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'''Crime in New York City''' has been a concern of residents since the 19th century.
'''Crime in New York City''' has been a concern of residents since the 19th century.


Violent [[crime]] in [[New York City]] has decreased in the last twelve years and the murder rate in 2005 was at its lowest level since 1963.But since then crime increased.<ref>{{cite paper |title=The Remarkable Drop In Crime In New York City |author=Langan, Patrick A. |date=[[October 21]], [[2004]] |url=http://samoa.istat.it/Eventi/sicurezza/relazioni/Langan_rel.pdf |publisher=Istituto Nazionale di Statistica (Italy) |format=PDF |accessdate=2007-05-22}}</ref> Crime rates spiked in the 1980s and early 1990s as the [[crack epidemic]] hit the city. During the 1990s the [[New York City Police Department]] (NYPD) adopted [[CompStat]], [[Fixing Broken Windows|broken windows]] policing and other strategies in a major effort to reduce crime. The city's dramatic drop in crime has been attributed by criminologists to these policing tactics, the end of the crack epidemic and demographic changes.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Crime Drop in America |chapter=The Rise and Decline of Hard Drugs, Drug Markets, and Violence in Inner-City New York |author=Johnson, Bruce D., Andrew Golub, Eloise Dunlap |editor=Blumstein, Alfred, Joel Wallman |year=2006 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |id=ISBN 0521862795}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=New York Murder Mystery: The True Story Behind the Crime Crash of the 1990s |author=Karmen, Andrew |year=2000 |publisher=NYU Press |id=0814747175}}</ref>
Violent [[crime]] in [[New York City]] has decreased in the last twelve years and the murder rate in 2005 was at its lowest level since 1963.<ref>{{cite paper |title=The Remarkable Drop In Crime In New York City |author=Langan, Patrick A. |date=[[October 21]], [[2004]] |url=http://samoa.istat.it/Eventi/sicurezza/relazioni/Langan_rel.pdf |publisher=Istituto Nazionale di Statistica (Italy) |format=PDF |accessdate=2007-05-22}}</ref> Crime rates spiked in the 1980s and early 1990s as the [[crack epidemic]] hit the city. During the 1990s the [[New York City Police Department]] (NYPD) adopted [[CompStat]], [[Fixing Broken Windows|broken windows]] policing and other strategies in a major effort to reduce crime. The city's dramatic drop in crime has been attributed by criminologists to these policing tactics, the end of the crack epidemic and demographic changes.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Crime Drop in America |chapter=The Rise and Decline of Hard Drugs, Drug Markets, and Violence in Inner-City New York |author=Johnson, Bruce D., Andrew Golub, Eloise Dunlap |editor=Blumstein, Alfred, Joel Wallman |year=2006 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |id=ISBN 0521862795}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=New York Murder Mystery: The True Story Behind the Crime Crash of the 1990s |author=Karmen, Andrew |year=2000 |publisher=NYU Press |id=0814747175}}</ref>


[[Organized crime]] has long been associated with New York City, beginning with the [[40 Thieves|Forty Thieves]] and the [[Roach Guards]] in the [[Five Points, Manhattan|Five Points]] in the 1820s. The 20th century saw a rise in the [[American mafia|Mafia]] dominated by the [[Five Families]]. [[Gang]]s including the [[Black Spades]] also grew in the late 20th century.<ref>{{cite book |title=NYPD: A City and Its Police |author=Lardner, James, and Thomas Reppetto |publisher=Owl Books |year=2000 |pages=pp. 18–21}}</ref> Numerous major riots have occurred in New York City since the mid 19th century, including the [[New York Draft Riots|Draft Riots]] in 1863, multiple riots at [[Tompkins Square Park]], and in [[Harlem]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Street Justice: A History of Political Violence in New York City |author=Johnson, Marilynn S. |publisher=Beacon Press |year=2003}}</ref> The serial killings by the "[[David Berkowitz|Son of Sam]]", which began on [[July 29]], [[1976]], terrorized the city for the next year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.crimelibrary.com/serial_killers/notorious/berkowitz/12.html |title=Son of Sam, David Berkowitz, famous serial killer |publisher=Crime Library / Court TV |accessdate=2007-06-06}}</ref>
[[Organized crime]] has long been associated with New York City, beginning with the [[40 Thieves|Forty Thieves]] and the [[Roach Guards]] in the [[Five Points, Manhattan|Five Points]] in the 1820s. The 20th century saw a rise in the [[American mafia|Mafia]] dominated by the [[Five Families]]. [[Gang]]s including the [[Black Spades]] also grew in the late 20th century.<ref>{{cite book |title=NYPD: A City and Its Police |author=Lardner, James, and Thomas Reppetto |publisher=Owl Books |year=2000 |pages=pp. 18–21}}</ref> Numerous major riots have occurred in New York City since the mid 19th century, including the [[New York Draft Riots|Draft Riots]] in 1863, multiple riots at [[Tompkins Square Park]], and in [[Harlem]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Street Justice: A History of Political Violence in New York City |author=Johnson, Marilynn S. |publisher=Beacon Press |year=2003}}</ref> The serial killings by the "[[David Berkowitz|Son of Sam]]", which began on [[July 29]], [[1976]], terrorized the city for the next year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.crimelibrary.com/serial_killers/notorious/berkowitz/12.html |title=Son of Sam, David Berkowitz, famous serial killer |publisher=Crime Library / Court TV |accessdate=2007-06-06}}</ref>
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In [[July 2007]], the city plans to install an extensive web of cameras and roadblocks designed to detect, track and deter terrorists called [[Lower Manhattan Security Initiative]], which is similar to the City of [[London]]'s "[[ring of steel]]". <ref>"[http://news.com.com/New+York+plans+surveillance+veil+for+downtown/2100-1029_3-6195517.html?tag=nefd.top New York plans surveillance veil for downtown]"</ref>
In [[July 2007]], the city plans to install an extensive web of cameras and roadblocks designed to detect, track and deter terrorists called [[Lower Manhattan Security Initiative]], which is similar to the City of [[London]]'s "[[ring of steel]]". <ref>"[http://news.com.com/New+York+plans+surveillance+veil+for+downtown/2100-1029_3-6195517.html?tag=nefd.top New York plans surveillance veil for downtown]"</ref>


As of [[December 31]], 2007 New York City had 494 reported homicides, down from 596 homicides in 2006. This marked the first year since in 1963 (when crime statistics were starting to be published) that the its total was fewer than 500.But as of early 2008 crime is starting to increase in the city.More commonly a higher amount of train robberies and shootouts, and fatal stabbing are skyrocketing in the city, especailly in [[Harlem]], [[The Bronx]], and sections of [[Brooklyn]].Percaution shold be taking when veturing to these areas.To note alot of the increasing crime has been toward the elderly.Many violent muggings towards the elderly have been occured in 2007,and early 2008.No matter how safe the statistics are for New York remember theres a high population and many physcos are walking around.
As of [[December 31]], 2007 New York City had 494 reported homicides, down from 596 homicides in 2006. This marked the first year since in 1963 (when crime statistics were starting to be published) that the its total was fewer than 500.


== See also ==
== See also ==

Revision as of 11:26, 26 May 2008

New York City
Crime rates* (2006)
Violent crimes
Homicide7.3
Rape13.12
Robbery287.9
Aggravated assault329.6
Total violent crime637.9
Property crimes
Burglary271.1
Larceny-theft1,412.9
Motor vehicle theft195.2
ArsonN/A
Total property crime1,879.2
Notes

*Number of reported crimes per 100,000 population.

New York City did not report arson statistics

Source: FBI 2006 UCR data

Crime in New York City has been a concern of residents since the 19th century.

Violent crime in New York City has decreased in the last twelve years and the murder rate in 2005 was at its lowest level since 1963.[1] Crime rates spiked in the 1980s and early 1990s as the crack epidemic hit the city. During the 1990s the New York City Police Department (NYPD) adopted CompStat, broken windows policing and other strategies in a major effort to reduce crime. The city's dramatic drop in crime has been attributed by criminologists to these policing tactics, the end of the crack epidemic and demographic changes.[2][3]

Organized crime has long been associated with New York City, beginning with the Forty Thieves and the Roach Guards in the Five Points in the 1820s. The 20th century saw a rise in the Mafia dominated by the Five Families. Gangs including the Black Spades also grew in the late 20th century.[4] Numerous major riots have occurred in New York City since the mid 19th century, including the Draft Riots in 1863, multiple riots at Tompkins Square Park, and in Harlem.[5] The serial killings by the "Son of Sam", which began on July 29, 1976, terrorized the city for the next year.[6]

19th century

Organized crime has long been associated with New York City, beginning with the Forty Thieves and the Roach Guards in the Five Points in the 1820s.

In 1835, the New York Herald was established by James Gordon Bennett, Sr., who helped revolutionize journalism by covering stories that appeal to the masses including crime reporting. When Helen Jewett was murdered on April 10, 1836, Bennett did innovative on-the-scene investigation and reporting and helped bring the story to national attention.[7] The murder of Mary Rogers in 1841 was also heavily covered by the press, which also put the spotlight on the ineptitude and corruption in the city's watchmen system of law enforcement.[8] At the time, New York City's population of 320,000 was served by an archaic force, consisting of one night watch, one hundred city marshals, thirty-one constables, fifty-one police officers.[9]

Peter Cooper, at request of the Common Council, drew up a proposal to create a police force of 1,200 officers. The state legislature approved the proposal which authorized creation of a police force on May 7, 1844, along with abolition of the nightwatch system.[9] Under Mayor William Havemeyer, the police force was reorganized and officially established on May 13, 1845 as the New York City Police Department (NYPD), with the city divided into three districts, with courts, magistrates, and clerks, and station houses set-up.[9]

Riots

In July 1863, the New York State Militias were absent to aid Union troops, when the 1863 Draft Riots broke out, leaving the police who were outnumbered to quell the riots.[10] In 1870, the Orange Riots broke out when Irish Catholics violently opposed parades organized by Irish Protestants to commemorate the Battle of the Boyne.[11] The Tompkins Square Riot occurred on January 13, 1874 when police crushed a demonstration involving thousands of unemployed people in Tompkins Square Park.[12]

Tammany Hall

Beginning in the 1870s, politics and corruption of Tammany Hall, a political machine supported by Irish immigrants infiltrated the NYPD.

20th century

Organized crime

In the 20th century, notorious mobsters Arnold Rothstein, Meyer Lansky, and Lucky Luciano made headlines. Later decades are more famous for Mafia prosecutions (and prosecutors like Rudolph Giuliani) than for the influence of the Five Families. Gangs, such as the Black Spades, influenced crime in the 1970s. Bloods, Crips, and Mara Salvatrucha of Los Angeles arrived in the city in the 1980s, but gained notoriety when they appeared on Rikers Island in 1993.

Recent years

An NYPD vehicle stationed in Times Square.

Crime in New York City spiked in the 1980s, as the crack epidemic hit New York City, and peaked in 1990,[13], the first year of Mayor David Dinkins' administration (1990-1993). During the administrations of Mayor Rudolph Giuliani (1994-2001) and Mayor Michael Bloomberg (2002-present), crime dropped dramatically. Although many commentators (and proponents of Giuliani's presidential bid) have suggested that the New York City Police Department's adoption of CompStat, broken windows policing, and other strategies during the administration of Rudolph Giuliani were responsible for the drop in crime, independent statistical studies[14][15] have found that these initiatives "probably had little effect" on New York City's crime rate. These studies found that the dramatic reduction in crime was strongly correlated with the increases in the number of police officers that started under Mayor Dinkins and continued through the Bloomberg administration.

As of 2005, New York City has the lowest crime rate among the ten largest cities in the United States.[16] Since 1991, the city has seen a continuous fifteen-year trend of decreasing crime. Neighborhoods that were once considered dangerous are now much safer. Violent crime in the city has dropped by 75% in the last twelve years and the murder rate in 2005 was at its lowest level since 1963: there were 539 murders that year, for a murder rate of 6.58 per 100,000 people, compared to 2262 murders in 1990. Among the 182 U.S. cities with populations of more than 100,000, New York City ranked 136th in overall crime (with about the same crime rate as Boise, Idaho).[17]

In 2006, as part of Mayor Michael Bloomberg's gun control efforts, the city approved new legislation regulating handgun possession and sales. The new laws established a gun offender registry, required city gun dealers to inspect their inventories and file reports to the police twice a year, and limited individual handgun purchases to once every 90 days. The regulations also banned the use and sale of kits used to paint guns in bright or fluorescent colors, on the grounds that such kits could be used to disguise real guns as toys.

In July 2007, the city plans to install an extensive web of cameras and roadblocks designed to detect, track and deter terrorists called Lower Manhattan Security Initiative, which is similar to the City of London's "ring of steel". [18]

As of December 31, 2007 New York City had 494 reported homicides, down from 596 homicides in 2006. This marked the first year since in 1963 (when crime statistics were starting to be published) that the its total was fewer than 500.

See also

References

  1. ^ Langan, Patrick A. (October 21, 2004). "The Remarkable Drop In Crime In New York City" (PDF). Istituto Nazionale di Statistica (Italy). Retrieved 2007-05-22. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  2. ^ Johnson, Bruce D., Andrew Golub, Eloise Dunlap (2006). "The Rise and Decline of Hard Drugs, Drug Markets, and Violence in Inner-City New York". In Blumstein, Alfred, Joel Wallman (ed.). The Crime Drop in America. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521862795.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ Karmen, Andrew (2000). New York Murder Mystery: The True Story Behind the Crime Crash of the 1990s. NYU Press. 0814747175.
  4. ^ Lardner, James, and Thomas Reppetto (2000). NYPD: A City and Its Police. Owl Books. pp. pp. 18–21. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ Johnson, Marilynn S. (2003). Street Justice: A History of Political Violence in New York City. Beacon Press.
  6. ^ "Son of Sam, David Berkowitz, famous serial killer". Crime Library / Court TV. Retrieved 2007-06-06.
  7. ^ Lardner, James, and Thomas Reppetto (2000). NYPD: A City and Its Police. Owl Books. pp. p. 10-15. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ Lardner, James, and Thomas Reppetto (2000). NYPD: A City and Its Police. Owl Books. pp. p. 18-21. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ a b c Lankevich, George L. (1998). American Metropolis: A History of New York City. NYU Press. pp. p. 84-85. ISBN 0814751865. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  10. ^ Schouler, James (1899). History of the United States of America, Under the Constitution. Dodd, Mead & Company. pp. p. 418. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  11. ^ Johnson, Marilynn S. (2003). Street Justice: A History of Political Violence in New York City. Beacon Press. pp. p. 17. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  12. ^ Gordon, Michael Allen (1993). The Orange Riots: Irish Political Violence in New York City, 1870-1871. Cornell University Press. p. p. 203. {{cite book}}: |page= has extra text (help)
  13. ^ Langan, Patrick (2004-10-21). "The Remarkable Drop in Crime in New York City" (PDF). International Conference on Crime, Rome, December 3-5, 2003.
  14. ^ Levitt, Steven D. and Steven J. Dubner (2005,2006). Freakonomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything. HarperCollins, New York, New York. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)CS1 maint: year (link)
  15. ^ Langan, Patrick (2004-10-21). "The Remarkable Drop in Crime in New York City" (PDF). International Conference on Crime, Rome, December 3-5, 2003.
  16. ^ Zeranski, Todd (2006-06-12 2006). "NYC Is Safest City as Crime Rises in U.S., FBI Say". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 2006-10-30. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  17. ^ Zeranski, Todd. "How Safe is New York City?".
  18. ^ "New York plans surveillance veil for downtown"
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