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<!-- END Protected Areas Infobox --><!-- Note: site is not listed in IUCN database, but as a World Heritage Site appears to conform with Category III -->
<!-- END Protected Areas Infobox --><!-- Note: site is not listed in IUCN database, but as a World Heritage Site appears to conform with Category III -->
'''Cahokia''' is the site of an ancient [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] city near [[Collinsville, Illinois|Collinsville]], [[Illinois]], across the [[Mississippi River]] from [[St. Louis, Missouri]] in the [[American Bottom]] floodplain. The site is composed of a series of man-made earthen mounds. Cahokia is the largest [[prehistoric archaeology|archaeological]] site related to the [[Mississippian culture]], and the term "Cahokian" is sometimes used to describe that culture. The Mississippians developed advanced societies in eastern [[North America]] before the arrival of Europeans.
'''Cahokia''' is the site of an ancient [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] city near [[Collinsville, Illinois|Collinsville]], [[Illinois]], across the [[Mississippi River]] from [[St. Louis, Missouri]] in the [[American Bottom]] floodplain. The site is composed of a series of man-made earthen mounds. Cahokia Mounds is the largest [[prehistoric archaeology|archaeological]] site related to the [[Mississippian culture]], and the term "Cahokian" is sometimes used to describe that culture. The Mississippians developed highly advanced societies in eastern [[North America]] centuries before the arrival of Europeans.


==World Heritage Site==
==World Heritage Site==
Line 42: Line 42:


==History==
==History==
Cahokia was first settled around 650 during the [[Late Woodland period]], but mound building did not begin there until about 1050 at the beginning of the Mississippian cultural period. The site was abandoned before 1400. The inhabitants left no written records, and the city's original name is unknown. The name "Cahokia" refers to an unrelated clan of [[Illiniwek]] people living in the area when the first [[France|French]] explorers arrived in the 1600s, long after Cahokia was abandoned. The living descendants of the Cahokia people are unknown, although many Native American groups are plausible contenders.
Cahokia was first settled around 650 during the [[Late Woodland period]]. Mound building did not begin until about 1050 at the beginning of the Mississippian cultural period. The site was abandoned before 1400. The inhabitants left no written records, and the city's original name is unknown.
The name "Cahokia" refers to an unrelated clan of [[Illiniwek]] people living in the area when the first [[France|French]] explorers arrived in the 1600s, long after Cahokia was abandoned. The living descendants of the Cahokia people are unknown, although many Native American groups are plausible.


==Monk's Mound==
==Monk's Mound==
[[Image:Monks Mound in July.JPG|left|thumb|230px|Monk's Mound in July (view from plaza area)]]
[[Image:Monks Mound in July.JPG|left|thumb|230px|Monk's Mound in July (view from plaza area)]]


[[Monk's Mound]] is the central focus of this great ceremonial center. A massive structure with four terraces, it is the largest man-made earthen [[mound]] in North America. Facing south, it is 92 feet (28 meters) high, 951 feet (290 meters) long and 836 feet (255 meters) wide <ref> 1988. Skele, Mike. The Great Knob. Studies in Illinois Archaeology, no. 4. Illinois Historic Preservation Agency, Springfield, Illinois. Page 3.</ref>. The [[Travel Channel]] has referred to it as the "world's largest pyramid."
[[Monk's Mound]] is the central focus of this great ceremonial center. A massive structure with four terraces, it is the largest man-made earthen [[mound]] in North America. Facing south, it is 92 feet (28 meters) high, 951 feet (290 meters) long and 836 feet (255 meters) wide <ref> 1988. Skele, Mike. "The Great Knob". ''Studies in Illinois Archaeology', No. 4. Illinois Historic Preservation Agency, Springfield, Illinois. Page 3.</ref>. The [[Travel Channel]] has referred to it as the "world's largest pyramid."


Excavation on the top of Monk's Mound has revealed evidence of a large building — perhaps a temple or the residence of the [[paramount chief]] — that could be seen throughout the city. This building was about 105 feet long and 48 feet wide, and stood about 50 feet high.
Excavation on the top of Monk's Mound has revealed evidence of a large building — perhaps a temple or the residence of the [[paramount chief]] — that could be seen throughout the city. This building was about 105 feet long and 48 feet wide, and stood about 50 feet high.
Line 53: Line 55:
"Woodhenge," a circle of posts used to make astronomical sightings, stood to the west of Monk's Mound. The name is taken from [[Stonehenge]], as this structure marked [[solstice]]s, [[equinox]]es and other astronomical cycles. Archaeologists discovered Woodhenge during excavation of the site. They found that the structure was rebuilt several times during the urban center's roughly 300-year history.
"Woodhenge," a circle of posts used to make astronomical sightings, stood to the west of Monk's Mound. The name is taken from [[Stonehenge]], as this structure marked [[solstice]]s, [[equinox]]es and other astronomical cycles. Archaeologists discovered Woodhenge during excavation of the site. They found that the structure was rebuilt several times during the urban center's roughly 300-year history.


The east and northwest sides of Monk's Mound were subjected to two large backhoe excavations in [[August 2007]] as an attempt to stabilize the threat of erosion.<ref>[http://www.arrowheadsplus.com/archives/anon2/seven/index.html Artifact News mention of Monks Mound excavation]</ref><ref>[http://lithiccastinglab.com/gallery-pages/2007septembermoundslumprepairpage1.htm Monks Mound Slump Repair, Page 1<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
The east and northwest sides of Monk's Mound were subjected to two large backhoe excavations in [[August 2007]] during a related attempt to stabilize the threat of erosion.<ref>[http://www.arrowheadsplus.com/archives/anon2/seven/index.html Artifact News mention of Monks Mound excavation]</ref><ref>[http://lithiccastinglab.com/gallery-pages/2007septembermoundslumprepairpage1.htm Monks Mound Slump Repair, Page 1<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>


==Urban landscape==
==Urban landscape==
A 19 hectare (190,000&nbsp;m²) [[plaza]] spreads out to the south of Monk's Mound. The flat, open terrain in this area was originally thought to reflect Cahokia's location on the Mississippi's [[alluvial]] [[flood plain]], but soil studies showed that the landscape was originally undulating and had been expertly levelled by the city's inhabitants. The Grand Plaza of Cahokia measured {{convert|40|acre|ha|0}}. Along with the Grand Plaza to the south, three other very large plazas surround Monks Mound to the east, west, and north.
A 19-hectare (190,000&nbsp;m²) [[plaza]] spreads out to the south of Monk's Mound. Researchers originally thought the flat, open terrain in this area reflected Cahokia's location on the Mississippi's [[alluvial]] [[flood plain]]. Soil studies showed that the landscape was originally undulating and had been expertly leveled by the city's inhabitants. The Grand Plaza of Cahokia measured {{convert|40|acre|ha|0}}. Along with the Grand Plaza to the south, three other very large plazas surround Monks Mound to the east, west, and north.


A wooden [[stockade]] with a series of watchtowers at regular intervals formed a two-mile long enclosure around Monk's Mound and the Grand Plaza. Archaeologists found evidence of the stockade during excavation of the area and indications that it was rebuilt several times. The stockade seems to have separated Cahokia's main ceremonial precinct from other parts of the city.
A wooden [[stockade]] with a series of watchtowers at regular intervals formed a two-mile-long enclosure around Monk's Mound and the Grand Plaza. Archaeologists found evidence of the stockade during excavation of the area and indications that it was rebuilt several times. The stockade separated Cahokia's main ceremonial precinct from other parts of the city.


Beyond Monk's Mound, as many as 120 more mounds stood at varying distances from the city center. To date, 109 mounds have been located, 68 of which are in the park area. The mounds are divided into several different types — [[platform mound|platform]], [[cone (geometry)|conical]], [[ridge]]-top, ''etc''. — each of which may have had its own meaning and function. In general terms, the city center seems to have been laid out in a diamond-shaped pattern approximately a mile (1.6 [[km]]) from end to end, while the entire city is five miles across east to west.
Beyond Monk's Mound, as many as 120 more mounds stood at varying distances from the city center. To date, 109 mounds have been located, 68 of which are in the park area. The mounds are divided into several different types — [[platform mound|platform]], [[cone (geometry)|conical]], [[ridge]]-top, ''etc''. — each of which may have had its own meaning and function. In general terms, the city center seems to have been laid out in a diamond-shaped pattern approximately a mile (1.6 [[km]]) from end to end, while the entire city is five miles across from east to west.


==Ancient city==
==Ancient city==
Cahokia was the most important center for the peoples known today as Mississippians whose settlements ranged across what is now the [[Midwest]], [[Eastern United States|Eastern]], and [[Southeastern United States]]. Cahokia maintained trade links with communities as far away as the [[Great Lakes]] to the north and the [[Gulf Coast]] to the south. Pottery and stone tools in the Cahokian style were found at the Silvernail site near [[Red Wing, Minnesota]].
Cahokia was the most important center for the peoples known today as Mississippians. Their settlements ranged across what is now the [[Midwest]], [[Eastern United States|Eastern]], and [[Southeastern United States]]. Cahokia maintained trade links with communities as far away as the [[Great Lakes]] to the north and the [[Gulf Coast]] to the south. Pottery and stone tools in the Cahokian style were found at the Silvernail site near [[Red Wing, Minnesota]].


At the high point of its development, Cahokia was the largest urban center north of the great [[Mesoamerica]]n cities in [[Mexico]]. Although it was home to only about 1,000 people before ca. 1050, its population grew explosively after that date. Archaeologists estimate the city's population at between 8,000 and 40,000 at its peak, with more people living in outlying farming villages that supplied the main urban center.
At the high point of its development, Cahokia was the largest urban center north of the great [[Mesoamerica]]n cities in [[Mexico]]. Although it was home to only about 1,000 people before ca. 1050, its population grew explosively after that date. Archaeologists estimate the city's population at between 8,000 and 40,000 at its peak, with more people living in outlying farming villages that supplied the main urban center.


If the highest population estimates are correct, that would mean that Cahokia was larger than any city in the United States until about 1800 when [[Philadelphia|Philadelphia's]] population grew beyond 40,000.
If the highest population estimates are correct, that would mean that Cahokia was larger than any subsequent city in the United States until about 1800, when [[Philadelphia|Philadelphia's]] population grew beyond 40,000.


==Prestige burial==
==Prestige burial==
[[Image:Chromesun mississippian birdman.jpg‎|right|thumb|A [[Southeastern Ceremonial Complex]] image of a falcon dancer or birdman. Based on a shell engraving from [[Spiro]], [[Oklahoma]]. Digital illustration by the artist H. Roe.]]
[[Image:Chromesun mississippian birdman.jpg‎|right|thumb|A [[Southeastern Ceremonial Complex]] image of a falcon dancer or birdman. Based on a shell engraving from [[Spiro]], [[Oklahoma]]. Digital illustration by the artist H. Roe.]]
During excavation of Mound 72, a ridge-top burial mound south of Monk's Mound, archaeologists found the remains of a man in his 40s who was probably an important Cahokian ruler. The man was buried on a bed of more than twenty thousand marine-shell disc beads arranged in the shape of a [[falcon]], with the bird's head appearing beneath the man's head and its wings and tail beneath his arms and legs. The falcon warrior, or "birdman," is a common motif in Mississippian culture, and this burial clearly has powerful [[Iconography|iconographic]] significance.
During excavation of Mound 72, a ridge-top burial mound south of Monk's Mound, archaeologists found the remains of a man in his 40s who was probably an important Cahokian ruler. The man was buried on a bed of more than twenty thousand marine-shell disc beads arranged in the shape of a [[falcon]], with the bird's head appearing beneath the man's head and its wings and tail beneath his arms and legs. The falcon warrior or "birdman" is a common motif in Mississippian culture. This burial clearly had powerful [[Iconography|iconographic]] significance.

A cache of [[arrow]]heads in a variety of different styles and materials was found near the grave of this important man. Separated into four types, each from a different geographical region, the arrowheads demonstrated Cahokia's extensive trade links in North America. Over 250 other skeletons were also recovered from Mound 72 (some so poorly preserved it was not possible to identify their gender).


A cache of [[arrow]]heads in a variety of different styles and materials was found near the grave of this important man. Separated into four types, each from a different geographical region, the arrowheads demonstrate Cahokia's extensive trade links in North America. Over 250 other skeletons were also recovered from Mound 72 (some so poorly preserved it was not possible to identify their gender). Four young male skeletons were missing their hands and heads and a mass grave of over 50 women around 21 years old with the bodies arranged in two layers separated by matting were found. all thought to be [[human sacrifice]]. Another mass burial contained 40 men and women who appear to have been violently killed. The suggestion has been made that some of these were buried alive: "From the vertical position of some of the fingers, which appear to have been digging in the sand, it is apparent that not all of the victims were dead when they were interred - that some had been trying to pull themselves out of the mass of bodies.". ([[#Young & Fowler 2000|Young & Fowler 2000]]:146-149). There is no data presented in Fowler's book about Mound 72 to support the suggestion of "buried alive" (Fowler, Rose, Leest, Ahler 1999). The relationship of these other burials to the central burial is unclear, though, and it is unlikely that they were all deposited at the time. Wood in several parts of the mound has been [[Radiocarbon dating|radiocarbon-dated]] to between 950 and 1000 C.E.
Four young male skeletons were missing their hands and heads and a mass grave of over 50 women around 21 years old with the bodies arranged in two layers separated by matting were found. Researchers believe that all were [[human sacrifice]]s. Another mass burial contained 40 men and women who appear to have been violently killed. The suggestion has been made that some of these were buried alive: "From the vertical position of some of the fingers, which appear to have been digging in the sand, it is apparent that not all of the victims were dead when they were interred - that some had been trying to pull themselves out of the mass of bodies.". ([[#Young & Fowler 2000|Young & Fowler 2000]]:146-149). There is no data presented in Fowler's book about Mound 72 to support the suggestion of "buried alive" (Fowler, Rose, Leest, Ahler 1999). The relationship of these burials to the central burial is unclear. It is unlikely that they were all deposited at the time. Wood in several parts of the mound has been [[Radiocarbon dating|radiocarbon-dated]] to between 950 and 1000 C.E.


==Cahokia's decline==
==Cahokia's decline==
Cahokia was abandoned a century or more before Europeans arrived in North America in the early 1500s. Environmental factors such as [[over-hunting]] and [[deforestation]] have been proposed as explanations. Another possible cause is invasion by outside peoples, though the only evidence of warfare found so far is the wooden stockade and watchtowers that enclosed Cahokia's main ceremonial precinct. Due to the lack of other evidence for warfare, the palisade seems to have been more ritual than military. Diseases facilitated by the large, dense urban population are another possible cause of decline. However, many recent theories propose political collapse as the primary reason for Cahokia’s abandonment.<ref>(Emerson 1997, Pauketat 1994)</ref>
Cahokia was abandoned a century or more before Europeans arrived in North America in the early 1500s. Scholars have proposed environmental factors such as [[over-hunting]] and [[deforestation]] as explanations. Another possible cause is invasion by outside peoples, though the only evidence of warfare found so far is the wooden stockade and watchtowers that enclosed Cahokia's main ceremonial precinct. Due to the lack of other evidence for warfare, the palisade appears to have been more for ritual than military purposes. Diseases transmitted among the large, dense urban population are another possible cause of decline. Many recent theories propose political collapse as the primary reason for Cahokia’s abandonment.<ref>(Emerson 1997, Pauketat 1994)</ref>


==See also==
==See also==

Revision as of 14:51, 24 June 2008

This article is about a Native American culture. For the modern city located about ten miles to the southeast, see Cahokia, Illinois.
Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site
Map
LocationIllinois, United States
Nearest cityCollinsville, Illinois
Area2,200 acres (8.9 km²)
Governing bodyIllinois Historic Preservation Agency

Cahokia is the site of an ancient Native American city near Collinsville, Illinois, across the Mississippi River from St. Louis, Missouri in the American Bottom floodplain. The site is composed of a series of man-made earthen mounds. Cahokia Mounds is the largest archaeological site related to the Mississippian culture, and the term "Cahokian" is sometimes used to describe that culture. The Mississippians developed highly advanced societies in eastern North America centuries before the arrival of Europeans.

World Heritage Site

Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Monk's Mound is the largest earthen structure at Cahokia.
CriteriaCultural: iii, iv
Reference198
Inscription1982 (6th Session)

Cahokia Mounds was designated a National Historic Landmark on July 19, 1964, and listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966. Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site was designated a World Heritage Site in 1982. The park protects 2200 acres (8.9 km²), and is the focus of ongoing archaeological research. This is one of only twenty World Heritage Sites in the United States designated by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).

History

Cahokia was first settled around 650 during the Late Woodland period. Mound building did not begin until about 1050 at the beginning of the Mississippian cultural period. The site was abandoned before 1400. The inhabitants left no written records, and the city's original name is unknown.

The name "Cahokia" refers to an unrelated clan of Illiniwek people living in the area when the first French explorers arrived in the 1600s, long after Cahokia was abandoned. The living descendants of the Cahokia people are unknown, although many Native American groups are plausible.

Monk's Mound

Monk's Mound in July (view from plaza area)

Monk's Mound is the central focus of this great ceremonial center. A massive structure with four terraces, it is the largest man-made earthen mound in North America. Facing south, it is 92 feet (28 meters) high, 951 feet (290 meters) long and 836 feet (255 meters) wide [1]. The Travel Channel has referred to it as the "world's largest pyramid."

Excavation on the top of Monk's Mound has revealed evidence of a large building — perhaps a temple or the residence of the paramount chief — that could be seen throughout the city. This building was about 105 feet long and 48 feet wide, and stood about 50 feet high.

Overhead view of the mound.

"Woodhenge," a circle of posts used to make astronomical sightings, stood to the west of Monk's Mound. The name is taken from Stonehenge, as this structure marked solstices, equinoxes and other astronomical cycles. Archaeologists discovered Woodhenge during excavation of the site. They found that the structure was rebuilt several times during the urban center's roughly 300-year history.

The east and northwest sides of Monk's Mound were subjected to two large backhoe excavations in August 2007 during a related attempt to stabilize the threat of erosion.[2][3]

Urban landscape

A 19-hectare (190,000 m²) plaza spreads out to the south of Monk's Mound. Researchers originally thought the flat, open terrain in this area reflected Cahokia's location on the Mississippi's alluvial flood plain. Soil studies showed that the landscape was originally undulating and had been expertly leveled by the city's inhabitants. The Grand Plaza of Cahokia measured 40 acres (16 ha). Along with the Grand Plaza to the south, three other very large plazas surround Monks Mound to the east, west, and north.

A wooden stockade with a series of watchtowers at regular intervals formed a two-mile-long enclosure around Monk's Mound and the Grand Plaza. Archaeologists found evidence of the stockade during excavation of the area and indications that it was rebuilt several times. The stockade separated Cahokia's main ceremonial precinct from other parts of the city.

Beyond Monk's Mound, as many as 120 more mounds stood at varying distances from the city center. To date, 109 mounds have been located, 68 of which are in the park area. The mounds are divided into several different types — platform, conical, ridge-top, etc. — each of which may have had its own meaning and function. In general terms, the city center seems to have been laid out in a diamond-shaped pattern approximately a mile (1.6 km) from end to end, while the entire city is five miles across from east to west.

Ancient city

Cahokia was the most important center for the peoples known today as Mississippians. Their settlements ranged across what is now the Midwest, Eastern, and Southeastern United States. Cahokia maintained trade links with communities as far away as the Great Lakes to the north and the Gulf Coast to the south. Pottery and stone tools in the Cahokian style were found at the Silvernail site near Red Wing, Minnesota.

At the high point of its development, Cahokia was the largest urban center north of the great Mesoamerican cities in Mexico. Although it was home to only about 1,000 people before ca. 1050, its population grew explosively after that date. Archaeologists estimate the city's population at between 8,000 and 40,000 at its peak, with more people living in outlying farming villages that supplied the main urban center.

If the highest population estimates are correct, that would mean that Cahokia was larger than any subsequent city in the United States until about 1800, when Philadelphia's population grew beyond 40,000.

Prestige burial

A Southeastern Ceremonial Complex image of a falcon dancer or birdman. Based on a shell engraving from Spiro, Oklahoma. Digital illustration by the artist H. Roe.

During excavation of Mound 72, a ridge-top burial mound south of Monk's Mound, archaeologists found the remains of a man in his 40s who was probably an important Cahokian ruler. The man was buried on a bed of more than twenty thousand marine-shell disc beads arranged in the shape of a falcon, with the bird's head appearing beneath the man's head and its wings and tail beneath his arms and legs. The falcon warrior or "birdman" is a common motif in Mississippian culture. This burial clearly had powerful iconographic significance.

A cache of arrowheads in a variety of different styles and materials was found near the grave of this important man. Separated into four types, each from a different geographical region, the arrowheads demonstrated Cahokia's extensive trade links in North America. Over 250 other skeletons were also recovered from Mound 72 (some so poorly preserved it was not possible to identify their gender).

Four young male skeletons were missing their hands and heads and a mass grave of over 50 women around 21 years old with the bodies arranged in two layers separated by matting were found. Researchers believe that all were human sacrifices. Another mass burial contained 40 men and women who appear to have been violently killed. The suggestion has been made that some of these were buried alive: "From the vertical position of some of the fingers, which appear to have been digging in the sand, it is apparent that not all of the victims were dead when they were interred - that some had been trying to pull themselves out of the mass of bodies.". (Young & Fowler 2000:146-149). There is no data presented in Fowler's book about Mound 72 to support the suggestion of "buried alive" (Fowler, Rose, Leest, Ahler 1999). The relationship of these burials to the central burial is unclear. It is unlikely that they were all deposited at the time. Wood in several parts of the mound has been radiocarbon-dated to between 950 and 1000 C.E.

Cahokia's decline

Cahokia was abandoned a century or more before Europeans arrived in North America in the early 1500s. Scholars have proposed environmental factors such as over-hunting and deforestation as explanations. Another possible cause is invasion by outside peoples, though the only evidence of warfare found so far is the wooden stockade and watchtowers that enclosed Cahokia's main ceremonial precinct. Due to the lack of other evidence for warfare, the palisade appears to have been more for ritual than military purposes. Diseases transmitted among the large, dense urban population are another possible cause of decline. Many recent theories propose political collapse as the primary reason for Cahokia’s abandonment.[4]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ 1988. Skele, Mike. "The Great Knob". Studies in Illinois Archaeology', No. 4. Illinois Historic Preservation Agency, Springfield, Illinois. Page 3.
  2. ^ Artifact News mention of Monks Mound excavation
  3. ^ Monks Mound Slump Repair, Page 1
  4. ^ (Emerson 1997, Pauketat 1994)

References

Further reading

  • Emerson, Thomas (1997). Cahokia and the Archaeology of Power. Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama. ISBN 0-8173-0888-1. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  • Milner, George R. (2004). The Moundbuilders: Ancient Peoples of Eastern North America. London: Thames and Hudson, Ltd. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
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