Jump to content

Republic Protests: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
DarkSaber2k (talk | contribs)
6,004 edits
Undid revision 131510661 by Jerrod Kleiner (talk)
Line 3: Line 3:
{{wikinews4 | Pro-secular Turks rally against Erdogan's possible presidential candidacy | Turkey's governing party names Abdullah Gül as presidential candidate | Protests in Turkey over Presidential candidate | AKP calls for early general election in Turkey}}
{{wikinews4 | Pro-secular Turks rally against Erdogan's possible presidential candidacy | Turkey's governing party names Abdullah Gül as presidential candidate | Protests in Turkey over Presidential candidate | AKP calls for early general election in Turkey}}
The '''Republic Protests''' ({{lang-tr|Cumhuriyet Mitingleri}}) were a series of peaceful mass rallies that took place in [[Turkey]] in 2007 in support of the [[Kemalist]] ideal of [[state secularism]].<ref name="BBC"/>
The '''Republic Protests''' ({{lang-tr|Cumhuriyet Mitingleri}}) were a series of peaceful mass rallies that took place in [[Turkey]] in 2007 in support of the [[Kemalist]] ideal of [[state secularism]].<ref name="BBC"/>

⚫
asdsquare, [[Istanbul]] according to [[Agence France-Presse|AFP]]<ref name="Agence France-Presse"/> and [[Reuters]].<ref name= Reuters29>{{citeweb|url= http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSL2910950920070429|title=One million Turks rally against government|publisher=[[Reuters]]|accessdate=2007-04-30}}</ref> The [[BBC]] reported hundreds of thousands of people.<ref name="BBC April 29"/> Over one, possibly two million people reportedly participated in the fifth rally.<ref name="swissinfo"/><ref name="Rundschau"/>
The first rally took place in [[Ankara]] on [[14 April]] just two days before the start of the [[Turkish presidential election, 2007|presidential election]] process.<ref name="BBC">{{citeweb|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6554851.stm|title=Secular rally targets Turkish PM|publisher=[[BBC]]|accessdate=2007-04-15}}</ref> The second one took place in [[Istanbul]] on [[29 April]].<ref name="Hurriyet 2 1"/> The third and fourth rallies took place consecutively in [[Manisa]] and [[Çanakkale]] on [[5 May]]. <ref name="Hurriyet 4 1"/> The fifth rally took place in [[İzmir]] on [[13 May]].<ref name="Hurriyet 5 1"/>

⚫
The number of people gathering for the first protest in front of [[Anıtkabir]], the mausoleum of [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]] in Ankara, was cited as ranging from "hundreds of thousands" to 1.5 million people.<ref name="Hurriyet 1"/> In the second protest, more than one million people gathered for the protests in Çağlayan square, [[Istanbul]] according to [[Agence France-Presse|AFP]]<ref name="Agence France-Presse"/> and [[Reuters]].<ref name= Reuters29>{{citeweb|url= http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSL2910950920070429|title=One million Turks rally against government|publisher=[[Reuters]]|accessdate=2007-04-30}}</ref> The [[BBC]] reported hundreds of thousands of people.<ref name="BBC April 29"/> Over one, possibly two million people reportedly participated in the fifth rally.<ref name="swissinfo"/><ref name="Rundschau"/>


== Antecedent ==
== Antecedent ==

Revision as of 10:54, 17 May 2007

The April 14, 2007 protest in Ankara crowding the Ceremonial Plaza of Anıtkabir, the mausoleum of the founder of modern Turkey, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk

Template:Wikinews4 The Republic Protests (Template:Lang-tr) were a series of peaceful mass rallies that took place in Turkey in 2007 in support of the Kemalist ideal of state secularism.[1]

The first rally took place in Ankara on 14 April just two days before the start of the presidential election process.[1] The second one took place in Istanbul on 29 April.[2] The third and fourth rallies took place consecutively in Manisa and Çanakkale on 5 May. [3] The fifth rally took place in İzmir on 13 May.[4]

The number of people gathering for the first protest in front of Anıtkabir, the mausoleum of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in Ankara, was cited as ranging from "hundreds of thousands" to 1.5 million people.[5] In the second protest, more than one million people gathered for the protests in Çağlayan square, Istanbul according to AFP[6] and Reuters.[7] The BBC reported hundreds of thousands of people.[8] Over one, possibly two million people reportedly participated in the fifth rally.[9][10]

Antecedent

See also: Secularism in Turkey and Atatürk's Reforms
Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, who some predicted would be the next President of the Republic of Turkey

Turkey's preservation and maintenance of its secular identity has been a profound issue and source of tension long before the demonstration. In the past, Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan has spoken out in favor of limited Islamism and against the active restrictions, instituted by Kemal Atatürk on wearing the Islamic-style head scarves in government offices and schools.

According to the British newspaper website Guardian Unlimited, Erdoğan revealed his Islamist program when he initiated a move in 2004 to criminalize adultery, which eventually failed under intense pressure from the secularist forces in the country and the European Union, which Turkey has been trying to join.[11]

General Yaşar Büyükanıt, Chief of the Turkish General Staff, warned against growing Islamic fundamentalism in October 2006. Prime minister Erdoğan replied, claiming that there was no such threat.[12] In a press conference two days prior to the demonstration Büyükanıt stated: "We hope that someone is elected president who is loyal to the principles of the republic — not just in words but in essence." This statement was widely interpreted as a hint from the General urging Erdoğan not to run.[11]

The serving president, Ahmet Necdet Sezer, aimed a clear swipe at Erdoğan the day before the demonstrations by stating that "The threat which Islamic fundamentalism poses to the country is higher than ever."[13] Although the post is mainly ceremonial, the Turkish president has the power to veto laws that he believes are in violation of the Constitution of Turkey and to veto appointments to the highest positions of the state administration. Sezer, a former Chief Justice of the Constitutional Court, has done so many times during his years in office.[14][15] In a recent poll by Hürriyet, a majority of the participants agreed with the president's assessment of the Islamist threat.[16]

On April 24, Prime Minister Erdogan declared his foreign minister Abdullah Gül as the official candidate of Justice and Development Party for the premiership. Gul's candidacy was controversial because of his past involvement with two banned Islamic political parties. Gul's statement "We want to change the secular system", in an interview published by the Guardian in 1995, created further tension. [17]

Additional concerns were also present, including the effect of the hijab-style clothing of his spouse on Turkey's secular image[18], who previously filed a case against Turkey for the ban in the public buildings.[19]

First rally (Tandoğan rally, Ankara)

Turkish demonstrators in the large square before the Anıtkabir
File:Protect Your Republic Protest13.jpg
Demonstrators outside of Anıtkabir in Tandoğan square

On 14 April the first protest took place in Tandoğan square in Ankara. The number of people gathering in front of Anıtkabir, the mausoleum of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in Ankara, was cited as ranging from "hundreds of thousands" to 1.5 million people. The first protest was one of the largest that Turkey had seen in years until then.[20] The target of the first protest was the possible presidential candidacy of the current Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan . The constitution puts the choice of president into the hands of the Turkish Grand National Assembly - in which Erdoğan's Justice and Development Party (AKP) has a healthy majority. However, if recently proposed modifications to the constitution are ratified in time, the presidency will result from direct election by the people. After the rally, Erdoğan announced that he had decided not to run for president.

The slogan of the protest was Claim Your Republic (Template:Lang-tr). [5][21] According to the Ministry of the General Staff of the Turkish Armed Forces, who administer Anıtkabir, 370,000 people visited the monument on that day,[22] but eyewitness accounts from those who participated say that at least twice that amount was not able to enter the crowded grounds (see photo). Police announcements gave conflicting numbers ranging from about 70,000 to 150,000 participants which was criticized among police officials themselves stating "such announcements hurt the credibility of the department."[23] CNN Türk spoke of more than 650,000 at the meeting.[24]

The demonstrators had different motives, including the suspicion that Erdoğan, who is thought to be attached to political Islam, will alter the secular state. Erdoğan's government denies having an Islamic agenda, but according to CNN, some critics argue that the government is inching the country towards increased religious rule.[25] Erdoğan has had run-ins with the law in the past: He was tried and convicted for "inciting religious hatred" and had consequently served a four month jail term in 2000 while he was the Mayor of Istanbul, Turkey's most populous city.[26] According to the Guardian Unlimited, the pro-Islamic prime minister's party has been eroding secularists' longtime grip on power.[11]

The protest was initiated by the "Association of Kemalist Ideology" (Template:Lang-tr) and supported by around 300 non-governmental organizations in Turkey. First some 60,000 people who travelled from all over Turkey by bus arrived to the protest in the early hours of Saturday, 14 April. People travelled by train and the residents of Ankara joined the protest overfilling Tandoğan Square and the nearby streets two hours before the official beginning. Among the protesters were also leaders of the opposition parties, Deniz Baykal (CHP), Zeki Sezer (DSP) and some professors of various universities wearing academic regalia. Protesters, waving the Turkish flag and carrying banners depicting Atatürk, chanted "Turkey is secular and will remain secular" (Template:Lang-tr) and "We don't want an imam as president!" (Template:Lang-tr). The demonstration in downtown Ankara ended at 13:00 local time (10:00 GMT). Afterwards, the crowd marched to the Anıtkabir to pay their respect to the founder of the republic.[27]

During the demonstrations, flight above Tandoğan Square and Anıtkabir was banned. Twelve ambulances and eleven police APCs were kept at standby in the surrounding streets.[5] A contingent of 10,000 police officers watched over the crowd,[14] but the demonstration ended peacefully.[27]

Although the demonstrations received international media attention,[28] all but one (Kanal Türk) of the local networks gave the demonstrations very little coverage. Habertürk director Melih Meriç said the lack of local coverage is because of political pressure.[29]

Aftermath of the first rally

File:Baykal.JPG
Deniz Baykal, leader of CHP

On 16 April in an interview en route to Germany onboard the prime minister's jet, Erdoğan said that the demonstration would not affect his decisions (at the time he had not yet decided whether to run).[30] Bülent Arınç, Speaker of the Turkish Parliament, commented that "they will elect a civilian, democratic and religious president". He also said that "not the regime but the power of the backers of status quo was in danger".[31] In response to the protests Eyüp Fatsa, AKP group chief representative, stated that "if they [AKP] decided to hold such a demonstration they could gather ten times as many people" and that the parliament does not decide based on crowd gatherings.[32] A Reuters article that appeared in the French newspaper Le Monde stated that if Erdoğan became president, Turkey would face its greatest political crisis since the creation of the Turkish Republic in 1923, noting the intricate connections between the secular elites and the army, and that the Chief of the Turkish Armed Forces had warned people of the danger threatening Turkish secularism. The article also reported that the Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi (Republican People's Party), the main opposition party, have declared their intention to leave the parliament and ask the Constitutional Court to cancel Erdoğan's running in the elections.[33]

On 18 April Arzuhan Doğan Yalçındağ, the president of the Association of Turkish Businessman and Industrialists (TÜSİAD), stated that she felt Erdoğan would not stand as a candidate in the presidential election. [34]

Foreign Minister and Presidential Candidate Abdullah Gül

On 24 April after these weeks of debate over who would run for the presidency, foreign minister Abdullah Gül was put forward as the only candidate.[35] Jonathan Rugman, a British reporter in Turkey for the Guardian, had published an article on 27 November 1995 following an interview with Abdullah Gül, who was then a member of the Welfare Party and made remarks such as "the Republican Era is over" Template:Lang-tr.[36] Immediately following the announcement, a group of 14 people was arrested for gathering to protest his candidacy in front of the Çankaya Palace (the presidential complex). After the arrest, smaller groups also gathered, chanting "if carrying the Turkish flag is a crime, take us too" (Template:Lang-tr). Drivers passing by reportedly showed support by waving flags from their cars. A similar protest took place in Kuğulu park.[37] When asked about this at a reception, General Ergin Saygun responded by quoting the 12 April speech of Yaşar Büyükanıt. When further inquired what he thought about the new commander-in-chief's wife having an Islamic headscarf, Saygun replied by saying that the answer to the question was inside it.[38]

On 25 April when inquired about his wife's Islamic headscarf, Gül responded by saying his wife's decision should be respected and treated as a personal right.[39]. The same day there was an assassination attempt on the YÖK president Dr. Erdoğan Teziç who is known for his secularist remarks. Three rounds were fired by a 30-year-old man identified as Nurullah İlgün. İlgün was arrested the same day.[40]

On 27 April, with only 353 parliamentarians present, the AKP failed to achieve a quorum of 367, and Gül's candidacy failed at the first round despite a majority of those present voting in favour. Due to the lack of necessary participation and several alleged violations of the constitution, the vote was taken to the constitutional court to be discussed over the weekend. [41] Later the same day the Turkish Armed Forces released a statement warning that they are a party to this debate and the absolute defender of secularism, and that when necessary they would display their attitudes and actions very clearly. This led to an increase in tensions between the AKP and the Turkish Armed Forces.[42]

Second rally (Çağlayan rally, İstanbul)

Demonstrators in Istanbul
View over Çağlayan square during the rally.

On 29 April a second rally was organized to start at 13:00 local time.[2] Hundreds of thousands to more than one million gathered for the second protest at Abide-i Hürriyet (Monument of Liberty) in Çağlayan square in Istanbul in support of secularism in Turkey and against the candidacy of Abdullah Gül in the 2007 presidential election.[6][8]

The rally was organised by Çağdaş Yaşamı Destekleme Derneği (Association in Support of Contemporary Living), Cumhuriyet Kadınları Derneği (Association of Republic's Women), and other women's NGO's.[2]

At 15:22, mobile phone base stations were overloaded. Mobile phones in and around Çağlayan became inoperable.[43]

At 15:30, Tuncay Özkan, owner of Kanaltürk, displayed a video of several statements by the current prime minister Erdoğan to the square full of protesters. These statements were:[43]

At 16:00 the speeches ended and the crowds began to disperse. At 16:30 the protests officially ended without incident.[43]

Aftermath of the second rally

On April 30, the Turkish Prime Minister Tayyip Erdoğan stated he would address the country amid the crisis over the presidential election that has pitted secularists, including the army, against his Islamist-rooted government.[52]

On May 1 in his public address Prime Minister Erdoğan called for unity. He said: "Unity, togetherness, solidarity, these are the things we need most. We can overcome many problems so long as we treat each other with love,¨ he also said: "Turkey is growing and developing very fast ... We must protect this atmosphere of stability and tranquility,¨[53]

On May 2 the Turkish Constitutional Court ruled (9-2) the first round of the presidential elections void due to insufficient participation. [54] Haşim Kılıç and Sacit Adalı were the only two Constitutional court members who voted against this. Former presidential candidate Abdullah Gül stated that an election should be held as soon as possible and the people should elect the president directly. [55] Erdoğan announced that there would be an early election on 24 June or 1 July.[56] Erdoğan said that the constitutional court decision was a bullet to democracy.[57] Late that night Sabih Kanadoğlu, a former justice in Turkish High Court of Appeals, objected the early vote and argued that it was unconstitutional. He also claimed that these attempts to maneuver around the law would lead to further crisis. Kanadoğlu was also the person who pointed out the "367 parliamentarian requirement" law.[58] A new controversy arose with the approaching end of term of the current president Sezer on 16 May. Speaker of the Parliament Bülent Arınç stated that the current president "would have to unfortunately retire" which would make Arınç the proxy president until a president is elected. However lawmakers argue that the current president would continue to serve until a replacement is elected. [59]

On May 3 Turkey's Parliament moved up elections to July 22 2007, after the Islamic-rooted ruling party and its secular opposition agreed that an early ballot was the only way out of their standoff over political Islam.[60][61]

On May 4 the election calender for the early election has been put forward. A total of 21 political parties have registered to run for the election. [62] A CNN International QuickVote resulted in 24% Yes vs 76% No on a question whether or not the Turkish democracy was hurt by the warning of the Turkish military.[63]

Third rally (Sultan rally, Manisa) and Fourth rally (Cumhuriyet rally, Çanakkale)

Manisa rally

On May 5 two rallies took place consecutively in Manisa and in Çanakkale with tens of thousands of participants reported at each event.[64]

The rally in Manisa started at 10:00 local time in Sultan square. Manisa is the hometown of Bülent Arınç member of AKP and current speaker of the Turkish parliament.[65]

The rally in Çanakkale started at 13:30 with an estimated participation of 25,000 people. A contingent of 400 police officers watched over the crowd.[3]

Aftermath of the third and fourth rallies

On 6 May Gül announced that he was withdrawing his candidacy right after a second vote which also failed because the parliamentary session did not achieve the 367-member quorum.[66]

On 7 May an amendment to the Turkish constitution, allowing the president to be elected directly by the people rather than by a parliamentary vote, was passed by 350 votes to 56. [67] Founder of Borusan Holding Asım Kocabıyık stated that if the AKP gained 50% popular support in the upcoming general elections the country would be lost.[68]

On 8 May a request by the Young Party (Template:Lang-tr) to move the date for the early election to an earlier date of 22 June was declined.[69]

On 9 May president Sezer implied that he would veto amendments to the Turkish constitution, stating that the amendments had been passed at a very heated time.[70] The European Union raised a similar objection.[71] Foreign (non-Turkish) press also reported the expectation of a presidential veto on the AKP's recent amendments to the Turkish constitution.[72]

On 10 May further amendments to the Turkish constitution were officially passed by parliament, 376 to 1. According to the amendments, general elections will be carried out every four years rather than five. The president will now serve a maximum of two five-year terms instead of a unique seven-year term. The president will now be elected by the people rather than the parliament. President Sezer has 15 days to review the amendments and decide whether or not to veto and return the amendments to the parliament.[73]

On 11 May when asked about the amendments to the Turkish constitution, which now allow the president to be elected directly by the people rather than by a parliamentary vote, Gül announced that his candidacy is ongoing, despite stating on 6 May that he had withdrawn his candidacy.[74][66] YÖK president Dr. Erdoğan Teziç, who survived an assassination attempt on 25 April 2007 criticized the AKP heavily, stating that they do not just seek political power but also increased government power and also are trying to use YÖK to this end. [40][75]

On 12 May a bomb placed on a bicycle was detonated in a market in İzmir wounding fifteen people just a day before the scheduled "republic protest" in the city. One of the wounded was in a critical condition and later died in the hospital while most of the others were lightly wounded and were released from the hospital the same day. No one claimed responsibility for the bombing.[76][77] A second abandoned bicycle caused some panic but it was later determined that it was harmless.[78]

Fifth rally (Gündoğdu rally, İzmir)

Demonstrators on their way to Gündoğdu Square, İzmir
File:Ozlemm miting.jpg
Gündoğdu square and statue, İzmir

On May 13 a fifth rally took place in Gündoğdu square, İzmir.[3] Reportedly over one or possibly two million people gathered in İzmir for the rally to demand their country remain a secular state, stepping up pressure on the Islamist-rooted Justice and Development Party (AKP) government before July elections. The municipal harbor officials confirmed that the number of citizens traveling by public ferry to the event site numbered over 350,000.[9][10][79]

Leaders of the three leftist parties, namely Deniz Baykal of the Republican People's Party (Turkish: Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi - CHP), Zeki Sezer of Democratic Left Party (Turkish: Demokratik Sol Parti - DSP), and Murat Karayalçın of Social Democratic People's Party (Turkish: Sosyaldemokrat Halk Partisi - SHP) were also among the demonstrators.[80]

Security for the event was tightened with 5,000 police officers watching over the rally.[4]

Slogans from the rallies

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Republic Protests.

References

  1. ^ a b "Secular rally targets Turkish PM". BBC. Retrieved 2007-04-15.
  2. ^ a b c "Laik Türkiye için Çağlayan'a" (in Turkish). Hürriyet. Retrieved 2007-04-29.
  3. ^ a b c "3 miting tek mesaj" (in Turkish). Hürriyet. Retrieved 2007-05-05.
  4. ^ a b "İzmir rekor bekliyor" (in Turkish). Hürriyet. Retrieved 2007-05-11.
  5. ^ a b c "%65'in yüzbinleri" (in Turkish). Hürriyet. Retrieved 2007-04-15.
  6. ^ a b "More than one million rally in Turkey for secularism, democracy". Agence France-Presse. Retrieved 2007-04-29.
  7. ^ "One million Turks rally against government". Reuters. Retrieved 2007-04-30.
  8. ^ a b "Huge rally for Turkish secularism". BBC. Retrieved 2007-04-29.
  9. ^ a b "Turks protest ahead of early elections". Swissinfo. Retrieved 2007-05-13.
  10. ^ a b "Eine Stadt trägt Rot" (in German). Frankfurter Rundschau. Retrieved 2007-05-15.
  11. ^ a b c "300,000 March Against Turkey's Leader". Guardian Unlimited. Retrieved 2007-04-15.
  12. ^ "İrtica tehdidi var önlem alın" (in Turkish). Hürriyet. Retrieved 2007-04-20.
  13. ^ SABRINA TAVERNISE. "300,000 Protest Islamic Hue of Turkish System". New York Times. Retrieved 2007-04-15.
  14. ^ a b "Secular Turks rally to send a message to prime minister". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2007-04-15.
  15. ^ "Sezer'in konuşmasının tam metni" (in Turkish). Hürriyet. Retrieved 2007-04-19.
  16. ^ "Cumhurbaşkanı bu çıkışı yapmakta haklı mı?" (in Turkish). Hürriyet. Retrieved 2007-04-20.
  17. ^ "Abdullah Gül laiklik için ne dedi?" (in Turkish). Milliyet. Retrieved 2007-05-01.
  18. ^ ""Soykırım Yoktur" Diyeni Yazmazlar" (in Turkish). internetajans. Retrieved 2007-05-01.
  19. ^ "Gül'ün eşi türban için AİHM'e gitmişti" (in Turkish). ntvmsnbc. Retrieved 2007-05-01.
  20. ^ "Turkey gets a reformist candidate". CNN.com / Reuters. 2007-04-24. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help) - "...more than 350,000 people rallied in Ankara against a possible Erdoğan presidency. It was one of the largest protests in years."
  21. ^ News Agencies (2007-04-14). "300,000 rally in Turkey against candidates with Islamist roots". Haaretz. Retrieved 2007-04-17. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  22. ^ "Anıtkabir Ziyaretçi Sayıları" (in Turkish). Turkish Armed Forces. Retrieved 2007-04-15.
  23. ^ "Emniyetin miting rakamlarında çelişki" (in Turkish). Hürriyet. Retrieved 2007-04-17.
  24. ^ "CNNTURK Emniyet Miting Raporu" (in Turkish). CNN Türk. Retrieved 2007-04-30.
  25. ^ "200,000 protest against Turkey PM". CNN. Retrieved 2007-04-15.
  26. ^ "Bad blood in Turkey". The Washington Times. Retrieved 2007-04-15.
  27. ^ a b "Ankara'da miting olaysız sona erdi..." (in Turkish). Milliyet. Retrieved 2007-04-15.
  28. ^ "'Cumhurbaşkanı olma' mitingi" (in Turkish). Hürriyet. Retrieved 2007-04-15.
    "'Yüz binlerce insan Erdoğan'ı reddetti'" (in Turkish). Milliyet. Retrieved 2007-04-17.
    The Associated Press (2007-04-14). "טורקיה: הפגנת ענק נגד מועמדות ארדואן לנשיאות" (in Hebrew). Ynet News. Retrieved 2007-04-17. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  29. ^ "Yüz binler yürüdü TV'ler uyudu" (in Turkish). internethaber.com. Retrieved 2007-04-17.
  30. ^ "Lider öldü desinler" (in Turkish). Hürriyet. Retrieved 2007-04-16.
  31. ^ "Dindar cumhurbaşkanı seçeceğiz" (in Turkish). Hürriyet. Retrieved 2007-04-16.
  32. ^ "Biz düzenlesek 10 katını toplarız" (in Turkish). Haber Türk. Retrieved 2007-04-16.
  33. ^ "Le Premier ministre turc Tayyip Erdogan face à un choix crucial" (in French). Le Monde. Retrieved 2007-04-17.
  34. ^ "Erdoğan aday olmayacak" (in Turkish). Hürriyet. Retrieved 2007-04-17.
  35. ^ "Turkey gets a reformist candidate". CNN. Retrieved 2007-04-29.
  36. ^ "'Abdullah Gül, o sözleri söyledi'" (in Turkish). Hürriyet. Retrieved 2007-05-02.
  37. ^ "Çankaya Köşkü önünde gösteri: 14 gözaltı" (in Turkish). Hürriyet. Retrieved 2007-04-29.
  38. ^ "Askerden ilk yorum" (in Turkish). Hürriyet. Retrieved 2007-04-29.
  39. ^ "Eşimin başörtüsüne saygı duyulmalı" (in Turkish). Hürriyet. Retrieved 2007-04-29.
  40. ^ a b "Teziç'e saldırı girişimi" (in Turkish). Hürriyet. Retrieved 2007-04-29.
  41. ^ "Milletvekili borsası" (in Turkish). Hürriyet. Retrieved 2007-04-29.
    "Meclis'te 368 kişi var iddiası" (in Turkish). Hürriyet. Retrieved 2007-04-29.
  42. ^ "Excerpts of Turkish army statement". BBC. Retrieved 2007-04-29.
    "Turkish Government Rebukes Military". BBC. Retrieved 2007-04-29.
  43. ^ a b c "Çağlayan'da bayrak denizi" (in Turkish). Hürriyet. Retrieved 2007-04-29.
  44. ^ "Erdoğan: Millet isterse laiklik tabii ki gidecek" (in Turkish). Hürriyet. Retrieved 2007-04-29.
  45. ^ "Bitlis Kalesi'nde altın mı bulundu" (in Turkish). Hürriyet. Retrieved 2007-04-29.
  46. ^ "Erdoğan'a inceleme" (in Turkish). Radikal. Retrieved 2007-04-29.
  47. ^ "Alt kimlik-üst kimlik tartışması" (in Turkish). Hürriyet. Retrieved 2007-04-29.
  48. ^ "Başbakanlık'tan El Kadı'ya temyiz" (in Turkish). Hürriyet. Retrieved 2007-04-29.
  49. ^ a b "Terbiyesizlik yapma artistlik yapma lan" (in Turkish). Hürriyet. Retrieved 2007-04-29.
  50. ^ "Erdoğan: Sosyal demokrat biziz" (in Turkish). Hürriyet. Retrieved 2007-04-29.
  51. ^ "Tandoğan'dakiler bindirilmiş kıta" (in Turkish). Hürriyet. Retrieved 2007-04-29.
  52. ^ "Crisis in Turkey as secularists, Islamists face off". MSNBC. Retrieved 2007-04-30.
  53. ^ "Turkish Prime Minister Erdoğan called for unity". CNN. Retrieved 2007-04-30.
  54. ^ "Anayasa Mahkemesi 367 şart dedi" (in Turkish). Hürriyet. Retrieved 2007-05-01.
  55. ^ "Gül: Cumhurbaşkanını halk seçmeli" (in Turkish). Hürriyet. Retrieved 2007-05-01.
  56. ^ "Erken seçim 24 Haziran veya 1 Temmuz'da" (in Turkish). Hürriyet. Retrieved 2007-05-01.
  57. ^ "Erdoğan: Mahkeme kararı demokrasiye kurşundur" (in Turkish). Hürriyet. Retrieved 2007-05-01.
  58. ^ "Kanadoğlu'ndan yeni bomba" (in Turkish). Hürriyet. Retrieved 2007-05-01.
  59. ^ "Yeni tartışma: Cumhurbaşkanlığı görevini kim yürütecek?" (in Turkish). Hürriyet. Retrieved 2007-05-01.
  60. ^ "Turkey's Parliament approves early elections to settle debate on political Islam". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved 2007-05-03.
  61. ^ "Seçim tarihi 22 Temmuz". Hürriyet. Retrieved 2007-05-12. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |Language= ignored (|language= suggested) (help)
  62. ^ "Seçime 21 siyasi parti katılacak". Hürriyet. Retrieved 2007-05-12. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |Language= ignored (|language= suggested) (help)
  63. ^ "Askerin uyarısı Türk demokrasisini etkiledi mi". Hürriyet. Retrieved 2007-05-12. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |Language= ignored (|language= suggested) (help)
  64. ^ Manisa ve Çanakkale coştu!, SKYTURK, retrieved 2007-05-05
  65. ^ "Saylan: Manisa mitingi önemli" (in Turkish). Milliyet. Retrieved 2007-05-04.
  66. ^ a b "Gül adaylıktan çekildi" (in Turkish). Retrieved 2007-05-11.
  67. ^ "Cumhurbaşkanı seçimini değiştiren 4. maddeye onay" (in Turkish). Retrieved 2007-05-11.
  68. ^ "Eğer AKP'nin desteği yüzde 50'yi bulduysa memleket kayboldu demektir". Retrieved 2007-05-11. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |Language= ignored (|language= suggested) (help)
  69. ^ "'24 Haziran'da seçim'e jet ret". Retrieved 2007-05-11. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |Language= ignored (|language= suggested) (help)
  70. ^ "Sezer halkın seçmesine sıcak bakmıyor" (in Turkish). Retrieved 2007-05-12.
  71. ^ "TÜSİAD'dan sonra AB de değişikliğe karşı çıktı" (in Turkish). Retrieved 2007-05-12.
  72. ^ "Dış basından 'veto' beklentisi" (in Turkish). Retrieved 2007-05-11.
  73. ^ "376 oyla Sezer'de" (in Turkish). Retrieved 2007-05-12.
  74. ^ "Gül: Adaylığımız devam ediyor" (in Turkish). Retrieved 2007-05-11.
  75. ^ "YÖK'ten AKP'ye ağır suçlama" (in Turkish). Retrieved 2007-05-11.
  76. ^ "İzmir'de patlama" (in Turkish). Hürriyet. Retrieved 2007-05-12.
  77. ^ "Deadly bombing hits Izmir market". BBC. Retrieved 2007-05-12.
  78. ^ "Bornova'da 2'nci bomba paniğinden kazak çıktı" (in Turkish). Retrieved 2007-05-13.
  79. ^ "İzmir'de Cumhuriyet mitingine rekor katılım". ntvmsnbc. Retrieved 2007-05-13.
  80. ^ "Heart of politics beats in rallies ahead of elections". Today's Zaman. Retrieved 2007-05-14.
  81. ^ a b c d "Dünya İstanbul'daki tarihi mitingi konuşuyor... İşte başlıklar" (in Turkish). Milliyet. Retrieved 2007-04-30.
  82. ^ "The threat is secular fundamentalism". Ortadağu Gazetesi. Retrieved 2007-05-04.
  83. ^ a b "Erdoğan'a büyük uyarı" (in Turkish). Radikal. Retrieved 2007-04-30.
  84. ^ "Miting'de sıkı güvenlik" (in Turkish). Haber1. Retrieved 2007-04-30.
  85. ^ "İstanbul dev bir miting alanına döndü" (in Turkish). Radikal. Retrieved 2007-05-02.
  86. ^ "Neşter programına imam sansürü" (in Turkish). Özel irenbe dergi. Retrieved 2007-05-02.
  87. ^ a b c "Yüzbinler alana sığmadı" (in Turkish). Ortadağu Gazetesi. Retrieved 2007-05-02.
  88. ^ a b "İstanbul 'darbe ve şeriata hayır' dedi!" (in Turkish). Günlük Evrensel Gazetesi. Retrieved 2007-05-02. Cite error: The named reference "Evrensel sloganlar" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  89. ^ "A million secular messages from 'Infidel' İzmir". Turkish Daily News. Retrieved 2007-05-14.
  90. ^ "İzmir'de Cumhuriyet coşkusu" (in Turkish). Hürriyet. Retrieved 2007-05-14.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Republic_Protests&oldid=131511309"