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Exonumia are numismatic items (such as tokens, coins, medals, or scrip) other than coins and paper money. This includes elongated coins, encased coins, souvenir medallions, tags, badges, counterstamped coins, wooden nickels and other similar items. It is related to numismatics proper (concerned with coins which have been legal tender), and many coin collectors are also exonumists.

Besides the above strict definition, others extend it to include non-coins which may or may not be legal tenders such as cheques, credit cards and similar paper. These can also be considered notaphily or scripophily.

Etymology

The noun exonumia is derived from two classical roots: exo, meaning "out-of" in Greek, and nummus, meaning "coin" in Latin; thus, "out[side]-of-[the category]coins". Usually, the term "exonumia" is applied to these objects in the United States, while the equivalent British term is paranumismatica.

The words exonumist and exonumia were coined in July 1960 by Russell Rulau, a recognized authority and author on the subject, and accepted by Webster's dictionary in 1965.

Forms of Exonumia: Tokens and Medals

Chronologically, in the United States many Exonumia items were used as currency when actual money was not easily available in the economy. A notable exception to this definition are Medals, which were generally not used as currency or exchange. See the 'for clarification' section below for distinctions between various branches of exonumia. Tokens were used both to advertise and to facilitate commerce.

Token authority Russell Rulau offers a broad definition for exonumia, and lines between categories can be fuzzy. For example, an advertising token may also be considered a medal. Good For tokens may also advertise. Counterstamped coins have been called “little billboards.” Strictly, exonumia is anything not a governmental issue coin. This could almost mean anything coin-like.

The English term "Para-numismatica", or alongside currency, appears more limiting, hinting that tokens must have some sort of “value” or monetary usage. One definition of Para-numismatica is anything coin-like but not a coin. In America this is not the accepted usage. Rulau's 1040 page tome, UNITED STATES TOKENS: 1700-1900 includes many tokens without any monetary value depicted on the token. While he included many items, some types of exonumia were not included just so the book would not get any bigger.

The following groupings of categories are continually expanding. One way of parsing tokens is into these three general categories:

Has a ‘value,’ facilitating commerce, such as Good For Something.
Commemoration, remembrance, dedication, or the like, for some person, place, idea or event.
Of a personal nature.

Typically catalogs of tokens are organized by location, time period and/or type of item. Historically the need for tokens grew out of the need for currency. In America some tokens legally circulated alongside or instead of currency up until recently. Hard Times Tokens and Civil War Tokens each were the size of the contemporary cent. Afterwards, value based items, such as Good For (amount of money), Good For one quart of Milk, Good For one beer, Good For one ride… and others were specifically linked to commerce of the store or place of issue.

For clarity, Exonumia are actual numismatic items, (other than government coins or paper money) which can be studied or collected.

Numismatic = Coins, Paper Money, Exonumia, (Numismatist)
Exonumia = Tokens, Medals, Badges, Ribbons, Etc. (Exonumist)
Notaphily = Paper Money, (Notaphile/Notaphiliac).
Scripophily = Stock certificates, (Scripophilist, Scripophilac)
Medals have a clear distinction from tokens in that there is no monetary value on the item, nor any intent to be used as money. (Medalists)

Exonumists are attentive to not only the history behind the items but the shapes, and what types of items they are.

Exonumia that is studied and collected

The following categories of are typical types. This is not all inclusive but is a sampling of the wide variety of Exonumia:

File:Davidson County Rolled Penny.jpg

The county of Davidson, North Carolina selling elongated coins commemorating the 150th anniversary of the courthouse

Tokens

Modified /Augmented:

Love Token: A coin with hand engraving, generally on one side.
Hobo nickels Indian Head/Buffalo nickel: Engraved by hand mostly in the era 1913-38, usually a modification of the Indian head.
Carved Potty coins, usually Trade Dollars, to show Liberty on a chamber pot.
Counterstamped / countermarked coins (done by merchants or governments)
Elongated coins' Rolled out with advertising on one side.
Encased Coin: Generally in a ring with advertising.
Encased Postage: Actual postage stamps mounted into a round frame with advertising on the other side.

File:Spier's Geocoin.JPG

A Smokey the Bear Geocoin.

Play-Game money / Arcade Amusement / Novelty

Arcade tokens
Amusement
Game Counter
Play money
Novelty money
Peep Show
Casino / Slot tokens: See Casino token
Casino Chips
Geocaching: Geocoins www.geocaching.com

Government Services & Non-National tools to Facilitate Commerce

Jeton tokens: Used as counters when verifying totals or weights of coins for commerce and exchange.
Evasion tokens: Tax evasion tokens in the United States were made to look like actual currency. They were of lesser value because they had a lesser weight^{[citation needed]}
Sales Tax Tokens: Issued by states and merchants.
Parking Tokens: for meters or gates.
Dog License Tags
Post office Tags
Food Stamps

Transportation Tokens

Ferries and watercraft
Buses
Trains
Trolleys

Closed Community / Membership

Company Store
Ingle Credit System script
Lumber
Mining
Plantation
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
Prison
College Currency
Military Challenge
Military Store and Entertainment
Picker tokens for crops
Prison and Correctional/Asylums
Fraternal
- Masonic
- Elks
- Moose
- Eagles
- Woodmen of the World
- KKK - Ku Klux Klan
Communion Tokens (Given to congregation members in good standing to permit them to participate in Holy Communion.)

Unique material / shapes

Wooden nickels
Cardboard or paper
Hard Rubber or Vulcanite
Advertising Pocket Mirrors

Movements and ideals

Temperance
Anti-Slavery
Religious
Worlds Fair
Locations
City or State Anniversary

Of a Personal nature - Personals

Key tags (e.g. In case lost return to …)
Badges
- Company
- Occupation
Hand Engraved or uniquely counterstamped coins, as pocket pieces.
Watch Fobs
Slave Tags - Slave Hire Badges

By Issuer or for a Specific Person'

Milk/Dairy
Beer
Pub/Bar/Saloon
Billiards/Pool
Cigar/Smoke Shops
Restroom tokens for pay toilet use
Doctors
Automobiles
George Washington medals
Presidents, Governors, other Politicians
Inventors

Modern items under the exonumia umbrella include;

Credit cards
Gift cards: Gift cards have been replacing the giving of cash for events.
Telephone cards
Music cards

Rulau in his 1700-1900 book historically breaks down American tokens into these general time periods:

Early American
Hard times tokens were made during the hard times after President Andrew Jackson shut down the second bank. * These also were issued privately to circulate in the local economy as a one cent coin. They had a wide variety of subject matter, anti-slavery, anti-Jackson
Merchant
Civil War
Trade Tokens
Gay 90’s

Even though the following are legitimate categories for exonumia, they are not included in the 1700-1900 reference.

Amusement Tokens
Military
Prison
Telephone tokens
Political Campaign tokens
Transportation Tokens
Medals 33mm and larger
And others

Typical ways exonumists may collect these items are by region, topic, type, shape or material. These different collecting preferences may change the ways tokens are documented. Frequently there are guides for particular states (by Region), but conversely the guide could document National or International amusement tokens (Type)

The general distinction between Tokens from Medals is that medals (both privately minted and minted by governments,) primarily do not have an actual monetary amount or 'value' but generally are a commemoration of people, ideals, or places.

Various organizations exist:
TAMS (Token And Medal Society) http://www.tokenandmedal.org/
CWTS (Civil War Token Society)
MichTAMS (Michigan Token And Medal Society)
An example of an online searchable database for Good For's and other items is "Richard's Token Database": http://tokencatalog.com/
Another helpful site is World Exonumia: http://www.exonumia.com

Other forms in Latin America

Copper trade token of Durfee & Peck, Indian traders on Missouri River in various locations, circa 1869

Another important area of token collecting is Latin American coffee or plantation tokens. Many but not all of these tokens were made in the United States while others were made in Europe and England. These tokens are circulated in more than one language although Spanish is the prevalent one. Plantation tokens can have an array of denominations and names. The name can be the owner or their relatives. Sometimes the token can have the name of the farm (or finca). Lastly, tokens had allegorical symbols to identify the owner. Very little documentation exists since the inception of Latin American tokens, therefore, many tokens cannot be verified as to who the real owner is or what the symbol or symbols meant.

Tokens in Latin America were used as currency since there was not enough official currency available. Customarily, workers could convert the tokens to official currency on Saturdays. It is widely understood that many plantation owners in Latin America had their own commissaries, therefore, the workers were able to use the farm owners tokens to pay for provisions. It is important to note that in the 19th century many of the plantation workers and families lived in the farm they worked on.

Latin American tokens were made in all types of base metals and alloys plus plastic, celluloid and bakelite. Unique to Costa Rica were tokens made in paper fashion, either uniface or printed on both sides. Many people call these paper chits. The word "Boleto" is used solely in Costa Rica for the word token whereas "ficha" is used in the rest of Latin America.

References

Coin-Gallery.com glossary
é'carat.co.UK Numismatic jargon - Coin terms
Canadiancoin.com - dictionary
Australianstamp.com - Glossary of Numismatic terms
CostaRicaTokens.com - Costa Rica Tokens
Token Tales, an educational website on trade tokens
Latin American Tokens: An Illustrated, Priced Catalog of the Unofficial Coinage of Latin America--Used in Plantation, Mine, Mill, and Dock--From 1700 to the 20th Century by Russell Rulau

@@ Line 61: / Line 61: @@
 ''Government Services & Non-National tools to Facilitate Commerce'''''<br />
 * Jeton tokens: Used as counters when verifying totals or weights of coins for commerce and exchange.
-* Evasion tokens: Tax evasion tokens in the United States were made to look like actual currency. They were of lesser value because they had a lesser weight
+* Evasion tokens: Tax evasion tokens in the United States were made to look like actual currency. They were of lesser value because they had a lesser weight{{Fact|date=July 2009}}
 * Sales Tax Tokens: Issued by states and merchants.
 * Parking Tokens: for meters or gates.