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The [[international standard]] '''ISO 9''' establishes a system for the [[transliteration]] into [[Latin alphabet|Latin characters]] of [[Cyrillic alphabet|Cyrillic characters]] constituting the alphabets of many [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] and some non-Slavic languages {{fact|date=10 June, 2009}}.
The [[international standard]] '''ISO 9''' establishes a system for the [[transliteration]] into [[Latin alphabet|Latin characters]] of [[Cyrillic alphabet|Cyrillic characters]] constituting the alphabets of many [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] and some non-Slavic languages {{Fact|date=June 2009}}.


The major advantage ISO 9 has over other competing systems is its univocal system of one character for one character equivalents (by the use of diacritics), which faithfully represents the original spelling and allows for reverse transliteration, even if the language is unknown.
The major advantage ISO 9 has over other competing systems is its univocal system of one character for one character equivalents (by the use of diacritics), which faithfully represents the original spelling and allows for reverse transliteration, even if the language is unknown.
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| not in Serbian and Macedonian (see table below)
| not in Serbian and Macedonian (see table below)
|-
|-
|colspan="2"|[[Apostrophe| ’ ]]
|colspan="2"|[[Apostrophe|’]]
|colspan="2"|″
|colspan="2"|″
|colspan="2"|’
|colspan="2"|’

Revision as of 01:59, 10 June 2009

The international standard ISO 9 establishes a system for the transliteration into Latin characters of Cyrillic characters constituting the alphabets of many Slavic and some non-Slavic languages [citation needed].

The major advantage ISO 9 has over other competing systems is its univocal system of one character for one character equivalents (by the use of diacritics), which faithfully represents the original spelling and allows for reverse transliteration, even if the language is unknown.

Earlier versions of the standard, ISO/R 9:1954, ISO/R 9:1968 and ISO 9:1986, were more closely based on the international scholarly system for linguistics (scientific transliteration), but have diverged in favour of unambiguous transliteration over phonemic representation. The edition of 1995 cancels and replaces the edition of 1986.

ISO 9:1995

The standard features three mapping tables, the first covers contemporary Slavic languages, the second older Slavic orthographies (excluding letters from the first), and the third non-Slavic languages (including most letters from the first). Several Cyrillic characters included in ISO 9 are not available as precomposed characters in Unicode, neither are some of the transliterations; combining diacritical marks have to be used in these cases. Unicode, on the other hand, includes some historic characters that are not dealt with in ISO 9.

The following combined table shows characters for at least Abkhaz, Altay, Belarusian, Bulgarian, Buryat, Chuvash, Karachay-Balkar, Macedonian, Moldavian, Mongolian, Russian, Rusyn, Serbian, Udmurt, Ukrainian, and all Caucasian languages using páločka.

ISO 9:1995, GOST 7.79 System A
Cyrillic Latin Unicode Description
А а A a
Ӓ ӓ Ä ä 00C4 00E4 a diaeresis
Ӓ̄ ӓ̄ Ạ̈ ạ̈ 00C4+0323 00E4+0323 a diaeresis and dot below
Ӑ ӑ Ă ă 0102 0103 a breve
А̄ а̄ Ā ā 0100 0101 a macron
Ӕ ӕ Æ æ 00C6 00E6 ae ligature
А́ а́ Á á 00C1 00E1 a acute
А̊ а̊ Å å 00C5 00E5 a ring
Б б B b
В в V v
Г г G g
Ѓ ѓ Ǵ ǵ 01F4 01F5 g acute
Ғ ғ Ġ ġ 0120 0121 g dot
Ҕ ҕ Ğ ğ 011E 011F g breve
Һ һ Ḥ ḥ 1E24 1E25 h dot
Д д D d
Ђ ђ Đ đ 0110 0111 d macron
Е е E e
Ӗ ӗ Ĕ ĕ 0114 0115 e breve
Ё ё Ë ë 00CB 00EB e diaeresis
Є є Ê ê 00CA 00EA e circumflex
Ж ж Ž ž 017D 017E z caron
Җ җ Ž̧ ž̧ 017D+0327 017E+0327 z caron and cedilla
Ӝ ӝ Z̄ z̄ Z+0304 z+0304 z macron
Ӂ ӂ Z̆ z̆ Z+0306 z+0306 z breve
З з Z z
Ӟ ӟ Z̈ z̈ Z+0308 z+0308 z diaeresis
Ӡ ӡ Ź ź 0179 017A z acute
Ѕ ѕ Ẑ ẑ 1E90 1E91 z circumflex
И и I i
Ӣ ӣ Ī ī 012A 012B i macron
И́ и́ Í í 00CD 00ED i acute
Ӥ ӥ Î î 00CE 00EE i circumflex
Й й J j
І і Ì ì 00CC 00EC i grave
Ї ї Ï ï 00CF 00EF i diaeresis
І̄ і̄ Ǐ ǐ 01CF (012C) 01D0 (012D) i caron (or breve)
Ј ј J̌ ǰ J+030C 01F0 j caron
Ј̵ ј̵ J́ j́ J+0301 j+0301 j acute
К к K k
Ӄ ӄ Ḳ ḳ 1E32 1E33 k dot below
Ҝ ҝ K̂ k̂ K+0302 k+0302 k circumflex
Ҡ ҡ Ǩ ǩ 01E8 01E9 k caron
Ҟ ҟ K̄ k̄ K+0304 k+0304 k macron
Қ қ Ķ ķ 0136 0137 k cedilla
К̨ к̨ K̀ k̀ K+0300 k+0300 k grave
Ԛ ԛ Q q
Л л L l
Љ љ L̂ l̂ L+0302 l+0302 l circumflex
Л’ Л’ Ĺ ĺ 0139 013A l acute
Ӆ ӆ Ļ ļ 013B 013C l cedilla
М м M m
Н н N n
Њ њ N̂ n̂ N+0302 n+0302 n circumflex
Ң ң Ņ ņ 0145 0146 n cedilla
Ӊ ӊ Ṇ ṇ 1E46 1E47 n dot below
Ҥ ҥ Ṅ ṅ 1E44 1E45 n dot
Ԋ ԋ Ǹ ǹ 01F8 01F9 n grave
Ӈ ӈ Ń ń 0143 0144 n acute
Ň ň 0147 0148 n caron
Н̄ н̄ N̄ n̄ N+0304 n+0304 n macron
О о O o
Ӧ ӧ Ö ö 00D6 00F6 o diaeresis
Ө ө Ô ô 00D4 00F4 o circumflex
Ӫ ӫ Ő ő 0150 0151 o double acute
Ӫ̄ ӫ̄ Ọ̈ ọ̈ 00D6+0323 00F6+0323 o diaeresis and dot below
Ҩ ҩ Ò ò 00D2 00F2 o grave
О́ о́ Ó ó 00D3 00F3 o acute
О̄ о̄ Ō ō 014C 014D o macron
Œ œ Œ œ 0152 0153 oe ligature
П п P p
Ҧ ҧ Ṕ ṕ 1E54 1E55 p acute
P̀ p̀ P+0300 p+0300 p grave
Р р R r
С с S s
Ҫ ҫ Ş ş 015E 015F s cedilla
С̀ с̀ S̀ s̀ S+0300 s+0300 s grave
Т т T t
Ћ ћ Ć ć 0106 0107 c acute
Ԏ ԏ T̀ t̀ T+0300 t+0300 t grave
Т̌ т̌ Ť ť 0164 0165 t caron
Ҭ ҭ Ţ ţ 0162 0163 t cedilla
Ќ ќ Ḱ ḱ 1E30 1E31 k acute
У у U u
Ӱ ӱ Ü ü 00DC 00FC u diaeresis
Ӯ ӯ Ū ū 016A 016B u macron
Ў ў Ŭ ŭ 016C 016D u breve
Ӳ ӳ Ű ű 0170 0171 u double acute
У́ у́ Ú ú 00DA 00FA u acute
Ӱ̄ ӱ̄ Ụ̈ ụ̈ 00DC+0323 00FC+0323 u diaeresis and dot below
Ү ү Ù ù 00D9 00F9 u grave
Ұ ұ U̇ u̇ U+0307 u+0307 u dot
Ӯ̈ ӯ̈ Ụ̄ ụ̄ 016A+0323 016B+0323 u macron and dot below
Ԝ ԝ W w
Ф ф F f
Х х H h
Ҳ ҳ Ḩ ḩ 1E28 1E29 h cedilla
Ц ц C c
Ҵ ҵ C̄ c̄ C+0304 c+0304 c macron
Џ џ D̂ d̂ D+0302 d+0302 d circumflex
Ч ч Č č 010C 010D c caron
Ҷ ҷ Ç ç 00C7 00E7 c cedilla
Ӌ ӌ C̣ c̣ C+0323 c+0323 c dot below
Ӵ ӵ C̈ c̈ C+0308 c+0308 c diaeresis
Ҹ ҹ Ĉ ĉ 0108 0109 c circumflex
Ч̀ ч̀ C̀ c̀ C+0300 c+0300 c grave
Ҽ ҽ C̆ c̆ C+0306 c+0306 c breve
Ҿ ҿ Ç̆ ç̆ 00C7+0306 00E7+0306 c cedilla and breve
Ш ш Š š 0160 0161 s caron
Щ щ Ŝ ŝ 015C 015D s circumflex
Ъ ъ ʺ 02BA double prime
Ы ы Y y
Ӹ ӹ Ÿ ÿ 0178 00FF y diaeresis
Ы̄ ы̄ Ȳ ȳ 0232 0233 y macron
Ь ь ʹ 02B9 prime
Э э È è 00C8 00E8 e grave
Ә ә A̋ a̋ A+030B a+030B a double acute
Ӛ ӛ À à 00C0 00E0 a grave
Ю ю Û û 00DB 00FB u circumflex
Ю̄ ю̄ Ů ů 016E 016F u ring
Я я Â â 00C2 00E2 a circumflex
Ґ ґ G̀ g̀ G+0300 g+0300 g grave
Ѣ ѣ Ě ě 011A 011B e caron
Ѫ ѫ Ǎ ǎ 01CD 01CE a caron
Ѳ ѳ F̀ f̀ F+0300 f+0300 f grave
Ѵ ѵ Ỳ ỳ 1EF2 1EF3 y grave
Ӏ ‡ 2021 double dagger
’ ` `
ˮ ¨ 00A8 diaeresis

Example

Here is an example transliteration. The text in Cyrillic is an extract from the hymn of the Russian Federation:

Славься, Отечество наше свободное,
Братских народов союз вековой,
Предками данная мудрость народная!
Славься, страна! Мы гордимся тобой! 		Slavʹsâ, Otečestvo naše svobodnoe,
Bratskih narodov soûz vekovoj,
Predkami dannaâ mudrostʹ narodnaâ!
Slavʹsâ, strana! My gordimsâ toboj!

GOST 7.79

GOST 7.79 contains two transliteration tables.

System A
one Cyrillic character to one Latin character, some with diacritics – identical to ISO 9:1995
System B
one Cyrillic character to one or many Latin characters without diacritics
GOST 7.79 System B
Cyrillic Roman Note
А а A а
Б б B b
В в V v
Г г G g
Ѓ/Ґ ѓ/ґ G` g` ѓ in Macedonian, ґ in Ukrainian
Д д D d
Е е E e
Ё ё Yo yo in Russian and Belarusian
Є є Ye ye in Ukrainian
Ж ж Zh zh
З з Z z
S ѕ Z` z` in Macedonian
И и I, Y` i, y` not in Belarusian, y` for Ukrainian
Й/J й/ј J j ј in Macedonian
I і I, I` i, i` i` only before consonant for Old Russian and Old Bulgar
Ї ї Yi yi in Ukrainian
К к K k
Ќ ќ K` k` in Macedonian
Л л L l
Љ љ L` l` in Macedonian
М м M m
Н н N n
Њ њ N` n` in Macedonian
О о O о
П п P p
Р р R r
С с S s
Т т T t
У у U u
Ў ў U` u` in Belarusian
Ф ф F f
Х х X x
Ц ц Cz, C cz, с c before i, e, y, j
Ч ч Ch ch
Џ џ Dh dh in Macedonian
Ш ш Sh sh
Щ щ Shh, Sth shh, sth shh for Russian and Ukrainian, sht for Bulgarian
Ъ ъ A` a`, `` two grave accents for Russian, a` for Bulgarian
Ы ы Y` y` in Russian and Belarusian
Ь ь ` grave accent
Э э E` e` in Russian and Belarusian
Ю ю Yu yu not in Macedonian
Я я Ya уа not in Macedonian
’ ' apostrophe
Ѣ ѣ Ye уе in Old Russian and Old Bulgar
Ѳ ѳ Fh fh in Old Russian and Old Bulgar
Ѵ ѵ Yh yh in Old Russian and Old Bulgar
Ѫ ѫ O` о` in Old Bulgar
№ #

National adoptions

The verbatim translated text of the ISO 9 is adopted as an inter-state standard in the countries listed below (the national designation is shown in parentheses). However, in reality, these countries use their own transliteration systems, based on the phonetic rules of their languages.

ISO/R 9:1968

This is an older version of the standard, with different transliteration for different Slavic languages, reflecting their phonemic differences. It is closer to the original international system of slavist scientific transliteration.

The languages covered are Bulgarian, Russian, Belarusian, Ukrainian, Serbian and Macedonian. ISO 9:1995 is shown for comparison.

ISO/R 9:1968 and ISO 9:1995
Cyrillic 1968 1995 Note
А а A a A a
Б б B b B b
В в V v V v
Г г G, H g, h G g h for Belarusian and Ukrainian, g else (see table below)
Ґ ґ G g G̀ g̀ in Ukrainian
Д д D d D d
Ѓ ѓ Ǵ ǵ Ǵ ǵ in Macedonian
Ђ ђ Đ đ Đ đ in Serbian
Е е E e E e
Ё ё Ë ë Ë ë in Russian and Belarusian
Є є Je je Ê ê in Ukrainian
Ж ж Ž, Zh ž, zh Ž ž see table below
З з Z z Z z
Ѕ ѕ Dz dz Ẑ ẑ in Macedonian
И и I, Y i, y I i not in Belarusian, y for Ukrainian, i else (see table below)
I і I, Ī i, ī Ì ì not in Bulgarian, Serbian and Macedonian, archaic in Russian (see table below)
Ї ї Ï ï Ï ï in Ukrainian
Й й J, Ĭ j, ĭ J j not in Serbian and Macedonian (see table below)
Ј ј J j J̌ ǰ in Serbian and Macedonian
К к K k K k
Л л L l L l
Љ љ Lj lj L̂ l̂ in Serbian and Macedonian
М м M m M m
Н н N n N n
Њ њ Nj nj N̂ n̂ in Serbian and Macedonian
О о O o O o
П п P p P p
Р р R r R r
С с S s S s
Т т T t T t
Ќ ќ Ḱ ḱ Ḱ ḱ in Macedonian
Ћ ћ Ć ć Ć ć in Serbian
У у U u U u
Ў ў Ŭ ŭ Ŭ ŭ in Belarusian
Ф ф F f F f
Х х Ch, H ch, h H h h for Serbian and Macedonian, ch else (see table below)
Ц ц C, Ts c, ts C c see table below
Ч ч Č, Ch č, ch Č č see table below
Џ џ Dž dž D̂ d̂ in Serbian and Macedonian
Ш ш Š, Sh š, sh Š š see table below
Щ щ Šč, Št, Shch šč, št, shch Ŝ ŝ not in Belarusian, Serbian and Macedonian, št for Bulgarian, šč else (see table below)
Ъ ъ Ă ʺ, ă ʺ not in Serbian and Macedonian, archaic in Belarusian and Ukrainian, ă for Bulgarian, ʺ else (see table below)
Ы ы Y y Y y Russian and Belarusian
Ь ь ʹ ʹ not in Serbian and Macedonian
Ѣ ѣ Ě ě Ě ě not in Serbian and Macedonian, archaic else
Э э Ė ė È è in Russian and Belarusian
Ю ю Ju, Yu ju, yu Û û not in Serbian and Macedonian (see table below)
Я я Ja, Ya ja, ya  â not in Serbian and Macedonian (see table below)
’ ″ ’ in Belarusian and Ukrainian, archaic in Russian
Ѫ ѫ Ȧ, ʺ̣ ȧ, ʺ̣ Ǎ ǎ archaic in Bulgarian (see table below)
Ѳ ѳ Ḟ ḟ F̀ f̀ archaic in Russian
Ѵ ѵ Ẏ ẏ Ỳ ỳ archaic in Russian
Bulgarian
ъ and ѫ are not transliterated at the end of a word.
Russian and Belarusian
ъ is not transliterated at the end of a word.

Sub-standards

ISO/R 9 - 1968 permits some deviations from the main standard. In the table below, they are listed in the columns sub-standard 1 and sub-standard 2.

  • The first sub-standard defines some language-dependent transliterations for Russian (ru), Ukrainian (uk), Belarusian (be) and Bulgarian (bg).
  • The second sub-standard permits, in countries where tradition favours it, a set of alternative transliterations, but only as a group.
Cyrillic ISO/R 9 - 1968
sub-standard 1 sub-standard 2
г h (uk, be) g
ж ž zh
и y (uk) i
і i (uk, be) ī
й j ĭ
х ch (uk, be, ru) h kh
ц c ts
ч č ch
ш š sh
щ št (bg) šč shch
ъ ă (bg) ʺ
ю ju yu
я ja ya
ѫ ȧ (bg) ʺ̣

References

  1. ^ "Система стандартов по информации, библиотечному и издательскому делу (СИБИД), действующих в Республике Беларусь", item 55 (Sistema standartov po informacii, bibliotečnomu i izdatel'skomu delu (SIBID), dejstvuûŝih v Respublike Belarus')

See also

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