Martial law in Poland: Difference between revisions
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[[Image:Jaruzelski_przemowienie.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Broadcast of [[Wojciech Jaruzelski]] declaring martial law |
[[Image:Jaruzelski_przemowienie.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Broadcast of [[Wojciech Jaruzelski]] declaring the martial law]] |
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The |
The '''[[martial law]] in [[Poland]]''' refers to the period of time from [[December 13]], [[1981]] to [[July 22]], [[1983]] when the government of the [[People's Republic of Poland]] drastically restricted normal life in an attempt to crush the political opposition against the [[Communism|Communist]] rule in the country. |
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==Summary== |
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| ⚫ | The phrase in [[Polish language|Polish]] is "Stan Wojenny", which translates loosely as " |
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==Martial law== |
==Martial law== |
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| ⚫ | The phrase in [[Polish language|Polish]] is "Stan Wojenny", which translates loosely as "State of [[War]]". The country remained at [[peace]] for the duration, however the [[military government]] led by Gen. [[Wojciech Jaruzelski]] ruled the country. Pro-[[democracy]] movements (such as [[Solidarity]]) were banned and their leaders, including [[Lech Wałęsa]], imprisoned. The institution of martial law is believed to be responsible for a number of deaths. Those responsible claim about a dozen fatalities, while a [[parliament]]ary commission from 1989-1991 arrived at a figure of more than 90 deaths.[http://wiadomosci.gazeta.pl/wiadomosci/1,55670,3250318.html] |
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| ⚫ | As part of the crackdown, media and educational institutions underwent "verification", a process that tested each employee's attitude towards the regime and Solidarity |
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| ⚫ | Solidarity leaders were [[Internment|interned]] overnight. As part of the crackdown, media and educational institutions underwent "verification", a process that tested each employee's attitude towards the regime and Solidarity. Full [[censorship]] and a six-day working week were re-imposed. The [[coal mine]]s were placed under military control, and [[military court]]s were established to set long jail sentences for those spreading "false information".[http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/enwiki/static/special_report/1999/09/99/iron_curtain/timelines/poland_81.stm] |
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==Long-term effects== |
==Long-term effects== |
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| ⚫ | Even after martial law was lifted, a number of restrictions remained in place for several years that drastically reduced the civil liberties of people living in Poland. Martial law also had severe [[economy|economic]] consequences: the members of the government instituted major price hikes (calling them "[[economic reform]]s"), resulting in the income of the population felling in real terms by approximately 20%, with some estimates being much higher.[http://www.ipn.gov.pl/biuletyn/13/biuletyn02_2.html] |
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| ⚫ | After the downfall of Communism in Poland in 1989, members of a parliamentary commission determined that martial law had been imposed in clear violation of the country's constitution which had authorized the executive to declare martial law only between parliamentary sessions (at other times the decision was to be taken by the [[Sejm]]). However, the Sejm had been in session at the time when martial law was instituted. In 1992 the Sejm declared that the imposition of martial law in 1981 violated the law.[http://wiadomosci.gazeta.pl/wiadomosci/1,55670,3250318.html] |
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==Gallery== |
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| ⚫ | Even after martial law was lifted, a number of restrictions remained in place for several years that drastically reduced the civil liberties of people living in Poland. Martial law also had severe economic consequences: the members of the government instituted major price hikes (calling them economic |
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==After 1989== |
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<gallery> |
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| ⚫ | After the downfall of Communism in Poland in 1989, members of a parliamentary commission determined that martial law had been imposed in clear violation of the country's constitution which had authorized the executive to declare martial law only between parliamentary sessions (at other times the decision was to be taken by the [[Sejm |
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</gallery> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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Revision as of 17:56, 30 August 2007
The martial law in Poland refers to the period of time from December 13, 1981 to July 22, 1983 when the government of the People's Republic of Poland drastically restricted normal life in an attempt to crush the political opposition against the Communist rule in the country.
Martial law
The phrase in Polish is "Stan Wojenny", which translates loosely as "State of War". The country remained at peace for the duration, however the military government led by Gen. Wojciech Jaruzelski ruled the country. Pro-democracy movements (such as Solidarity) were banned and their leaders, including Lech Wałęsa, imprisoned. The institution of martial law is believed to be responsible for a number of deaths. Those responsible claim about a dozen fatalities, while a parliamentary commission from 1989-1991 arrived at a figure of more than 90 deaths.[1]
Solidarity leaders were interned overnight. As part of the crackdown, media and educational institutions underwent "verification", a process that tested each employee's attitude towards the regime and Solidarity. Full censorship and a six-day working week were re-imposed. The coal mines were placed under military control, and military courts were established to set long jail sentences for those spreading "false information".[2]
Long-term effects
Even after martial law was lifted, a number of restrictions remained in place for several years that drastically reduced the civil liberties of people living in Poland. Martial law also had severe economic consequences: the members of the government instituted major price hikes (calling them "economic reforms"), resulting in the income of the population felling in real terms by approximately 20%, with some estimates being much higher.[3]
After the downfall of Communism in Poland in 1989, members of a parliamentary commission determined that martial law had been imposed in clear violation of the country's constitution which had authorized the executive to declare martial law only between parliamentary sessions (at other times the decision was to be taken by the Sejm). However, the Sejm had been in session at the time when martial law was instituted. In 1992 the Sejm declared that the imposition of martial law in 1981 violated the law.[4]
Gallery
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ZOMO forces in 1982
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At the meat shop
See also
- Kopalnia Wujek (the Wujek Mine massacre)
- Military Council of National Salvation
- History of Poland - The end of Communist rule