1964 Brazilian coup d'état: Difference between revisions
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The '''Brazilian military coup of 1964''' was a bloodless ''[[coup d'état]]'' by the [[Brazilian army|Brazilian military]] on the night of [[31 March]][[1964]], held against [[left-wing politics|left-wing]] [[President of Brazil|President]] [[Joao Goulart]] |
The '''Brazilian military coup of 1964''' was a bloodless ''[[coup d'état]]'' by the [[Brazilian army|Brazilian military]] on the night of [[31 March]][[1964]], held against [[left-wing politics|left-wing]] [[President of Brazil|President]] [[Joao Goulart]].<ref name=1964coup>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3588339.stm|title=Brazil remembers 1964 coup d'etat|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=2007-05-08}} (Portuguese)</ref> The military and its [[civilian]] political allies claimed that the coup was a preemptive measure taken to deter an inevitable [[communist revolution]].<ref>[http://www.cpdoc.fgv.br/nav_fatos_imagens/htm/fatos/Golpe64.htm O golpe militar e a instauração do regime militar] (Portuguese)</ref> This claim was never substantiated.{{Fact|date=July 2007}}. |
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==The coup== |
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Under the command of [[General]] [[Olimpio Mourão Filho]] <ref>[http://www.cpdoc.fgv.br/nav_jgoulart/htm/biografias/Olimpio_Mourao_Filho.asp Olimpio Mourão Filho´s Biography] (Portuguese)</ref>, the [[armed forces]] overthrew the government of President Goulart and installed the [[Brazilian military dictatorship]].<ref name=1964coup/> [[List of Governors of Minas Gerais|Governor]] [[José de Magalhães Pinto]] of [[Minas Gerais]] and [[Field Marshal]] [[Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco]], the [[chief of staff]] of the [[Brazilian Army|army]], "emerged as the chief coordinators of the conspiracy."<ref name=1964coup2>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-25052/Brazil#209399.hook|title=Brazil: Military intervention and dictatorship|publisher=Britannica|accessdate=2007-05-08}}</ref> |
Under the command of [[General]] [[Olimpio Mourão Filho]] <ref>[http://www.cpdoc.fgv.br/nav_jgoulart/htm/biografias/Olimpio_Mourao_Filho.asp Olimpio Mourão Filho´s Biography] (Portuguese)</ref>, the [[armed forces]] overthrew the government of President Goulart and installed the [[Brazilian military dictatorship]].<ref name=1964coup/> [[List of Governors of Minas Gerais|Governor]] [[José de Magalhães Pinto]] of [[Minas Gerais]] and [[Field Marshal]] [[Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco]], the [[chief of staff]] of the [[Brazilian Army|army]], "emerged as the chief coordinators of the conspiracy."<ref name=1964coup2>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-25052/Brazil#209399.hook|title=Brazil: Military intervention and dictatorship|publisher=Britannica|accessdate=2007-05-08}}</ref> |
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==International support for the coup== |
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In the [[United States]], the [[Kennedy administration]] had been anticipating the coup since [[1962]], and had prepared contingency plans in the event of such an eventuality. The succeeding administration of [[Lyndon Johnson]] tacitly supported the coup.<ref>[http://www.whitehousetapes.org/pages/class_jfk.htm White House Tapes]</ref> |
In the [[United States]], the [[Kennedy administration]] had been anticipating the coup since [[1962]], and had prepared contingency plans in the event of such an eventuality. The succeeding administration of [[Lyndon Johnson]] tacitly supported the coup.<ref>[http://www.whitehousetapes.org/pages/class_jfk.htm White House Tapes]</ref> |
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==Life after the coup== |
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The [[BBC News|BBC]] has noted that "the coup led to two decades of strict [[military rule]], and Brazilians born during the 1960s and 1970s were brought up in a country heavy with [[censorship]]."<ref name=1964coup/> |
The [[BBC News|BBC]] has noted that "the coup led to two decades of strict [[military rule]], and Brazilians born during the 1960s and 1970s were brought up in a country heavy with [[censorship]]."<ref name=1964coup/> |
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In [[1974]], a decade after the coup, [[Ernesto Geisel]] began to slowly force the government to accept a number of [[democracy|democratic]] reforms. By [[1979]], [[amnesty]] had been granted to the [[communism|communists]] and [[populism|populist]] [[socialism|socialists]]<ref>Political persecution was not limited to communists, and personal associates of President Goulart. The moderate socialist [[sociologist]], and future President of Brazil, [[Fernando Henrique Cardoso]] "was banished from the classroom at the [[University of São Paulo]] after the 1964 coup," and, shortly thereafter, fled into exile in Europe. (For more, see: [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/11675827/site/newsweek/ Newsweek: 'Che Guevara In Tweed'] and [http://socialsciences.scielo.org/scielo.php?pid=S0103-20702005000100001&script=sci_arttext&tlng=en A dependence on politics: Fernando Henrique Cardoso and sociology in Brazil]</ref> who had faced fifteen years of persecution, and the state had returned to a |
Regardless of this censorship, the general public rallied for a restoration of [[democracy]], and the reestablishment of a [[Multi-party system|multi-party]] [[republic]]. In [[1974]], a decade after the coup, [[Ernesto Geisel]] began to slowly force the government to accept a number of [[democracy|democratic]] reforms. By [[1979]], [[amnesty]] had been granted to the [[communism|communists]] and [[populism|populist]] [[socialism|socialists]]<ref>Political persecution was not limited to communists, and personal associates of President Goulart. The moderate socialist [[sociologist]], and future President of Brazil, [[Fernando Henrique Cardoso]] "was banished from the classroom at the [[University of São Paulo]] after the 1964 coup," and, shortly thereafter, fled into exile in Europe. (For more, see: [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/11675827/site/newsweek/ Newsweek: 'Che Guevara In Tweed'] and [http://socialsciences.scielo.org/scielo.php?pid=S0103-20702005000100001&script=sci_arttext&tlng=en A dependence on politics: Fernando Henrique Cardoso and sociology in Brazil]</ref> who had faced fifteen years of persecution, and the state had returned to a multi-party political system.<ref>[http://www.camara.gov.br/internet/jornalcamara/materia.asp?codMat=9458&codjor= Lei da Anistia acelera abertura] (Portuguese)</ref> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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Revision as of 23:24, 5 July 2007
The Brazilian military coup of 1964 was a bloodless coup d'état by the Brazilian military on the night of 31 March1964, held against left-wing President Joao Goulart.[1] The military and its civilian political allies claimed that the coup was a preemptive measure taken to deter an inevitable communist revolution.[2] This claim was never substantiated.[citation needed].
The coup
Under the command of General Olimpio Mourão Filho [3], the armed forces overthrew the government of President Goulart and installed the Brazilian military dictatorship.[1] Governor José de Magalhães Pinto of Minas Gerais and Field Marshal Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco, the chief of staff of the army, "emerged as the chief coordinators of the conspiracy."[4]
International support for the coup
In the United States, the Kennedy administration had been anticipating the coup since 1962, and had prepared contingency plans in the event of such an eventuality. The succeeding administration of Lyndon Johnson tacitly supported the coup.[5]
Life after the coup
The BBC has noted that "the coup led to two decades of strict military rule, and Brazilians born during the 1960s and 1970s were brought up in a country heavy with censorship."[1]
Regardless of this censorship, the general public rallied for a restoration of democracy, and the reestablishment of a multi-party republic. In 1974, a decade after the coup, Ernesto Geisel began to slowly force the government to accept a number of democratic reforms. By 1979, amnesty had been granted to the communists and populist socialists[6] who had faced fifteen years of persecution, and the state had returned to a multi-party political system.[7]
References
- ^ a b c "Brazil remembers 1964 coup d'etat". BBC News. Retrieved 2007-05-08. (Portuguese)
- ^ O golpe militar e a instauração do regime militar (Portuguese)
- ^ Olimpio Mourão Filho´s Biography (Portuguese)
- ^ "Brazil: Military intervention and dictatorship". Britannica. Retrieved 2007-05-08.
- ^ White House Tapes
- ^ Political persecution was not limited to communists, and personal associates of President Goulart. The moderate socialist sociologist, and future President of Brazil, Fernando Henrique Cardoso "was banished from the classroom at the University of São Paulo after the 1964 coup," and, shortly thereafter, fled into exile in Europe. (For more, see: Newsweek: 'Che Guevara In Tweed' and A dependence on politics: Fernando Henrique Cardoso and sociology in Brazil
- ^ Lei da Anistia acelera abertura (Portuguese)