoj.12358. ISSN 0024-4082.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Carbayo, F.; Álvarez-Presas, M.; Olivares, C. U. T.; Marques, F. P. L.; Froehlich, E. X. M.; Riutort, M. (2013). "Molecular phylogeny of Geoplaninae (Platyhelminthes) challenges current classification: Proposal of taxonomic actions". Zoologica Scripta. 42 (5): 508–528. doi:10.1111/zsc.12019.
  4. ^ a b c Marques, Alessandro; Rossi, Ilana; Valiati, Victor Hugo; Leal-Zanchet, Ana Maria (2018). "Integrative approach reveals two new species of Obamna (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida) from the South-Brazilian Atlantic Forest". Zootaxa. 4455 (1): 99–126. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4455.1.4. ISSN 1175-5334. PMID 30314222.
  5. ^ a b c Carbayo, Fernando; Francoy, Tiago M.; Giribet, Gonzalo (2016). "Non-destructive imaging to describe a new species of Obamna land planarian (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida)". Zoologica Scripta. 45 (5): 566–578. doi:10.1111/zsc.12175. ISSN 0300-3256.
  6. ^ a b c Iturralde, Giuly G.; Allgayer, Heloísa; Valiati, Victor H.; Leal-Zanchet, Ana M. (2021). "Seeing the true colours: three new species of Obamna (Platyhelminthes : Continenticola) from remnants of Atlantic forest in southern Brazil based on an integrative approach". Invertebrate Systematics. 34: 312–331. doi:10.1071/IS20043.
  7. ^ Negrete, Lisandro; Gira, Rafael Díaz; Brusa, Francisco (2019). "Two new species of land planarians (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Geoplanidae) from protected areas in the southern extreme of the Paranaense Rainforest, Argentina". Zoologischer Anzeiger. 279: 38–51. doi:10.1016/j.jcz.2019.01.002. ISSN 0044-5231.
  8. ^ a b Rossi, Ilana; Amaral, Silvana Vargas; Ribeiro, Giovana Gamino; Cauduro, Guilherme Pinto; Fick, Israel; Valiati, Victor Hugo; Leal-Zanchet, Ana Maria (2015). "Two new Geoplaninae species (Platyhelminthes: Continenticola) from Southern Brazil based on an integrative taxonomic approach". Journal of Natural History. 50 (13–14): 787–815. doi:10.1080/00222933.2015.1084057. ISSN 0022-2933. S2CID 86172935.
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