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Flak towers (Template:Lang-de) were large, above-ground anti-aircraft gun blockhouses used by the Luftwaffe to defend against Allied air raids on certain cities during World War II. They also served as air-raid shelters for tens of thousands of people and to coordinate air defence.

History and uses

After the RAF's raid on Berlin in 1940, Adolf Hitler ordered the construction of 3 massive Flak towers to defend the capital from air attack. These towers were each supported by a radar installation that had a retractable radar dish (the dish would be retracted behind a thick concrete and steel dome in order to prevent damage in an air raid). The Flak towers, the design of which Hitler took personal interest in and even made some sketches for, were constructed in a mere 6 months. The priority of the project was evidenced in the fact that the German national rail schedule was altered in order to facilitate the shipment of the necessary materials, namely concrete, steel, and lumber, to the construction sites. ^{[citation needed]}

With concrete walls up to 3.5 metres thick, Flak towers were considered to be invulnerable to attack with the usual ordinance carried by Allied bombers, though it is unlikely that they would have withstood Grand Slam bombs which successfully penetrated much thicker reinforced concrete. Aircraft generally appeared to have avoided the flak towers. The towers were able to sustain a rate of fire of 8000 rounds per minute from their multi-level guns, with a range of up to 14km in a full 360-degree field of fire. The 3 flak towers around the outskirts of Berlin created a triangle of formidable anti-aircraft fire that covered the center of Berlin. ^{[citation needed]}

The Flak towers had also been designed with the idea of using the above-ground bunkers as a civilian shelter, with room for 10,000 civilians, and even a hospital ward, inside. The towers, during the fall of Berlin, formed their own communities, with up to 30,000 or more Berliners taking refuge in a single tower during the battle. These towers were some of the safest places in the fought-over city and some of the last places to surrender to Allied forces, eventually forced to capitulate as supplies ran out.

The Soviets, in their assault on Berlin, found it difficult to inflict significant damage on the Flak towers, even with some of the largest Soviet guns, such as the 203 mm howitzers. Soviet forces generally manoeuvered around the towers, and eventually sent in envoys to seek their submission. Unlike much of Berlin, the towers tended to be fully stocked with ammunition and supplies, and the gunners even used their anti-aircraft 20 mm cannons to defend against assualt by ground units. The Zoo Tower was one of the last points of defence, with German armoured units rallying near it at Tiergarten, before trying to break out of the encircling Soviet Red Army. ^{[citation needed]}

For a time after the war, the conversion to representative objects with decorated facades was planned. After the war was lost, the demolition of the towers was in most cases infeasible and many remain to this day.

Flak tower design iterations

Each Flak tower complex consisted of:

a G-Tower (German: Gefechtsturm) or Combat Tower, also known as the Gun Tower, Battery Tower or Large Flak Tower, and
a L-Tower (German: Leitturm) or Lead Tower also known as the Fire-control tower, command tower, listening bunker or small flak tower.

Generation 1
- G-Towers were 70.5 × 70.5 × 39 m, usually armed with eight (four twin) 128 mm guns and numerous 37 mm and thirty-two (eight quad) 20 mm guns.
- L-Towers were 50 × 23 × 39 m, usually armed with sixteen (four quad) 20 mm guns.
Generation 2
- G-Towers were 57 × 57 × 41.6 m, usually armed with eight (four twin) 128 mm guns and sixteen (four quad) 20 mm guns.
- L-Towers were 50 × 23 × 44 m, usually armed with forty (ten quad) 20 mm guns.
Generation 3
- G-Towers were 43 × 43 × 54 m, usually armed with eight (four twin) 128 mm guns and thirty-two (eight quad) 20 mm guns.

The evaluation of even larger Battery Towers was commissioned by Adolf Hitler. These would have been three times the size and firepower of Flak towers.

Towers

Flakturm I - Berliner Zoo, Berlin

Berlin Zoo (1st Generation)
- G-Tower was demolished by the British at the end of the war. 52°30′33″N 13°20′12″E / 52.509122°N 13.336726°E / 52.509122; 13.336726
- L-Tower was demolished after the war. 52°30′37″N 13°20′12″E / 52.510251°N 13.336583°E / 52.510251; 13.336583

Zoo Tower, Berlin, after the battle

Zoo Tower, Berlin, after the battle
Flak position on the Zoo Tower

Flakturm II - Friedrichshain, Berlin

Friedrichshain (1st Generation)
- G-Tower was partially demolished after the war; one side remains visible. 52°31′35″N 13°25′55″E / 52.526522°N 13.431886°E / 52.526522; 13.431886
- L-Tower was demolished after the war. 52°31′40″N 13°26′19″E / 52.527884°N 13.438582°E / 52.527884; 13.438582

The G-Tower, known as Mont Klamott (Rubble Mountain) in Berlin, was the inspiration for songs by singer-songwriter Wolf Biermann and the rock band Silly.

Flakturm III - Humboldthain, Berlin

Humboldthain (1st Generation)
- G-Tower was partially demolished after the war; one side remains visible. The interior can be visited. 52°32′50″N 13°23′06″E / 52.547238°N 13.384961°E / 52.547238; 13.384961
- L-Tower was partially demolished after the war; some walls remain visible. 52°32′39″N 13°23′14″E / 52.544092°N 13.387326°E / 52.544092; 13.387326

Flakturm II G-Tower

Flakturm IV - Heiligengeistfeld, Hamburg

Heiligengeistfeld (1st Generation)
- G-Tower was transformed into a residential building, 53°33′22″N 9°58′12″E / 53.556212°N 9.970104°E / 53.556212; 9.970104.
- L-Tower was demolished after the war. 53°33′10″N 9°58′02″E / 53.55285°N 9.967314°E / 53.55285; 9.967314.

Flakturm IV G-Tower

Flakturm V - Wilhelmsburg, Hamburg

Wilhelmsburg (2nd Generation)
- G-Tower remains to this day, 53°30′36″N 9°59′24″E / 53.51006°N 9.98993°E / 53.51006; 9.98993
- L-Tower was demolished after the war.

Flakturm V G-Tower

Flakturm VI - Stiftskaserne, Vienna

Stiftskaserne (3rd Generation)
- G-Tower is located within a military base of the Austrian Army. 48°12′06″N 16°21′21″E / 48.201734°N 16.355853°E / 48.201734; 16.355853
- L-Tower (in Esterhazypark) is used as an aquarium (the "Haus des Meeres") and has a climbing wall on the outside. 48°11′52″N 16°21′09″E / 48.197719°N 16.352495°E / 48.197719; 16.352495

Flakturm VI G-Tower
Flakturm VI L-Tower
View from the climbing wall

Flakturm VII - Augarten, Vienna

Augarten (3rd Generation)
- G-Tower remains empty. The entire north-east and half of the east machine gun platforms have been removed during 2007 including the connecting walkways due to deterioration. The tower itself has been reinforced with steel cables encircling the entire structure, 12 cables are located above the machine gun nests, 6 just below, and an additional 4 midway up the tower. The tower is home to thousands of pigeons which nest on every platform and opening. The west side of the structure is also used as a cellular communications tower. 48°13′32″N 16°22′22″E / 48.22563°N 16.372815°E / 48.22563; 16.372815
- L-Tower remains empty. Its use as a computer storage facility or an open air cinema is being considered, , 48°13′40″N 16°22′41″E / 48.227896°N 16.377992°E / 48.227896; 16.377992

Flakturm VII G-tower
Flakturm VII L-tower

Flakturm VIII - Arenberg Park, Vienna

Arenberg Park (2nd Generation) 48°11′54″N 16°23′29″E / 48.198448°N 16.391489°E / 48.198448; 16.391489
- G-Tower is used as a storehouse for art.
- L-Tower remains empty.

Flakturm VIII G-tower
Flakturm VIII L-tower

Planned towers (not built)

Berlin

Tiergarten (two additional planned, not built)
Hasenheide Templehof (planned, not built)
Reichstag building (considered for modification, but found unsuitable)

Bremen

Bremen Neustadt Contrescarpe (two planned, none built) 53°04′43″N 8°48′21″E / 53.078585°N 8.805799°E / 53.078585; 8.805799

Hamburg

East Hamburg (planned, not built)

Munich

Munich Railroad Station (eight planned, none built)

Vienna

Original plans were to place the three towers in Schmelz, Prater & Floridsdorf.

Flak Guns

External links

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-[[Image:Vienna flak tower dsc01594.jpg|thumb|right|200px|One of six Flak towers built during [[World War II]] in [[Vienna]].]]
+[[Image:Vienna flak tower dsc01594.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Augarten L-Tower.]]
-[[Image:G turm augarten.jpg|thumb|right|200px|One of six Flak towers built during [[World War II]] in [[Vienna]].]]
+[[Image:G turm augarten.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Augarten G-Tower.]]
 '''Flak towers''' ({{lang-de|Flaktürme}}) were large, above-ground [[anti-aircraft warfare|anti-aircraft]] gun [[Blockhouse#Concrete blockhouses|blockhouse]]s used by the [[Luftwaffe]] to defend against [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] [[Strategic bombing during World War II|air raid]]s on certain cities during [[World War II]]. They also served as [[Air raid shelter#Hochbunker|air-raid shelter]]s for tens of thousands of people and to coordinate air defence.